Phase 1GAIN ACCEPTANCE FOR THE PROGRAM

Phase 2SPECIFY TASKS AND ESTIMATE RESOURCE NEEDS

Phase 3DEVELOP SPECIFIC PLANS FOR PROGRAM ACTIVITIES

Phase 4ESTABLISH A MECHANISM FOR PROGRAM MANAGEMENT

Phase 5PUT PLANS INTO ACTION

Dignan-5-P2K-2003

BEBERAPA TAHAP PELAKSANAAN

1

Dignan-5-P2K-2003

Phase 1. Gaining Acceptance for the program

A New program means CHANGE Two groups must be ready to attempt

Change: - target population ( consumer)- providers (sponsor & staff)

Target Population & Providers re contacted during initial of the program:

- info for the upcoming program- review any commitment made

during planning phase- Clarify any changes may have

occurred - negotiation should be renewed

WATSON:Factors related to acceptance of change :

1. Initiator of change2. Type of change3. Conditions Conducive to change

2

Dignan-5-P2K-2003

Initiator of Change:- Highest authority give Clear

support- Program is coming from

within the ranks of the target pop.

Type of Change:- Burdens of target pop.

Reduced - Agrees with common values- Un threaten security/

autonomy- Provide some interest

Condition Conducive to Change:- Target pop. Participate in planning - adopted by consensus- deal empathetically &

respectfully with opponents- misunderstandings are OK.

3

A mass alternative

Institutionalize change

Implement Change activities

Select Alternatives Initiate action

Search for responses

Unsatisfied demands

Dignan-5-P2K-2003

BEYER & TRICE’s 7 (seven) stages for completion of CHANGE PROCESS.

START

4

Dignan-5-P2K-2003

Power and Authority,Are needed for successful program

implementationPower: ability or capacity to get others to

take steps they would not otherwise take…… to get things done.

Authority: to influence the behavior of others; is the means to use power.

Generating Authority: Extrinsic & intrinsic channels.

Extrinsic authority from: clients & persons doing the job, institution or govt.

institution or government, through: law, funding, moral persuasion

Persons: acknowledged expertise respect & personal reputation

Clients: reflection of Power & authority

Intrinsic authority, from: clear record of wisdom & success, positive results,

ability to understand need of target pop., flexibility to new information.

5

Dignan-5-P2K-2003

TARGET POPULATION - Individual- Group- Community

Four Critical Attributes for Strategies:1.Local Autonomy:

- Fully controlled by target pop & persons doing the job vs. from sources outside of both.

2.Coincidence of Agency Service Areas:- Highly fraction with diff. Organization

- covering diff. Target in a non-systematic fashion impede implementation so avoid duplication.

3.Psychologic Identification:- citizens identify strongly with

their comm. facilitate implementation.

4.Community Decision-Making and Democracy:

- mandated by the majority = need of target population.

- Done for them (enfranchised) is better than done to them.

6

Dignan-5-P2K-2003

- Participate in local decision-making process approved before implemented.

Acceptability can be diagnosed by: FGD, individual survey, meeting with comm. planning group, interview with key leaders.

Phase 2: SPECIFYING PROGRAM TASKS AND ESTIMATING RESOURCE

NEEDS.

A. Three main tasks of Program Plan Review:1. determination of intermediate & final

products2. preparation of detailed list of activities3. Listing of the interrelationships among

activities: - PERT (Program Evaluation Review Technique) - MBO (Management by Objectives).- PPBS (Planning Program Budgeting System)- CPM (critical Path Method)

7

Dignan-5-P2K-2003

B.Determining Resource Requirements 1. Review Program Activities no. of persons involved.2. Consideration of Supply and Equipment

needs.3. Modification of Program Plan4. Mass Media Communication ( tv, radio,

posters, leaflets, brochures, direct mail)5. Direct Education (didactic, discussion, problem solving)6. Budget – developing materials, Continuing supplies

8

Dignan-5-P2K-2003

Table: Tasks & Resources needed for implementation of … campaign

Resource Needed Personnel Equipment Consultation

Develop Mass Media Componenta.…b.…c.…

Develop Direct Education Componenta.b.c.d.

note:Personnel: borrowed from other departmentConsultation: help from specialists Equipment: special equip. needed for high quality materials

Phase 3:Developing Plans for Program Activities

The “four p’s” of marketing:- Product - Place- Promotion - Price

9

Dignan-5-P2K-2003

Product: How target pop. likely to view neg. / pos.?

Promotion: - news paper articles- a word-of-mouth campaign- should match with the program

Place: Where & how to participate ?

Price: include costs in –finances (money)- time- convenience- personal discomfort –confronting the threat.

Target population thought as CONSUMERSThe sponsor of program PROVIDERS

Question items needed:1. What are the market OBJECTIVE? goal & obj. 2. Who is the sponsor? well respect? Disliked by

comm.?3. What are the best strategies for introducing the

program ? depend on: - nature of the program: sensitive, rapid change, tend to produce destructive criticism ‘low profile’ introduct.- nature of the target pop.- Type of change intended

4. Who should represent the program in the eyes of target pop.? Credibility of the persons.

5. What factors can be used as indicators of the effectiveness of the introduction of the program?

10

Dignan-5-P2K-2003

Marketing is uncertain business: how long, how & what efforts?

Effectiveness: - number of participant before,

during & after campaign.- change in awareness

through rapid survey in shopping areas or in comm.

Table: Information Format & Distribution site(s) of Breast & cervical Ca Prevention

information in the community

Info. Format Distribution Site (s)Electronic:- Radio Local Radio Station- TV Station broadcasting in area, regional

Print and Direct Education:- Posters Clinic & hospital- Brochures Pharmacies-Flyers Voluntary agencies-Workshop Visiting nurses’ agency, Hosp.

Administration, Local doctors’ offices

11

Dignan-5-P2K-2003

Phase 4:Establishing a System for Program Management.

IDENTIFYING INDICATORS

Three basic indicators to assess program status:1. time2. cost3. performance

Time…. Easiest control indicator specific objective

Time ‘milestones’ can be used to maintain control over implementation.

Cost….. Staff time, supplies and equipment use as planned or not.

Performance…..most difficult indicator to use effectively.

- Effective performance of personnel & equipment,- Assessment performance of program components may through informal evaluation / monitoring

IDENTIFYING SOURCES OF INFORMATION

Useful information can be seen as either events or Outcomes

12

Dignan-5-P2K-2003

Use frequency, duration, sequencing, or absence as indicator program procedures implemented as plan or not.Level of activity: -continuing count pamphlets,

pencils, testing-papers used.Quality of the activity: - pre test – post test - short observation

Phase 5:Putting Plan Into Action

Specific areas to check :

1.Readiness to change consumer & providers … still need additional

community Analysis?2.Changes in tasks to be carried out,

resources (personnel, space, time) needed, resources available.

3.Review plans for introducing the program4.Review management plans.

Main purpose: to maintain a constant level of service quality and quantity.

13

Dignan-5-P2K-2003

INTERNAL IMPLEMENTATION.

Critical step: establish good communication networks among program

director, supervisory personnel and all staff members.

A basic task of program manager: - design orientation- training the workers

develop self-assurance Workers need to know:

- possess ability to do & will success- can communicate with supervisors- have questions answered- value of educational product

initial difficulties should be anticipated, …remain flexible and ready to adapt but remain aware of changes.

Rethink each steps in planning …. identify source of difficulties ….add new info & make alternatives to correct the errors.

Linking Planning, Implementation and Evaluation PRECEDE-PROCEED Model

14

Dignan-5-P2K-2003

15