Peace Corps Honduras Welcome Book | May 2009

8/9/2019 Peace Corps Honduras Welcome Book | May 2009

1/51

RNM XMDFM FC_XV \MIFC@MV UC] RC

NCGB]_DV

D XMDFM FC_XV X]OIEFDRECG AC_ GM\ QCI]GRMM_V

@du ?885


2/51

NCGB]_DV @DX

Rnev `dx ev }vmb |en xmr`evvecg arc` nm Vdm Bmxdr`mg'


3/51

D \MIFC@M IMRRM_

Bmdr Xmdfm Fcrxv#Ncgb}rdv Egqemm;

Fcglrd}idecgv cg uc}r egqedecg c vmrqm dv d Xmdfm Fcrxv Qci}gmmr eg Ncgb}rdv' Ncgb}rdv ev cgm ca nm `cv

}get}m fc}gremv eg Fmgrdi D`mrefd) |nmrm uc} |eii aegb d |ebm qdremu ca f}i}rmv) fie`dmv) dgb xmcxim) dv |mii dvdg mt}diiu |ebm qdremu ca fndiimglegl Qci}gmmr dvvelg`mgv'

E d` v}rm uc} ndqm `dgu t}mvecgv rmldrbegl ocn nm fc}gru dgb nm Xmdfm Fcrxv xrclrd` nmrm' Rnev occj |eii

xrcqebm uc} |en vc`m egeedi egacr`decg c dbbrmvv `dgu ca nm `cv fc``cg t}mvecgv dgb fcgfmrgv' @dgu

f}rrmg dgb acr`mr Xmdfm Fcrxv vdaa `m`omrv dgb Qci}gmmrv ndqm fcgreo}mb c nev \mifc`m Occj odvmb cg nmer

m~mgveqm jgc|imblm ca) dgb m~xmremgfm eg) Ncgb}rdv' Rnev occj divc ievv dbbeecgdi rmvc}rfmv |nmrm uc} fdg codeg

`crm egacr`decg' \neim e `du gc dgv|mr dii ca uc}r t}mvecgv) ev d lccb vdr'

E ev t}em d fndiimglm c imdqm uc}r nc`m dgb uc}r f}i}rm acr |c umdrv c ieqm eg d acrmelg fc}gru) mvxmfediiu |nmg

uc} |eii om ieqegl d d qmru odvef imqmi eg d v`dii fc``}geu' Rnm egacr`decg eg nev occj |eii nmix uc} daaer` uc}r

fc``e`mg c nm |c-umdr Xmdfm Fcrxv dvvelg`mg dgb ev rmidmb m~xmremgfmv' Rnm jmu mim`mgv nd uc} gmmb c

oregl |en uc} drm d xcveeqm de}bm) aim~eoeieu) d bmverm c |crj ndrb) d vmgvm ca n}`cr) dgb cxmggmvv c nmNcgb}rdg f}i}rm dgb c gm| m~xmremgfmv'

Xmdfm Fcrxv Qci}gmmrv aerv fd`m c Ncgb}rdv eg 451?) dgb `crm ndg =)888 Qci}gmmrv ndqm vmrqmb nmrm vegfm nmg'

Dxxrc~e`dmiu 4


4/51

FCGRMGRV

D \MIFC@M IMRRM_ '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 4FCGRMGRV ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ?XMDFM FC_XV#NCGB]_DV NEVRC_U DGB X_CL_D@V''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 2

Nevcru ca nm Xmdfm Fcrxv eg Ncgb}rdv''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 2Nevcru dgb A}}rm ca Xmdfm Fcrxv Xrclrd`ègl eg Ncgb}rdv ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 2

FC]GR_U CQM_QEM\; NCGB]_DV DR D LIDGFM'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' =Nevcru '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' =Lcqmrg`mg '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 1Mfcgcù ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 1Xmcxim dgb F}i}rm''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

Cgiegm Drefimv#F}rrmg Gm|v Vemv Doc} Ncgb}rdv '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 5Cgiegm Vxdgevn Imdrgegl _mvc}rfmv ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 5_mfc``mgbmb Occjv ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 48

IEQEGL FCGBERECGV DGB QCI]GRMM_ IEAMVRUIM'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 44Fc``}gefdecgv ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 44Nc}vegl dgb Vem Icfdecg'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 4?Ieqegl Diic|dgfm dgb @cgmu @dgdlm`mg '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 46Accb dgb Bem ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 42Rrdgvxcrdecg''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 42Lmclrdxnu dgb Fie`dm '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 42Vcfedi Dfeqeemv'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 42

Xrcamvvecgdiev`) Brmvv) dgb Omndqecr '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 4=Xmrvcgdi Vdamu ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 41_m|drbv dgb Ar}vrdecgv ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 4Cqmrqem| ca Xrm-Vmrqefm Rrdegegl'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 4>Dbbeecgdi Rrdegeglv B}regl Qci}gmmr Vmrqefm''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 45

UC]_ NMDIRN FD_M DGB VDAMRU EG NCGB]_DV ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ?8Nmdin Evv}mv eg Ncgb}rdv '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ?8Nmixegl Uc} Vdu Nmdinu'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ?8@degdegegl Uc}r Nmdin'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ?8\c`mgv Nmdin Egacr`decg''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ?4

Uc}r Xmdfm Fcrxv @mbefdi Je ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ?4@mbefdi Je Fcgmgv'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ?4Omacrm Uc} Imdqm; D @mbefdi Fnmfjiev'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ??Vdamu dgb Vmf}reuC}r Xdrgmrvnex'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ?6V}xxcr arc` Vdaa '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ?=Fre`m Bdd acr Ncgb}rdv'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ?=Vmf}reu Evv}mv eg Ncgb}rdv'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ?1Vduegl Vdam; Bcg Om d Rdrlm acr Fre`m '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ?

A_MT]MGRIU DVJMB T]MVRECGV''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 6=\MIFC@M IMRRM_V A_C@ NCGB]_DV QCI]GRMM_V ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 68

Qci}gmmrv |crj nrc}lnc} Ncgb}rdv) m~fmx eg nm Odu Evidgbv dgb Id @cvt}eed'

Nevcru dgb A}}rm ca Xmdfm Fcrxv Xrclrd`ègl eg Ncgb}rdv

Rnm Xmdfm Fcrxv#Ncgb}rdv xrclrd` ndv ve~ xre`dru xrckmfv; o}vegmvv bmqmicx`mg) fneib v}rqeqdi dgb NEQ#DEBV

xrmqmgecg) |dmr dgb vdgedecg) xrcmfmb drmdv dgdlm`mg) uc}n bmqmicx`mg) dgb }gefexdi bmqmicx`mg' \m

fciidocrdm |en nm lcqmrg`mg ca Ncgb}rdv) Ncgb}rdg dgb egmrgdecgdi gcglcqmrg`mgdi crldge{decgv .GLCv%)

dgb fc``}geemv nrc}lnc} nm fc}gru' C}r xrclrd` |crjv eg fcgfmr |en nm xcqmru-rmb}fecg vrdmlu

bmqmicxmb ou Ncgb}rdv dgb nm egmrgdecgdi bcgcr fc``}geu' Rnev uxm ca egmlrdmb fc``}geu bmqmicx`mg

xrclrd` djmv Xmdfm Fcrxv#Ncgb}rdv d rdbeecgdi xcv eg dgu |duv' Fc``}geu bmqmicx`mg dgb egmlrdmb r}rdi

bmqmicx`mg ndqm ommg drc}gb fcgfmx}diiu acr d imdv 28 umdrv dgb |mrm mvxmfediiu xcx}idr arc` nm èb-4518v

}gei doc} nm idm 45


7/51

Xmdfm Fcrxv#Ncgb}rdv m`xndve{mv frcvv-xrckmf fciidocrdecg' Qci}gmmrv drm iejmiu c aegb nm`vmiqmv vndregl cr

fccrbegdegl xrckmfv |en Qci}gmmrv arc` cnmr vmfcrv' Dbbeecgdiiu) Xmdfm Fcrxv#Ncgb}rdv ndv djmg d g}òmr ca

egeedeqmv c mgrefn xrckmfv dgb diic| acr egfrmdvmb cxxcr}geu eg fc``}geu bmqmicx`mg' Rnmvm egeedeqmv egfi}bm

lmgbmr egfi}vecg dgb bmqmicx`mg) mgqercg`mgdi mb}fdecg) frcvv-xrckmf uc}n bmqmicx`mg) NEQ#DEBV

xrmqmgecg) dgb egacr`decg dgb fc``}gefdecg mfngciclu'

FC]GR_U CQM_QEM\;

NCGB]_DV DR D LIDGFM

Nevcru

N}`dg cff}xdecg ca |nd ev gc| Ncgb}rdv omldg om|mmg 5888 dgb ?4) dgb |eneg d vncr e`m qdrec}v adfecgv bmqmicxmb'

B}regl nev xmrecb) Fmgrdi D`mrefd |dv oremaiu dggm~mb c @m~efc) dgb nmg |enbrm| c kceg nm gm|iu acr`mb

]gemb Xrcqegfmv ca Fmgrdi D`mrefd' Nc|mqmr) fcgvmrqdeqm xcieefedgv eg nm Fmgrdi D`mrefdg lcqmrg`mg |nc

rmkmfmb nm xidg egqdbmb Ncgb}rdv eg 4>?1' Ardgfevfc @crd{g) d ieomrdi) rmxmiimb nm egqdvecg dgb ccj fcgrci) o}

maacrv c `degdeg nm }gecg |mrm }gv}ffmvva}i' Eg 4>6>) nm fc}gremv bmfebmb c lc nmer vmxdrdm |duv' Ncgb}rdv

velgmb d gm| fcgve}ecg eg 4>65' Ev aerv fdxedi |dv Fc`dudl}d' Eg 4>>8) Xrmvebmg @drfc D}rmiec Vcc `cqmb nm

fdxedi c Rml}feldixd) eg xdr omfd}vm nev L}dm`didg Egbedg |eam |dv gc dffmxmb ou nm neln vcfemu ca

Fc`dudl}d' Dgcnmr adfcr eg nm revm ca Rml}feldixd |dv ev lrmd ègmrdi |mdin ca lcib dgb veiqmr'

Vegfm egbmxmgbmgfm) Ncgb}rdv ndv v}aamrmb gmdriu 688 egmrgdi rmomiiecgv) feqei |drv) fc}xv bd) dgb fndglmv ca

lcqmrg`mg) `crm ndg ndia ca |nefn ccj xidfm b}regl nm ?8n fmg}ru' Rnm fc}gru ndv divc ommg nm drlm ca

acrmelg egmrqmgecg) nm cv ad`c}v omegl nd ca ]'V' vcibemr \eiied` \dijmr) |nc dxxcegmb ne`vmia xrmvebmg ca

Gefdrdl}d eg 4>18 dgb de`mb c djm cqmr nm rmv ca Fmgrdi D`mrefd' Nev fd`xdelg mgbmb eg adei}rm) dgb nm |dv

m~mf}mb eg Rr}keiic'

Dv d rmv}i ca ev egad`c}v odgdgd fc`xdgemv dgb odgdgd |drv) Ncgb}rdv |dv jgc|g dv nm Odgdgd _mx}oief'

\nmg odgdgd xrcb}fecg bcègdmb nm mfcgcù) nmvm fc`xdgemv ndb lrmd egai}mgfm eg icfdi xcieefv' Eg 4546) acr

m~d`xim) nm Vdgbdrb Ar}e Fc`xdgu dgb nm F}ud`mi Ar}e Fc`xdgu c|gmb


8/51

xidgdecgv dgb gmdriu 488 xmrfmg ca ev xcieefedgv' \neim nm odgdgd fc`xdgemv o}ei rdeircdbv dgb vmdxcrv) ieim ca

nmer |mdin rm`degmb eg Ncgb}rdv'

Lcqmrg`mg

Ncgb}rdv lcqmrg`mgdi vr}f}rm ev veèidr c nd ca nm ]gemb Vdmv' Rnm Fcgve}ecg ca 45>? xrcqebmv acr d

vrcgl m~mf}eqm ordgfn) d }gefd`mrdi Gdecgdi Fcglrmvv mimfmb ou xcx}idr qcm) d k}befedru ordgfn dxxcegmb ou nm

Gdecgdi Fcglrmvv) dgb d xrmvebmg mimfmb c d ac}r-umdr mr` ou xcx}idr qcm' Vegfm 45>8) nm fc}gru ndv ndb vmqmg

lmgmrdi mimfecgv' Eg Gcqmòmr ?88=) @dg}mi [midud ca nm Ieomrdi Xdru |dv mimfmb dv xrmvebmg: nm |eii ncib nm

caaefm }gei Kdg}dru ?848' Rnm 4?> `mòmrv ca nm Gdecgdi Fcglrmvv drm divc mimfmb acr ac}r-umdr mr`v'

Fcglrmvvecgdi vmdv drm dvvelgmb c d xdruv fdgbebdmv eg xrcxcrecg c nm g}òmr ca qcmv rmfmeqmb ou mdfn xdru'

Ncgb}rdv ev beqebmb egc bmxdr`mgv .vdmv%) mdfn |en ev c|g fdomfmrd bmxdrd`mgdi .fdxedi%' @}gefexdi

d}ncreemv drm divc mimfmb acr ac}r umdrv b}regl lmgmrdi mimfecgv' Eg Gcqmòmr ?885) xrmvebmgedi dgb fcglrmvvecgdi

mimfecgv |eii om nmib'

Rnm k}befedi ordgfn egfi}bmv d V}xrm`m Fc}r ca K}vefm) fc}rv ca dxxmdi) dgb vmqmrdi fc}rv ca crelegdi k}revbefecg)

v}fn dv idocr dgb freègdi fc}rv' Rnm m~mf}eqm ordgfn fcgvevv ca 42 fdoegm-imqmi egevremv; Lcqmrg`mg dgb

K}vefm) Acrmelg _midecgv) Bmamgvm) Mfcgcù) Aegdgfm) Gdecgdi Dlrdredg Egve}m) Mb}fdecg) Nmdin) Idocr)

Fc``}gefdecgv dgb X}oief \crjv) Gd}rdi _mvc}rfmv) F}i}rm dgb Rc}rev`) V}xmrecr Fc}gfei ca MfcgcèfXidggegl) dgb nm Xrmvebmgfu'

Mfcgcù

Dlref}i}rm dgb acrmvru drm nm idrlmv vmfcrv eg nm mfcgcù) xrcqebegl 18 xmrfmg ca dii kcov dgb |c-nerbv ca nm

gdecgv m~xcrv' Rnm dkcr xrcb}fv acr m~xcr drm eòmr) odgdgdv) md) dgb fcaamm' Rnmer xrcb}fecg }v}diiu

egqciqmv acrmelg fdxedi dgb ev nelniu bmqmicxmb' \neim fd`xmvegcv.v`dii adr`mrv% fcgve}m nm vcfedi dkcreu)

nmer fcgreo}ecg c nm lrcvv gdecgdi xrcb}f .LGX% ev ègcr omfd}vm nmu veii rmiu cg rdbeecgdi dlref}i}rdi

xrdfefmv) egfi}begl vidvn-dgb-o}rg f}ieqdecg dgb nm }vm ca |ccbmg xic|v' Fcaamm dgb odgdgdv fcgreo}m crm

ndg =8 xmrfmg ca nm fc}gruv m~xcr rmqmg}mv' Eg dbbeecg) gcgrdbeecgdi m~xcrv v}fn dv vnre`x dgb icovmr ndqm

oml}g c e`xdf nm mfcgcù'

@dt}eidbcrdv) cr adfcremv) nd dvvmòim e`xcrmb em`v acr rm-m~xcr |mrm egrcb}fmb eg 4558 c djm dbqdgdlm canm fc}gruv ic| |dlmv .|nefn rdglm arc` "? c "6 xmr bdu eg nm gcg-m~xcr dlref}i}rdi vmfcr c dv `}fn dv "2 xmr

bdu eg nm m~xcr vmfcr%' Rnm Ncgb}rdg `dt}eidbcrdvndqm mdrgmb d gmldeqm rmx}decg eg nm ]gemb Vdmv omfd}vm

ca dbqmrvm x}oiefeu doc} nmer }vm ca fneib idocr' Eg `cv `dt}eidbcrdv) nm |crjmrv drm uc}gl |c`mg) camg veglim

`cnmrv |nc v}xxcr nmer adèiemv |en ic| o} v}aaefemg |dlmv' E ev mve`dmb nd >8 xmrfmg ca `mg dlmv 4> c ?=

drm }gm`xicumb'

Eg nm 45>8v) nm ]gemb Vdmv ldqm deb `cgmu c Ncgb}rdv acr nm }vm ca ev mrrecru eg v}xxcr ca nm Fcgrdv maacrv

c cqmrnrc| nm Vdgbegevdv eg Gefdrdl}d' @cv ca nm deb `cgmu |dv vxmg cg v}xxcregl nm Fcgrdv rdnmr ndg cg

nm fc}gruv qdv vcfedi gmmbv' Rnrc}ln cqmrvxmgbegl) nm Ncgb}rdg lcqmrg`mg mqmg}diiu d`dvvmb d n}lm aevfdi

bmaefe) dgb omfd}vm ca ev bmo) egmrgdecgdi odgjv f} caa aegdgfegl'

Ncgb}rdv mfcgcèf ve}decg rm`degv }gfmrdeg' Eg 4552) d brc}ln rmv}imb eg d vncrdlm ca mimfref xc|mr' Eg 455>)N}rrefdgm @efn bmqdvdmb g}`mrc}v r}rdi dgb }rodg drmdv) `dgu ca |nefn ndqm um c om a}iiu rmfcgvr}fmb' \neim

egmrgdecgdi bevdvmr rmiema a}gbv nmixmb Ncgb}rdv b}regl nev frevev) nmu dbm ieim e`xdf eg nm aeln dldegv

xcqmru' @cv ca nmvm a}gbegl vc}rfmv |mrm m~nd}vmb eg ?88?'

XMDFM FC_XV y NCGB]_DV \MIFC@M OCCJ

1


9/51

Ncgb}rdv ev nm vmfcgb xccrmv fc}gru eg Fmgrdi D`mrefd) |en dg }gmt}di bevreo}ecg ca egfc`m dgb) dv v}fn) nm

fc}gru v}aamrv arc` neln fre`m) armt}mg idocr vrejmv) dgb neln }gm`xicu mg' ]gm`xicu`mg egfrmdvmb damr nm

dxxrcqdi ca d gm| ège`}` |dlm id| eg idm ?88>' Rnm id| ndv rmv}imb eg vc`m o}vegmvv`mg imegl lc ca vc`m ca

nmer m`xicummv) fide egl nmu fc}ib gc xdu nm gm| vdidru' Eg @drfn ?88=) Ncgb}rdv omfd`m nm vmfcgb fc}gru c

rdeau nm ]'V' Fmgrdi D`mrefdg Armm Rrdbm Dlrmm`mg .FDARD% eg nm ncxmv nd m~xdgbegl rdbm |eii egfrmdvm kco

lrc|n'

Xmcxim dgb F}i }rm

Rnm `dkcreu ca nm xcx}idecg ev d è~}rm ca egbelmgc}v) Darefdg) dgb Vxdgevn nmredlm vc`me`mv rmamrrmb c dv

Idbegc' Rnmrm drm ègcreemv ca M}rcxmdgv) Darefdgv) Dvedgv) dgb Drdov dgb ve~ `deg egbelmgc}v lrc}xv; nm @evjec)

Xmfn .cr Xdud%) @dud Fncr) Imgfd) Kefdt}m .cr Rci}xdg%) dgb Rd|dnjd' Dgcnmr lrc}x eg nev beqmrvm è~ ev nm

Ldrea}gd' Eg nm 4=88v) |nmg M}rcxmdgv orc}ln Darefdg vidqmv c nm Fdreoomdg evidgbv) nm vidqmv cg |c vnexv nd

|rmfjmb gmdr V' Qegfmg mvfdxmb' Rnm Darefdgv dbcxmb nm idgl}dlm dgb f}i}rm ca nmer ncvv) nm Fdreo Egbedgv)

dgb egmr`drredlm rmv}imb eg d lrc}x jgc|g cbdu dv nm Ldrea}gd) cr oidfj Fdreov' Eg 4' _dxeb xcx}idecg lrc|n ev xidfegl egfrmdvegl

vrdegv cg nm lcqmrg`mgv fdxdfeu c jmmx xdfm eg xrcqebegl nmdin) mfcgcèf) mb}fdecgdi) dgb cnmr vmrqefmv c nm

Ncgb}rdg xmcxim'

Mgqercg`mg

\en d idgb drmd ca 22)55< vt}drm èimv .44?)25? vt}drm jeic`mmrv%) Ncgb}rdv ev nm vmfcgb idrlmv fc}gru eg

Fmgrdi D`mrefd' Rnm fie`dm ev fndrdfmre{mb ou d |m vmdvcg arc` K}gm c Gcqmòmr dgb d bru vmdvcg arc`

Bmfmòmr c @du' Fie`def qdredecgv drm crm xrcgc}gfmb eg nm fcdvdi ic|idgbv) xdref}idriu eg nm gcrn) |nmrm

`dkcr n}rrefdgmv dgb vmqmrm aiccbv dgb brc}lnv ndqm cff}rrmb eg rmfmg umdrv' Rm`xmrdm fcgbeecgv xrmqdei eg nm

nelnmr mimqdecgv'

Rnm fc}gru fcgvevv ca `c}gdegv) `dglrcqm dgb cnmr acrmvv) omdfnmv) dgb fcrdi rmmav' E ndv `crm ndg =88 èimv ca

m~fmxecgdi fcdviegm' R|c-nerbv ca nm mrrdeg ev `c}gdegc}v) |en dlref}i}rm dgb v`dii feemv }fjmb d|du eg

qdiimuv' Rnm dqmrdlm die}bm ev 4)888 amm docqm vmd imqmi) |en nm nelnmv xmdj) eg Fmidt}m Gdecgdi Xdrj) rmdfnegl

5)?


10/51

_MVC]_FMV AC_ A]_RNM_ EGAC_@DRECG

Aciic|egl ev d iev ca |movemv acr dbbeecgdi egacr`decg doc} nm Xmdfm Fcrxv dgb Ncgb}rdv dgb c fcggmf uc} c

rm}rgmb Qci}gmmrv dgb cnmr egqemmv' Ximdvm jmmx eg ègb nd dinc}ln |m ru c `djm v}rm dii nmvm iegjv drm

dfeqm dgb f}rrmg) |m fdggc l}drdgmm e' Ea uc} bc gc ndqm dffmvv c nm Egmrgm) qeve uc}r icfdi ieordru' Ieordremv

caamr armm Egmrgm }vdlm dgb camg im uc} xreg egacr`decg c djm nc`m'

D gcm ca fd}ecg; Dv uc} v}ra nm Egmrgm) om d|drm nd uc} `du aegb o}iimeg ocdrbv dgb fnd rcc`v eg |nefn

xmcxim drm armm c m~xrmvv cxegecgv doc} nm Xmdfm Fcrxv odvmb cg nmer c|g m~xmremgfm) egfi}begl fc``mgv ou

ncvm |nc |mrm }gndxxu |en nmer fncefm c vmrqm eg nm Xmdfm Fcrxv' Rnmvm cxegecgv drm gc ncvm ca nm Xmdfm

Fcrxv cr nm ]'V' lcqmrg`mg) dgb |m ncxm uc} |eii jmmx eg ègb nd gc |c xmcxim m~xmremgfm nmer vmrqefm eg nm

vd`m |du'

Lmgmrdi Egacr`decg Doc} Ncgb}rdv

|||'fc}gru|dfn'fc`#

Cg nev vem) uc} fdg imdrg dgunegl arc` |nd e`m e ev eg nm fdxedi ca Ncgb}rdv c nc| c fcgqmr arc` nm bciidr

c nm Ncgb}rdv f}rrmgfu' K}v fiefj cg Ncgb}rdv dgb lc arc` nmrm'

|||'icgmiuxidgm'fc`#bmvegdecgv

Qeve nev vem acr lmgmrdi rdqmi dbqefm doc} di`cv dgu fc}gru eg nm |crib'

|||'vdm'lcq

Rnm Vdm Bmxdr`mgv |movem evv}mv odfjlrc}gb gcmv xmrecbefdiiu doc} fc}gremv drc}gb nm |crib' Aegb

Ncgb}rdv dgb imdrg `crm doc} ev vcfedi dgb xcieefdi nevcru'

|||'xvr'jmmim'df'}j#caaefedi'n`

Rnev vem egfi}bmv iegjv c dii nm caaefedi vemv acr lcqmrg`mgv |crib|ebm'

|||'lmclrdxnu'doc}'fc`#ieordru#`dxv#oiegbm~'n`Rnev cgiegm |crib didv egfi}bmv dxv dgb lmclrdxnefdi egacr`decg) dgb mdfn fc}gru xdlm fcgdegv iegjv c cnmr

vemv) v}fn dv nm Ieordru ca Fcglrmvv) nd fcgdeg fc`xrmnmgveqm nevcrefdi) vcfedi) dgb xcieefdi odfjlrc}gb'

|||'fuomrvfnccio}v'}g'crl#egacgdecg#egac'dvx

Rnev ]gemb Gdecgv vem diic|v uc} c vmdrfn acr vdevefdi egacr decg acr `mòmr vdmv ca nm ]'G

|||'|cribegacr`decg'fc`

Rnev vem xrcqebmv dg dbbeecgdi vc}rfm ca f}rrmg dgb nevcrefdi egacr`decg doc} fc}gremv drc}gb nm |crib'

Fcggmf \en _m}r gmb Qci}gmmrv

dgb Cnmr Egqe mmv

|||'rxfq'crl

Rnev ev nm vem ca nm Gdecgdi Xmdfm Fcrxv Dvvcfedecg) `dbm }x ca rm}rgmb Qci}gmmrv' Cg nev vem uc} fdg aegb

iegjv c dii nm \mo xdlmv ca nm aremgbv ca lrc}xv acr `cv fc}gremv ca vmrqefm) `dbm }x ca acr`mr Qci}gmmrv |nc

vmrqmb eg ncvm fc}gremv' Rnmrm drm divc rmlecgdi lrc}xv |nc armt}mgiu lm clmnmr acr vcfedi mqmgv dgb icfdi

qci}gmmr dfeqeemv' Cr lc vrdeln c nm Aremgbv ca Ncgb}rdv vem; ZEgvmr iegjP

nx;##|||'rxfq|moregl'crl

Rnev vem ev jgc|g dv nm _m}rgmb Xmdfm Fcrxv Qci}gmmr \mo _egl' Orc|vm nm \mo regl dgb vmm |nd acr`mr

Qci}gmmrv drm vduegl doc} nmer vmrqefm'


>


11/51

|||'xmdfmfcrxv|remrv'crl

Rnev vem ev ncvmb ou d lrc}x ca rm}rgmb Qci}gmmr |remrv' E ev d `cgniu cgiegm x}oiefdecg ca mvvduv dgb Qci}gmmr

dffc}gv ca nmer Xmdfm Fcrxv vmrqefm'

Cgiegm Drefimv#F}rrmg Gm|v Vemv Doc} Ncgb}rdv

|||'ncgb}rdv'gmD Ncgb}rdg \mo xcrdi |en d qdremu ca rmvc}rfmv

|||'`drrbmr'fc`#n|

Cgiegm qmrvecg caNcgb}rdv Rnev \mmj) dg Mglievn-idgl}dlm |mmjiu gm|vxdxmr

|||'ncgb}bdd'fc`

Lmgmrdi egacr`decg doc} Ncgb}rdv .eg Vxdgevn%

Cgiegm Vxdgevn Imdrgegl _mvc}rfmv

nx;##|||'rdgvxdrmg'fc`#

Armm Vxdgevn vncr fc}rvm arc` Rrdgvxdrmg Idgl}dlm

nx;##|||'ouje'fc`#armmSidglSvca|drm'xi

Idgl}dlm-imdrgegl vca|drm odvmb cg nm aidvn fdrb vuvm`

nx;##|||'v}buvxdgevn'fc`#

Vxdgevn }credi xrcqebmv d lccb cxxcr}geu acr vmia-v}bu: fcgdegv imvvcgv) d}becv) dgb m~mrfevmv nd drm fcrrmfmb

egvdgiu

nx;##|||'`evfcvedv'fc`#

Vncr vcremv) iegjv) dgb cnmr m~mrfevmv acr imdrgegl Vxdgevn

nx;##|||'xcbfdv'gm#vmdrfn30bmvfrexecg!t0vxdgevn!v04

Xcbfdv'gm

nx;##|||'xcbfdv'gm#vnc|#>>??4

Ve Vxdgevn Idgl}dlm Egve}m: Vxdgevn fc}rvm xcbfdv

nx;##|||'xcbfdv'gm#vnc|#>88

_mdiiu Imdrg Vxdgevn xcbfdv

nx;##|||'xcbfdv'gm#vnc|#15?52

Egvd Vxdgevn Imvvcgv xcbfdv

nx;##|||'xcbfdv'gm#vnc|#>>481

_ciiegl _v; Armm Vxdgevn Imvvcgv .qebmc xcbfdv%

nx;##|||'xcbfdv'gm#vnc|#28412826

Vxdgevn Drreod,v xcbfdv


5


12/51

_mfc``mgbmb Occjv

4' Dfjmr) Dievcg' Ncgb}rdv; Rnm @djegl ca d Odgdgd _mx}oief' Fdòreblm) @dvv'; Vc}n Mgb Xrmvv) 45>5'

?' Diqdrdbc) Miqed' Bcg Om Dardeb) Lreglc; D Ncgb}rdg \c`dg Vxmdjv Arc` nm Nmdr .Rnm Vcru ca

Miqed Diqdrdbc%' Gm| Ucrj; NdrxmrFciiegv) 45>5'

6' D`dud D`dbcr) _d`g' Xreveg Qmrbm .Lrmmg Xrevcg%' Rml}feldixd) Ncgb}rdv; Mbecredi ]geqmrvedred)

]geqmrvebdb Gdfecgdi D}cgc`d bm Ncgb}rdv) 45>='

=' L}{`dg) K}bd' @m`cremv ca d Fmgrdi D`mrefdg' Gm| Ucrj; Qdgdlm Xrmvv) 45>>'

Occjv Doc} nm Nevcru ca nm Xmdfm Fcrxv

4' Ncaa`dg) Mie{domn Fcoov'Dii Uc} Gmmb ev Icqm; Rnm Xmdfm Fcrxv dgb nm Vxere ca nm 4518v' Fdòreblm)

@dvv'; Ndrqdrb ]geqmrveu Xrmvv) ?888'

?' _efm) Lmrdib R' Rnm Ocib M~xmre`mg; KAJv Xmdfm Fcrxv' Gcrm Bd`m) Egb'; ]geqmrveu ca Gcrm Bd`m

Xrmvv) 45>='

6' Vcvvmi) Vfc' Vdrlm; Rnm Ieam dgb Re`mv ca Vdrlmg Vnreqmr' \dvneglcg) B'F'; Vènvcgedg Egve}ecg

Xrmvv) ?882'

Occjv cg nm Qci}gmmr M~xmremgfm

4' Berid`) Vndrcg'Omucgb Veomred; R|c Umdrv eg d Acrlcmg Xidfm' Vdgd Odrodrd) Fdiea'; @fVmdv Occjv)

?882'

?' Fdvmoci) @drkcrem Bm@cvv'@drldred; D L}dm`didg Xmdfm Fcrxv M~xmremgfm' Lel Ndrocr) \dvn'; _mbDxxim X}oievnegl) ?888'

6' Mrb`dg) Vdrdn'Gegm Neiiv c Gdòcgjdnd; R|c Umdrv eg nm Nmdr ca dg Darefdg Qeiidlm' Gm| Ucrj) G'U';

Xefdbcr) ?886'

2' Nmvvimr) Xmmr'_eqmr Rc|g; R|c Umdrv cg nm Udgl{m' Gm| Ucrj) G'U'; Xmrmggedi) ?884'

=' Jmggmbu) Lmrdibegm mb' Arc` nm Fmgmr ca nm Mdrn; Vcremv c} ca nm Xmdfm Fcrxv' Vdgd @cgefd) Fdiea';

Ficqmr Xdrj Xrmvv) 4554'

1' Rnc`xvmg) @cre{'Ieqegl Xccr; D Xmdfm Fcrxv Fnrcgefim' Vmdim) \dvn'; ]geqmrveu ca \dvneglcg Xrmvv)

455< .rmxreg%'


13/51

IEQEGL FCGBERECGV DGB

QCI]GRMM_ IEAMVRUIM

Fc``}gefdecgv@dei

Immrv vmg arc` nm ]gemb Vdmv lmgmrdiiu drreqm eg Ncgb}rdv eg |c c nrmm |mmjv' Nc|mqmr) nm `dei vuvm` ev

gc di|duv rmiedoim) dgb e ev gc }g}v}di acr d immr c djm vmqmrdi `cgnv c drreqm' Xdfjdlmv fdg djm mqmg `crm

e`m' Uc} |eii ndqm c xdu d d~ ca dxxrc~e`dmiu ?8 c 68 im`xerdv .doc} "4-"4'=8% d nm xcv caaefm c rmremqm dgu

xdfjdlmv'

B}regl xrm-vmrqefm rdegegl) `dei |eii om bmieqmrmb c uc} d nm rdegegl vem) dgb uc}r `deiegl dbbrmvv |eii om;

Uc}r Gd`m) XFR

Qci}gdrec bmi F}mrxc bm Xd{

Dxdrdbc Xcvdi 64=>

Rml}feldixd) B'F 4448?

Ncgb}rdv

Qci}gmmrv ndqm |c cxecgv c rmfmeqm `dei; 4% bermf bmieqmru c uc}r vem qed nm Ncgb}rdv xcvdi vuvm`: cr ?%

bmieqmru c nm Xmdfm Fcrxv caaefm dgb nm `dei fdg om jmx eg uc}r `dei aeim d nm Xmdfm Fcrxv caaefm'

Cxecg &4; Cgfm uc} omfc`m d Qci}gmmr) uc} |eii om rmvxcgveoim acr vmgbegl uc}r vem dbbrmvv c aremgbv dgb adèiu'

\m rmfc``mgb uc} lm d X'C' Oc~ .ea dqdeidoim d uc}r icfdi xcv caaefm% ea uc} |dg c rmfmeqm fcrrmvxcgbmgfm eguc}r vem dgb dqceb nm fcv ca fcègl c nm fdxedi feu) dv |mii dv d bmidu eg bmieqmru e`m'

Cxecg &?; @dei |eii om jmx eg uc}r aeim d nm Xmdfm Fcrxv caaefm }gei uc} qeve Rml}feldixd acr caaefedi o}vegmvv' Eg

vc`m egvdgfmv) Qci}gmmr `dei rmfmeqmb d nm Rml}feldixd caaefm |eii om acr|drbmb c d Qci}gmmrv vem cgfm d

`cgn' Ea Qci}gmmrv fnccvm c ndqm nmer xdfjdlmv `deimb c nm Xmdfm Fcrxv caaefm) Xmdfm Fcrxv vdaa |eii xefj }x

nmer xdfjdlmv arc` nm Rml}feldixd xcv caaefm dgb jmmx nm` eg nm Xmdfm Fcrxv caaefm' Qci}gmmrv drm rmvxcgveoim

acr fcègl c Rml}feldixd c xefj nm` }x' Dii Qci}gmmrv `}v rmeò}rvm nm Xmdfm Fcrxv acr nm xcvdi xdfjdlm

amm'

\m vrcgliu rmfc``mgb nd uc} mvdoievn d rml}idr |reegl xdmrg |en uc}r aremgbv dgb rmideqmv) vegfm nmu èln

omfc`m fcgfmrgmb ea nmu bc gc nmdr arc` uc} acr dg m~mgbmb xmrecb ca e`m'

Bc gc ndqm `cgmu cr cnmr qdi}doim em`v vmg c uc} nrc}ln nm `dei' Mimfrefdi dxxiedgfmv fdggc om vmg nrc}ln

nm `dei) dv nmu drm xrcneoemb em`v dgb fc}ib om v}okmf c d f}vc` aegm' Immrv dgb xdfjdlmv drm vc`me`mv

cxmgmb ou xcvdi |crjmrv) dgb qdi}doim em`v cffdvecgdiiu bevdxxmdr' Eg dbbeecg) nm xrcfmvv ca rmremqegl d xdfjdlm

d nm xcv caaefm fdg om e`m fcgv}ègl) dgb f}vc`v b}emv `du m~fmmb nm qdi}m ca nm em`v vmg' Ea uc} `}v ndqm

xdfjdlmv vmg: |m rmfc``mgb xdbbmb mgqmicxmv' Uc} |eii ndqm d odgj dffc}g d uc}r vem) dgb uc} fdg ndqm `cgmu

|ermb c nd dffc}g .o} gcm nd nm Xmdfm Fcrxv ev gc diic|mb c leqm c} uc}r dffc}g g}òmr%' Deriegm efjmv

fdg om xdeb acr eg dbqdgfm dgb xefjmb }x d nm deriegmv caaefm eg Rml}feldixd'


44


14/51

Ambmrdi M~xrmvv) ]XV) dgb BNI ndqm caaefmv eg Rml}feldixd dgb fdg bmieqmr xdfjdlmv c nm Xmdfm Fcrxv caaefm'

Ximdvm bc gc vmgb dgu mimfrefdi bmqefm cr dxxiedgfmv qed AmbM~) ]XV) cr BNI) dv d f}vc`v fimdrdgfm xrcfmvv ev

rmt}ermb nd |eii fcv "58 xi}v dg dbbeecgdi fndrlm ca


15/51

}xcg vem dvvelg`mg' Xmdfm Fcrxv#Ncgb}rdv `du divc v}llmv cnmr nc}vegl cxecgv nd fdg om m~xicrmb ou

Qci}gmmrv damr nev egeedi xmrecb'

Rnm Xmdfm Fcrxv m~xmfv Qci}gmmrv c }vm lccb k}bl`mg eg bmfebegl |nmrm dgb |en |nc` c ieqm damr nm egeedi

e`m xmrecb ca ieqegl |en dg dvvelgmb ncv adèiu' Qci}gmmrv drm vrcgliu mgfc}rdlmb c fcgeg}m ieqegl |en d

Ncgb}rdg adèiu dgb c djm nm gmfmvvdru e`m c fnccvm d ieqegl ve}decg nd fcgvebmrv fc``}geu gcr`v)

idgl}dlm dft}eveecg) dgb xmrvcgdi vdamu' Bmxmgbegl cg nm vem) nmrm du om nm xcvveoeieu nd dg egbmxmgbmgieqegl ve}decg ev gc dqdeidoim dgb uc} `du gmmb c ieqm |en d adèiu acr uc}r a}ii |c umdrv ca vmrqefm' Qci}gmmrv

`du gc vndrm nc}vegl |en cnmr Xmdfm Fcrxv Qci}gmmrv cr cnmr D`mrefdgv cr cnmr gcg-Ncgb}rdgv' Veglim

Qci}gmmrv `du gc vndrm nmer rmvebmgfm |en d veglim egbeqeb}di ca nm cxxcvem vm~'

Vdam dgb vmf}rm nc}vegl ev d xrecreu) dgb Xmdfm Fcrxv#Ncgb}rdv |eii nmix uc} |crj |en nm idgbicrb c `djm dgu

gmfmvvdru `cbeaefdecgv c e`xrcqm nm vdamu dgb vmf}reu ca uc}r nc`m) v}fn dv dbbegl bmdboci icfjv dgb odrv cg

|egbc|v' Dbbeecgdiiu) nm Xmdfm Fcrxv djmv dg maacr c vmimf vemv nd caamr rmdvcgdoim dgb vdam rdgvxcrdecg'

Jmmx eg ègb nd r}rdi drmdv ca Ncgb}rdv drm `crm r}vef ndg r}rdi drmdv ca nm ]gemb Vdmv'

Xmdfm Fcrxv Qci}gmmr vemv drm icfdmb nrc}lnc} Ncgb}rdv |en nm m~fmxecg ca nm bmxdr`mgv ca Lrdfedv d Becv

dgb nm Odu Evidgbv' Rnm vem eg |nefn uc} mqmg}diiu vmrqm |eii om vmimfmb odvmb }xcg nm icfdi gmmbv ca nm

fc``}geu) uc}r vjeiiv dgb egmrmvv) dgb nm cqmrdii lcdiv dgb cokmfeqmv ca nm Xmdfm Fcrxv#Ncgb}rdv xrckmf eg

|nefn uc} |eii |crj'

Ieqegl Diic|dgfm dgb @cgmu @dgdlm`mg

Dv d Qci}gmmr) uc} |eii rmfmeqm d `cgniu diic|dgfm c fcqmr uc}r odvef ieqegl m~xmgvmv' Rnm ieqegl diic|dgfm ev

rmqem|mb d imdv cgfm d umdr nrc}ln d `drjm v}rqmu c mgv}rm nd e ev dbmt}dm acr d nmdinu ieamvuim fc`xdrdoim

c nd ca nm fc``}geu eg |nefn uc} ieqm' Rnm diic|dgfm ev xrcqebmb eg icfdi f}rrmgfu dgb fdg rdglm arc` dg

mt}eqdimgfu ca ]VB"?28 c "6?8 xmr `cgn bmxmgbegl cg mqmg}di vem icfdecg' A}gbv drm bmxcvemb egc uc}r icfdi

odgj dffc}g' Uc} |eii divc rmfmeqm d nc}vegl diic|dgfm) |nefn qdremv dffcrbegl c dqmrdlm nc}vegl fcvv eg mdfn

rmlecg'

Rnm ieqegl diic|dgfm ev egmgbmb c fcqmr nm fcv ca accb) }eieemv) nc}vmncib v}xxiemv) ficnegl) rmfrmdecg dgbmgmrdeg`mg) rdgvxcrdecg) rmdbegl dmrediv) dgb cnmr egfebmgdiv' Rnm d`c}g nd |eii om xrcqebmb c uc} ndv

ommg fdif}idmb c xmrè uc} c ieqm d nm `cbmv vdgbdrbv ca nm xmcxim uc} vmrqm) nc}ln uc} `du aegb nd uc}

rmfmeqm crm fc`xmgvdecg ndg uc}r gmelnocrv dgb mqmg uc}r fc``}geu xdrgmr cr v}xmrqevcr'

Uc} |eii dffr}m |c bduv ca imdqm dgb mdrg d "?2 qdfdecg diic|dgfm acr mdfn `cgn ca vmrqefm) |nefn ev xrcqebmb eg

icfdi f}rrmgfu' Rnm qdfdecg diic|dgfm ev divc bmxcvemb egc uc}r icfdi dffc}g mdfn cgn' Aciic|egl uc}r

v|mdregl eg dv d Qci}gmmr) uc} |eii divc rmfmeqm d cgm-e`m vmiegl-eg diic|dgfm) xdeb eg icfdi f}rrmgfu mt}eqdimg c

"?=8) c o}u odvef nc}vmncib em`v |nmg uc} `cqm c uc}r vem' Rnev d`c}g ev divc rmqem|mb dgg}diiu dgb dbk}vmb

dv gmmbmb' Ea nm Xmdfm Fcrxv dvjv uc} c rdqmi c dmgb fcgamrmgfmv cr |crjvncxv) uc} |eii om leqmg dbbeecgdi

a}gbv c fcqmr nm rmidmb fcvv ca rdgvxcrdecg) accb) dgb icblegl'

Rnm `dkcreu ca Qci}gmmrv aegb nd nmu fdg ieqm fcàcrdoiu eg Ncgb}rdv |en nmvm diic|dgfmv' \neim `dgu oregldbbeecgdi `cgmu |en nm` acr c}-ca-fc}gru rdqmi) nm Xmdfm Fcrxv m~xmfv Qci}gmmrv c ieqm d nm vd`m imqmi dv

nmer gmelnocrv dgb fciimdl}mv dgb) nmrmacrm) vrcgliu bevfc}rdlmv Qci}gmmrv arc` v}xxim`mgegl nmer egfc`m |en

`cgmu orc}ln arc` nc`m'

Frmbe fdrbv fdg om }vmb eg nm fdxedi dgb eg c}rev drmdv' Rrdqmimrv fnmfjv fdg om fdvnmb acr d amm'


46


16/51


17/51

Xrcamvvecgdiev`) Brmvv) dgb Omndqecr

Rc om maamfeqm) Qci}gmmrv `}v om rmvxmfmb ou nm fc``}geemv eg |nefn nmu |crj' Rnm Xmdfm Fcrxv o}eibv ev

rmx}decg gc nrc}ln dvveqm x}oiefeu fd`xdelgv) o} nrc}ln ev Qci}gmmrv) cgm fc``}geu d d e`m' Uc} vnc}ib

om xrmxdrmb c om d rcim `cbmi nrc}lnc} uc}r vmrqefm' \nmg Qci}gmmrv aegb nm`vmiqmv }gdoim c ldeg dgb

`degdeg nm rmvxmf dgb fcgaebmgfm ca nmer fc``}geemv) e ev di`cv di|duv b}m c nm Qci}gmmrv adei}rm c `mm

fc``}geu vdgbdrbv ca omndqecr' Omndqecr nd ev bmre`mgdi c nm e`dlm ca nm Xmdfm Fcrxv cr nd nrmdmgv nm

rmx}decg cr xnuvefdi vdamu ca cnmr Qci}gmmrv fdg rmv}i eg dbègevrdeqm vmxdrdecg arc` nm Xmdfm Fcrxv'

Ncgb}rdgv drm aderiu rdbeecgdi dgb fcgvmrqdeqm) mvxmfediiu eg v`diimr qeiidlmv' B}regl xrm-vmrqefm rdegegl) uc} |eii

imdrg nc| c brmvv dgb df dxxrcxredmiu eg v}fn d vcfemu) |nefn ndv bc}oim vdgbdrbv acr `mg dgb |c`mg dgb camg

acr Ncgb}rdgv dgb D`mrefdgv' Uc}r fc``}geu ev iejmiu c ncib uc} c nelnmr vdgbdrbv omfd}vm uc} drm d Xmdfm

Fcrxv Qci}gmmr'

Brmvvegl dxxrcxredmiu fdg mgndgfm uc}r frmbeoeieu) vegfm e rmaimfv uc}r rmvxmf acr nm f}vc`v dgb m~xmfdecgv ca

nm xmcxim |en |nc` uc} ieqm dgb |crj' Egdxxrcxredm brmvv) iejm egdxxrcxredm omndqecr) ev vc`mnegl nd fdg vm

uc} }ggmfmvvdreiu dxdr arc` uc}r fc``}geu' ]gei uc} omfc`m |mii-jgc|g ou Ncgb}rdgv) uc}r brmvv |eii om dg

e`xcrdg egbefdcr c nm`' Arc` nm oellmv feu c nm rm`cmv qeiidlm) uc} |eii om k}blmb) mvxmfediiu egeediiu) cg

uc}r dxxmdrdgfm'

Uc} |eii aegb nd vc`m ficnegl nd ev fcgvebmrmb dxxrcxredm acr Ncgb}rdgv ev gc fcgvebmrmb dxxrcxredm acr uc}'

Dv d rdegmm b}regl xrm-vmrqefm rdegegl dgb dv d Qci}gmmr b}regl eg-vmrqefm rdegegl mqmgv) uc} drm m~xmfmb c brmvv

dv uc} |c}ib cg nm kco' Vnerv dgb vncmv `}v om |crg d dii e`mv) dgb vncrv dgb aiex-aicxv drm gc dxxrcxredm'

Ea uc} ndqm d dcc) e ev omv c jmmx e fcqmrmb' Rdccv drm camg dvvcfedmb |en ldgl daaeiedecg' Dg dge-ldgl id|

diic|v xciefm c xmracr` vmdrfnmv cg xmcxim |nc drm fcgvebmrmb c om xrcodoim ldgl `mòmrv' .Rnc}ln ldgl dccv

drm ca d vxmfeaef gd}rm) uc} gmmb c om d|drm ca nev Ncgb}rdg rmdieu'%

Ncgb}rdgv iejm c brmvv |mii dgb c om gmd dgb fimdg' Ncgb}rdg o}vegmvv`mg bc gc gcr`diiu |mdr v}ev dgb emv) vc

`dim Qci}gmmrv fdg |mdr d vncr-vimmqmb) o}cg-bc|g vner cr gefm xcic vner dgb jndjev cr gefm kmdgv eg

xrcamvvecgdi vmeglv' Fdv}di ficnegl fdg om |crg d nc`m dgb eg egacr`di ve}decgv' Ic|-f} gmfjiegmv drm gcdxxrcxredm acr |c`mg) o} vimmqmimvv oic}vmv dgb brmvvmv drm aegm) mvxmfediiu eg fcdvdi drmdv dgb fmrdeg qdiimuv' Bc

gc oregl dgu èiedru-vuim ficnegl .e'm') cieqm lrmmg cr fd`c}aidlm%) |nefn Ncgb}rdg f}vc`v caaefediv rmvmrqm nm

reln c fcgaevfdm'

Rnmvm vdgbdrbv egbefdm dxxrcxredm xrcamvvecgdi brmvv'

@dimv

Vncr vimmqm cr icgl vimmqm brmvv vnerv

Vnerv |en fciidrv cr xcic vnerv

Icgl xdgv eg lccb fcgbeecg .kmdgv) jndjev) mf'%

Vgmdjmrv cr rml}idr vncmv |en vcfjv


4=


18/51

Am`dimv

Oic}vmv |en fciidrv cr xcic vnerv

Vjerv cr brmvvmv .gc vncr%

Icgl xdgv eg lccb fcgbeecg .kmdgv) jndjev) mf'%

@eb-fdia fdxre xdgv

\mdregl d ord

Vgmdjmrv cr rml}idr vncmv |en vcfjv) vdgbdiv

Bcg \mdr

Vncrv ca dgu imgln

R-vnerv

Vimmqmimvv R-vnerv cr dgj cxv

Vxdlnme vrdx cxv .am`dimv%

@ege-vjerv .am`dimv%

Aiex-aicxv

Mdrreglv .`dimv%--gc d dgu e`m cr dgu xidfm: .am`dimv% gc `crm ndg |c eg mdfn mdr

Cnmr qeveoim ocbu xemrfegl .egfi}begl gcvm dgb cgl}m xemrfeglv%

Nder imgln omic| nm occ` ca nm mdr dgb#cr xcgudeiv dgb#cr icgl }gre``mb omdrbv .`dimv%

Fd`c}aidlm mt}ex`mg#ficnegl

Xmrvcgdi Vdam u

@crm bmdeimb egacr`decg doc} nm Xmdfm Fcrxv dxxrcdfn c vdamu ev fcgdegmb eg nm Nmdin Fdrm dgb Vdamu

fndxmr) o} e ev dg e`xcrdg evv}m dgb fdggc om cqmrm`xndve{mb' Dv vdmb eg nm Qci}gmmr Ndgboccj) omfcègl dXmdfm Fcrxv Qci}gmmr mgdeiv fmrdeg vdamu revjv' Ieqegl dgb rdqmiegl eg dg }gadèiedr mgqercg`mg .camge`mv

dicgm%) ndqegl d ieèmb }gbmrvdgbegl ca icfdi idgl}dlm dgb f}i}rm) dgb omegl xmrfmeqmb dv |mii-caa drm vc`m ca nm

adfcrv nd fdg x} d Qci}gmmr d revj' @dgu Qci}gmmrv m~xmremgfm qdruegl bmlrmmv ca }g|dgmb dmgecg dgb

ndrdvv`mg' Xmu nmav dgb o}rlidremv drm gc }gfc``cg) dgb egfebmgv ca xnuvefdi dgb vm~}di dvvd}i bc cff}r)

dinc}ln cv Ncgb}rdv Qci}gmmrv fc`ximm nmer |c umdrv ca vmrqefm |enc} xmrvcgdi vmf}reu egfebmgv' Rnm

Xmdfm Fcrxv ndv mvdoievnmb xrcfmb}rmv dgb xciefemv bmvelgmb c nmix uc} rmb}fm uc}r revjv dgb mgndgfm uc}r vdamu

dgb vmf}reu' Rnmvm xrcfmb}rmv dgb xciefemv) eg dbbeecg c vdamu rdegegl) |eii om xrcqebmb cgfm uc} drreqm eg

Ncgb}rdv' D nm vd`m e`m) uc} drm m~xmfmb c djm rmvxcgveoeieu acr uc}r vdamu dgb |mii-omegl'


41


19/51

Mdfn vdaa `mòmr d nm Xmdfm Fcrxv ev fc`èmb c xrcqebegl Qci}gmmrv |en nm v}xxcr nmu gmmb c

v}ffmvva}iiu mm nm fndiimglmv nmu |eii adfm c ndqm d vdam) nmdinu) dgb xrcb}feqm vmrqefm' \m mgfc}rdlm

Qci}gmmrv dgb adèiemv c iccj d c}r vdamu dgb vmf}reu egacr`decg cg nm Xmdfm Fcrxv |movem d

|||'xmdfmfcrxv'lcq#vdamu'

Egacr`decg cg nmvm xdlmv leqmv `mvvdlmv cg Qci}gmmr nmdin dgb Qci}gmmr vdamu' D qebmc `mvvdlm arc` nm

Bermfcr ev cg nev xdlm) dv |mii dv d vmfecg eimb Vdamu dgb Vmf}reu eg Bmxn' Rnev xdlm ievv cxefv rdglegl arc`nm revjv ca vmrqegl dv d Qci}gmmr c xcvv vdamu v}xxcr vuvm`v c m`mrlmgfu xidggegl dgb fc``}gefdecgv'

_m|drbv dgb Ar}vrdecgv

Uc} drm iejmiu c bmreqm `}fn vdevadfecg arc` nmixegl c e`xrcqm nm ieqegl fcgbeecgv ca Ncgb}rdgv dgb arc`

imdrgegl d gm| f}i}rm dgb idgl}dlm' Uc} |eii divc mgfc}gmr }g}v}di vcfedi dgb f}i}rdi ve}decgv nd |eii rmt}erm

aim~eoeieu dgb }gbmrvdgbegl cg uc}r xdr' Ou fc``}gefdegl ncgmviu dgb bm`cgvrdegl dg egmrmv eg Ncgb}rdv

dgb ev xmcxim) uc} |eii vccg fc`m c mgkcu uc}r fc``}geu) ev f}vc`v) dgb uc}r rcim dv d Qci}gmmr' D ic| imqmi

ca egmrmv) ceqdecg) cr xdrefexdecg ou fc``}geu mòmrv dgb fc-|crjmrv) nc|mqmr) `du fd}vm uc} vc`m

ar}vrdecg' Uc} }v rm`mòmr nd bmqmicx`mg djmv e`m dgb nd uc} du gc e``mbedmiu vmm dgu bm`cgvrdoim

e`xdf arc` uc}r |crj'

Rnm Xmdfm Fcrxv ev gc acr mqmrucgm' Omegl d Qci}gmmr rmt}ermv lrmdmr bmbefdecg dgb fc`è`mg ndg cv cnmr

|crj mgqercg`mgv' E ev acr fcgaebmg) vmia-vdregl) fcgfmrgmb egbeqeb}div |nc drm egmrmvmb eg xdrefexdegl eg nm

bmqmicx`mg ca cnmr fc}gremv dgb egfrmdvegl n}`dg }gbmrvdgbegl dfrcvv f}i}rdi odrremrv' Rnm jmu c vdevauegl

|crj dv d Xmdfm Fcrxv Qci}gmmr ev nm doeieu c mvdoievn v}ffmvva}i n}`dg rmidecgvnexv d dii imqmiv |en uc}r ncv

adèiu) nm fc``}geu mòmrv |en |nc` uc} |crj) fc}gmrxdr dlmgfemv dgb vfncci caaefediv) dgb uc}r amiic|

Qci}gmmrv' Rnev rmt}ermv xdemgfm) vmgveeqeu) m`xdnu) dgb d xcveeqm) xrcamvvecgdi de}bm' Ea uc} ndqm nm xmrvcgdi

t}dieemv gmmbmb c `mm nm fndiimglmv ca |c umdrv ca vmrqefm eg Ncgb}rdv) uc} |eii ndqm d rm|drbegl) mgrefnegl)

dgb idvegl m~xmremgfm' D nm vd`m e`m) uc} |eii fcgreo}m c nm bmqmicx`mg ca Ncgb}rdv dgb imdqm d xdr ca

uc}rvmia dgb uc}r f}i}rm omnegb'


4


20/51

XMDFM FC_XV R_DEGEGL

Cqmrqem| ca Xrm-Vmrqefm Rrdegegl

Xrecr c omfcègl d Qci}gmmr) uc} |eii xdrefexdm eg dg 44-|mmj rdegegl xrclrd` eg Ncgb}rdv' Xrm-vmrqefm rdegegl

egfcrxcrdmv m~xmremgedi imdrgegl dgb db}i imdrgegl mncbciclu nd ev mdg c fndiimglm uc} |neim xrmxdregl uc}

c omleg uc}r |crj dv d Qci}gmmr' Xrm-vmrqefm rdegegl fdg om egmgvm) o} mgkcudoim dv |mii'

]xcg drreqdi eg Ncgb}rdv) rdegmmv `cqm eg |en ncv adèiemv damr d orema egrcb}fcru vmvvecg' Rnm aerv nrmm |mmjv

ca rdegegl djmv xidfm eg d idrlm lrc}x dgb egfi}bm rdegmmv arc` qdrec}v xrckmfv' Rnm ac}rn nrc}ln 48n |mmjv)

rdegmmv |eii cqm c cnmr fc``}geemv acr aemib-odvmb rdegegl) |nefn acf}vmv cg nm xrdfefdi dxxiefdecg ca xrckmf

mfngefdi vjeiiv'

Dinc}ln uc} |mrm rmfr}emb acr d xdref}idr xrckmf dgb uc}r rdegegl |eii om deicrmb c nm rmt}erm`mgv ca nd

xrckmf) dii Qci}gmmrv drm fc``}geu bmqmicx`mg adfeiedcrv' Uc} |eii rmfmeqm nmcrmefdi dgb ndgbv-cg rdegegl eg

fc``}geu dgdiuvev) xdrefexdcru dgdiuvev) lmgbmr dgdiuvev) fc``}geu bmqmicx`mg) dgb egmlrdmb fc``}geu

bmqmicx`mg dgb omfc m adèiedr |en f}rrmg bmqmicx`mg maacrv eg Ncgb}rdv' Dv nm |mmjv xdvv) uc} `du aegb

uc} gmmb c dbdx ocn m~evegl vjeiiv dgb gm| vjeiiv c uc}r |crj mgqercg`mg eg Ncgb}rdv'

Rmfngefdi Rrdegegl

Rmfngefdi rdegegl |eii xrmxdrm uc} c |crj eg Ncgb}rdv ou o}eibegl cg nm vjeiiv uc} dirmdbu ndqm dgb nmixegl uc}

bmqmicx gm| vjeiiv eg d `dggmr dxxrcxredm c nm gmmbv ca nm fc}gru' Rnm Xmdfm Fcrxv vdaa) Ncgb}rdg m~xmrv) dgb

f}rrmg Qci}gmmrv |eii fcgb}f nm rdegegl xrclrd`' Rrdegegl xidfmv lrmd m`xndvev cg imdrgegl nc| c rdgvamr nm

vjeiiv uc} ndqm c nm fc``}geu eg |nefn uc} |eii vmrqm dv d Qci}gmmr'

Rmfngefdi rdegegl |eii egfi}bm vmvvecgv cg nm lmgmrdi mfcgcèf dgb xcieefdi mgqercg`mg eg Ncgb}rdv dgb vrdmlemv

acr |crjegl |eneg v}fn d ard`m|crj' Uc} |eii rmqem| uc}r mfngefdi vmfcrv lcdiv dgb |eii `mm |en nm Ncgb}rdg

dlmgfemv dgb crldge{decgv nd egqemb nm Xmdfm Fcrxv c dvvev nm`' Uc} |eii om v}xxcrmb dgb mqdi}dmb nrc}lnc}

nm rdegegl c o}eib nm fcgaebmgfm dgb vjeiiv uc} gmmb c }gbmrdjm uc}r xrckmf dfeqeemv dgb om d xrcb}feqm `mòmr

ca uc}r fc``}geu'

Idgl}dlm Rrdegegl

Dv d Xmdfm Fcrxv Qci}gmmr) uc} |eii aegb nd idgl}dlm vjeiiv drm nm jmu c xmrvcgdi dgb xrcamvvecgdi vdevadfecg

b}regl uc}r vmrqefm' Rnmvm vjeiiv drm freefdi c uc}r kco xmracr`dgfm) nmu nmix uc} egmlrdm egc uc}r fc``}geu)

dgb nmu fdg mdvm uc}r xmrvcgdi dbdxdecg c nm gm| v}rrc}gbeglv' Rnmrmacrm) idgl}dlm rdegegl ev nm nmdr ca nm

rdegegl xrclrd`) dgb uc} }v v}ffmvva}iiu mm ege`}` idgl}dlm rmt}erm`mgv c fc`ximm rdegegl dgb omfc`m

d Qci}gmmr' Ncgb}rdv idgl}dlm egvr}fcrv mdfn acr`di idgl}dlm fidvvmv aeqm bduv d |mmj eg v`dii lrc}xv ca ac}r c

aeqm xmcxim'

Uc}r idgl}dlm rdegegl |eii egfcrxcrdm d fc``}geu-odvmb dxxrcdfn' Eg dbbeecg c fidvvrcc` e`m) uc} |eii om

leqmg dvvelg`mgv c |crj cg c}vebm ca nm fidvvrcc` dgb |en uc}r ncv adèiu' Rnm lcdi ev c lm uc} c d xceg ca

odvef vcfedi fc``}gefdecg vjeiiv vc nd uc} fdg xrdfefm dgb bmqmicx idgl}dlm vjeiiv a}rnmr cgfm uc} drm d uc}r

vem' Xrecr c omegl v|crg eg dv d Qci}gmmr) uc} |eii |crj cg vrdmlemv c fcgeg}m idgl}dlm v}bemv b}regl uc}r

vmrqefm'

Frcvv-F}i}rdi Rrdegegl

Dv xdr ca uc}r xrm-vmrqefm rdegegl) uc} |eii ieqm |en |c Ncgb}rdg ncv adèiemv' Rnev m~xmremgfm ev bmvelgmb c

mdvm uc}r rdgveecg c ieam d uc}r vem' Adèiemv lc nrc}ln dg cremgdecg fcgb}fmb ou Xmdfm Fcrxv vdaa c m~xideg

nm x}rxcvm ca xrm-vmrqefm rdegegl dgb c dvvev nm` eg nmixegl uc} dbdx c ieqegl eg Ncgb}rdv' @dgu Qci}gmmrv

acr` vrcgl dgb idvegl aremgbvnexv |en nmer ncv adèiemv'


4>


21/51

Frcvv-f}i}rdi dgb fc``}geu bmqmicx`mg rdegegl |eii nmix uc} e`xrcqm uc}r fc``}gefdecg vjeiiv dgb }gbmrvdgb

uc}r rcim dv d adfeiedcr ca v}vdegdoim bmqmicx`mg' Uc} |eii om m~xcvmb c cxefv v}fn dv fc``}geu `coeie{decg)

fcgaief rmvci}ecg) lmgbmr dgb bmqmicx`mg) gcgacr`di dgb db}i mb}fdecg vrdmlemv) dgb xcieefdi vr}f}rmv'

Dv gcmb docqm) b}regl xrm-vmrqefm rdegegl uc} |eii ieqm |en |c Ncgb}rdg ncv adèiemvnm aerv acr nrmm |mmjv

b}regl fmgmr-odvmb rdegegl dgb d vmfcgb acr vmqmg |mmjv b}regl aemib-odvmb rdegegl' Dv d `mòmr ca nm adèiu) uc}

|eii mgldlm eg rc}egm adèiu dfeqeemv dgb vndrm uc}r e`m b}regl `mdiv'

Xmdfm Fcrxv#Ncgb}rdv divc rmt}ermv Qci}gmmrv c ieqm nm aerv |c `cgnv ca nmer vmrqefm |en d ncv adèiu d nmer

dvvelgmb vem' Rnm xrckmf md` |eii ndqm ebmgeaemb nev adèiu xrecr c uc}r drreqdi' E ev Xmdfm Fcrxv, m~xmfdecg nd

uc}r ncv adèiu |eii nmix uc} fcggmf |en uc}r fc``}geu) vmrqm dv dbbeecgdi v}xxcr |en uc}r idgl}dlm imdrgegl)

dvvev |en uc}r vdamu dgb vmf}reu cremgdecg) dgb nmix uc} dvveèidm c uc}r gm| fc``}geu f}i}rm'

Nmdi n Rrdegegl

B}regl xrm-vmrqefm rdegegl) uc} |eii om leqmg odvef mbefdi rdegegl dgb egacr`decg' Uc} |eii om m~xmfmb c

xrdfefm xrmqmgeqm nmdin fdrm dgb c djm rmvxcgveoeieu acr uc}r c|g nmdin ou dbnmregl c dii mbefdi xciefemv'

Rrdegmmv drm rmt}ermb c dmgb dii `mbefdi vmvvecgv' Rnm cxefv egfi}bm xrmqmgeqm nmdin `mdv}rmv dgb ègcr dgb

`dkcr mbefdi evv}mv nd uc} èln mgfc}gmr |neim eg Ncgb}rdv' G}reecg) mgdi nmdin) vdamu dgb vmf}reu)

vmegl }x d vdam ieqegl fc`xc}gb) dgb nc| c dqceb NEQ#DEBV dgb cnmr VRBv drm divc fcqmrmb'

Vdamu Rrdegegl

B}regl nm vdamu rdegegl vmvvecgv) uc} |eii imdrg nc| c dbcx d ieamvuim nd rmb}fmv uc}r revjv d nc`m) d |crj)

dgb b}regl uc}r rdqmiv' Uc} |eii divc imdrg dxxrcxredm) maamfeqm vrdmlemv acr fcxegl |en }g|dgmb dmgecg dgb

doc} uc}r egbeqeb}di rmvxcgveoeieu acr xrc`cegl vdamu nrc}lnc} uc}r vmrqefm'

Dbbeecgdi Rrdegeglv B}regl Qci}gmmr Vmrqefm

Eg ev fc`è mg c egve}ecgdie{m t}dieu rdegegl) nm Xmdfm Fcrxv ndv e`xim`mgmb d rdegegl vuvm` nd

xrcqebmv Qci}gmmrv |en armt}mg cxxcr}geemv c m~dègm nmer fc`è`mg c Xmdfm Fcrxv vmrqefm |neim

egfrmdvegl nmer mfngefdi dgb frcvv-f}i}rdi vjeiiv' B}regl vmrqefm) nmrm drm d g}òmr ca rdegegl mqmgv' Rnm eimv

dgb cokmfeqmv acr |c ca ncvm rdegeglv drm dv aciic|v;

Eg-vmrqefm rdegegl; Xrcqebmv cxxcr}geemv acr Qci}gmmrv c }xlrdbm nmer xrckmf) idgl}dlm) vdamu dgb

vmf}reu dgb fc``}geu bmqmicx`mg vjeiiv |neim vndregl nmer m~xmremgfmv dgb rmdaaerègl nmer fc`è mg damr

ndqegl vmrqmb acr ac}r cr aeqm `cgnv dgb dldeg damr dxxrc~e`dmiu cgm umdr'

Ficvm-ca-vmrqefm fcgamrmgfm; Xrmxdrmv Qci}gmmrv acr nm a}}rm damr Xmdfm Fcrxv vmrqefm dgb rmqem|v nmer

rmvxmfeqm xrckmfv dgb xmrvcgdi m~xmremgfmv'

Rnm g}òmr) imgln) dgb bmvelg ca nmvm rdegeglv drm dbdxmb c fc}gru-vxmfeaef gmmbv dgb fcgbeecgv' Rnm jmu c nm

rdegegl vuvm` ev nd rdegegl mqmgv drm egmlrdmb dgb egmrrmidmb) arc` nm xrm-bmxdr}rm cremgdecg nrc}ln nm

mgb ca uc}r vmrqefm) dgb drm xidggmb) e`xim`mgmb) dgb mqdi}dmb fccxmrdeqmiu ou nm rdegegl vdaa) Xmdfm Fcrxv

vdaa) dgb Qci}gmmrv'


45


22/51

UC]_ NMDIRN FD_M DGB

VDAMRU EG NCGB]_DV

Rnm Xmdfm Fcrxv nelnmv xrecreu ev degdegegl nm lccb nmdin dgb vdamu ca mqmru Qci}gmmr' Xmdfm Fcrxv `mbefdi

xrclrd`v m`xndve{m nm xrmqmgeqm) rdnmr ndg nm f}rdeqm) dxxrcdfn c bevmdvm' Rnm Xmdfm Fcrxv eg Ncgb}rdv

`degdegv d fiegef |en nrmm a}ii-e`m mbefdi caaefmrv) |nc djm fdrm ca Qci}gmmrv xre`dru nmdin fdrm gmmbv'Dbbeecgdi mbefdi vmrqefmv) v}fn dv mvegl dgb odvef rmd`mg) drm divc dqdeidoim eg Ncgb}rdv d icfdi ncvxediv' Ea

uc} omfc`m vmrec}viu eii) uc} |eii om rdgvxcrmb menmr c dg D`mrefdg-vdgbdrb `mbefdi adfeieu eg nm rmlecg cr c

nm ]gemb Vdmv'

Nmdin Evv}mv eg Ncgb}rdv

@didred ev mgbmèf eg di`cv dii ca Ncgb}rdv) vc djegl dge-`didredi mbefdecg ev dgbdcru acr Qci}gmmrv

nrc}lnc} vmrqefm' Xrm-m~xcv}rm dgb xcv-m~xcv}rm rdoemv qdffegmv drm divc `dgbdcru' @eib c vmqmrm qerdi eiigmvvmv

iejm bmgl}m amqmr .egfi}begl nm`crrndlef bmgl}m% drm divc nrmdv c nmdin eg Ncgb}rdv'

M~evegl vjeg fcgbeecgv iejm dfgm dgb mf{m`d camg |crvmg eg Ncgb}rdv omfd}vm ca nm fie`dm' V}g-dllrdqdmb dgb

a}gldi vjeg fcgbeecgv drm aderiu fc``cg' Vcidr jmrdcvev) d xrmfdgfmrc}v vjeg fcgbeecg) fdg om dft}ermb arc`

xrcicglmb m~xcv}rm c nm v}g |enc} dbmt}dm xrcmfecg'

Nmixegl Uc} Vdu Nmdinu

Rnm Xmdfm Fcrxv |eii xrcqebm uc} |en dii nm gmfmvvdru egcf}idecgv .qdffegdecgv%) mbefdecgv) dgb egacr`decg c

vdu nmdinu' ]xcg drreqdi eg Ncgb}rdv) uc} |eii rmfmeqm d `mbefdi ndgboccj' D nm mgb ca rdegegl) uc} |eii rmfmeqm

d `mbefdi je |en v}xxiemv c djm fdrm ca èib eiigmvvmv dgb aerv deb gmmbv' Rnm fcgmgv ca nm je drm ievmb idmr eg

nev fndxmr'

B}regl xrm-vmrqefm rdegegl) uc} |eii ndqm dffmvv c odvef `mbefdi v}xxiemv nrc}ln nm mbefdi caaefmr' Nc|mqmr) uc}

|eii om rmvxcgveoim acr uc}r c|g v}xxiu ca xrmvfrexecg br}lv dgb dgu cnmr vxmfeaef `mbefdi v}xxiemv uc} rmt}erm) dv

|m |eii gc crbmr nmvm em`v b}regl rdegegl' Ximdvm oregl d nrmm c ve~-`cgn v}xxiu ca dgu xrmvfrexecg br}lv uc}

}vm) vegfm nmu `du gc om dqdeidoim nmrm dgb e `du djm vmqmrdi `cgnv acr vnex`mgv c drreqm'

@}ieqed egv drm gc rml}idriu xrcqebmb vegfm uc} fdg mdveiu codeg ar}ev dgb qmlmdoimv dv |mii dv cnmr g}remgv dv

xdr ca uc}r bdeiu bem' \nmg d Qci}gmmr vnc|v vu`xc`v fd}vmb ou d idfj ca vxmfeaef qedègv) nm `mbefdi }ge

`du bevxmgvm d qedèg v}xxim`mg'

Uc} |eii ndqm xnuvefdi mqdi}decgv èb|du nrc}ln vmrqefm dgb d nm mgb ca uc}r vmrqefm' Ea uc} bmqmicx d vmrec}v

`mbefdi xrcoim` b}regl uc}r vmrqefm) nm `mbefdi caaefmr eg Ncgb}rdv |eii fcgv}i |en nm Caaefm ca @mbefdi

Vmrqefmv eg \dvneglcg) B'F' Ea e ev bmmrègmb nd uc}r fcgbeecg fdggc om rmdmb eg Ncgb}rdv) uc} `du om vmg

c} ca nm fc}gru acr a}rnmr mqdi}decg dgb fdrm'

@degdegegl Uc}r Nmdin

Dv d Qci}gmmr) uc} }v dffmx fcgvebmrdoim rmvxcgveoeieu acr uc}r c|g nmdin' Xrcxmr xrmfd}ecgv |eii velgeaefdgiurmb}fm uc}r revj ca vmrec}v eiigmvv cr egk}ru' Rnm dbdlm Dg c}gfm ca xrmqmgecg omfc`mv m~rm`miu e`xcrdg eg

drmdv |nmrm bedlgcvef dgb rmd`mg adfeieemv drm gc }x c nm vdgbdrbv ca nm ]gemb Vdmv' Rnm `cv e`xcrdg ca

uc}r rmvxcgveoeieemv eg Ncgb}rdv ev c djm nm aciic|egl xrmqmgeqm mdv}rmv;

@dgu eiigmvvmv nd daaief Qci}gmmrv |crib|ebm drm mgermiu xrmqmgdoim ea xrcxmr accb dgb |dmr xrmfd}ecgv drm

djmg' Rnmvm eiigmvvmv egfi}bm accb xcevcgegl) xdrdveef egamfecgv) nmxdeev D) buvmgmru) L}egmd |cr`v) dxm|cr`v)

dgb uxnceb amqmr' Uc}r `mbefdi caaefmr |eii bevf}vv vxmfeaef vdgbdrbv acr |dmr dgb accb xrmxdrdecg eg Ncgb}rdv

b}regl xrm-vmrqefm rdegegl'


?8


23/51


24/51


25/51

Ea uc} |mdr mumlidvvmv) oregl |c xderv |en uc}d xder dgb d vxdrm' Ea d xder ormdjv) nm Xmdfm Fcrxv |eii rmxidfm e)

}vegl nm egacr`decg uc}r bcfcr eg nm ]gemb Vdmv xrcqebmb cg nm mumlidvvmv acr` b}regl uc}r m~dègdecg' Rnm

Xmdfm Fcrxv bevfc}rdlmv uc} arc` }vegl fcgdf imgvmv b}regl uc}r vmrqefm c rmb}fm uc}r revj ca bmqmicxegl d

vmrec}v egamfecg cr cnmr mum bevmdvm' @cv Xmdfm Fcrxv fc}gremv bc gc ndqm dxxrcxredm |dmr dgb vdgedecg c

v}xxcr mum fdrm |en nm }vm ca fcgdf imgvmv' Rnm Xmdfm Fcrxv |eii gc v}xxiu cr rmxidfm fcgdf imgvmv cr

dvvcfedmb vci}ecgv }gimvv dg cxnndi`ciclev ndv rmfc``mgbmb nmer }vm acr d vxmfeaef mbefdi fcgbeecg dgb nm

Xmdfm Fcrxv Caaefm ca @mbefdi Vmrqefmv ndv leqmg dxxrcqdi'

Ea uc} drm mieleoim acr @mbefdrm) drm cqmr =8 umdrv ca dlm) cr ndqm d nmdin fcgbeecg nd `du rmvref uc}r a}}rm

xdrefexdecg eg nmdin fdrm xidgv) uc} `du |evn c fcgv}i dg egv}rdgfm vxmfediev doc} }get}m fcqmrdlm gmmbv omacrm

uc}r bmxdr}rm' Rnm Xmdfm Fcrxv |eii xrcqebm dii gmfmvvdru nmdin fdrm arc` nm e`m uc} imdqm acr uc}r xrm-bmxdr}rm

cremgdecg }gei uc} fc`ximm uc}r vmrqefm' \nmg uc} aegevn) uc} |eii om mgeimb c nm xcv-vmrqefm nmdin fdrm

omgmaev bmvfreomb eg nm Xmdfm Fcrxv Qci}gmmr Ndgboccj' Uc} `du |evn c fcgvebmr jmmxegl dg m~evegl nmdin xidg

eg maamf b}regl uc}r vmrqefm ea uc} negj dlm cr xrmm~evegl fcgbeecgv èln xrmqmg uc} arc` rmmgrciiegl eg uc}r

f}rrmg xidg |nmg uc} rm}rg nc`m'

Vdam u dgb Vmf}r e uC}r Xdrgmrvnex

Vmrqegl dv d Qci}gmmr cqmrvmdv mgdeiv fmrdeg vdamu dgb vmf}reu revjv' Ieqegl dgb rdqmiegl eg dg }gadèiedrmgqercg`mg) d ieèmb }gbmrvdgbegl ca nm icfdi idgl}dlm dgb f}i}rm) dgb nm xmrfmxecg ca omegl d |mdinu

D`mrefdg drm vc`m ca nm adfcrv nd fdg x} d Qci}gmmr d revj' Xrcxmru nmav dgb o}rlidremv drm gc }gfc``cg'

Egfebmgv ca xnuvefdi dgb vm~}di dvvd}i bc cff}r) dinc}ln di`cv dii Qci}gmmrv fc`ximm nmer |c umdrv ca vmrqefm

|enc} vmrec}v xmrvcgdi vdamu xrcoim`v' Eg dbbeecg) `crm ndg >6 xmrfmg ca Qci}gmmrv v}rqmumb eg nm ?88> Xmdfm

Fcrxv Qci}gmmr v}rqmu vdu nmu |c}ib kceg nm Xmdfm Fcrxv dldeg'

Rnm Xmdfm Fcrxv dxxrcdfnmv vdamu dgb vmf}reu dv d xdrgmrvnex |en uc}' Rnev \mifc`m Occjfcgdegv vmfecgv cg;

Ieqegl Fcgbeecgv dgb Qci}gmmr Ieamvuim: Xmdfm Fcrxv Rrdegegl: dgb Uc}r Nmdin Fdrm dgb Vdamu' Dii ca nmvm

vmfecgv egfi}bm e`xcrdg vdamu dgb vmf}reu egacr`decg'

Rnm Xmdfm Fcrxv `djmv mqmru maacr c leqm Qci}gmmrv nm cciv nmu gmmb c a}gfecg eg nm vdamv dgb `cv vmf}rm

|du xcvveoim) omfd}vm |crjegl c `d~eè{m nm vdamu dgb vmf}reu ca Qci}gmmrv ev c}r nelnmv xrecreu' Gc cgiu bc|m xrcqebm uc} |en rdegegl dgb cciv c xrmxdrm acr nm }gm~xmfmb) o} divc |m mdfn uc} c ebmgeau dgb `dgdlm

nm revjv uc} `du mgfc}gmr'

Adfcrv nd Fcgr eo}m c Qci}gmmr _evj

Rnmrm drm vmqmrdi adfcrv nd fdg nmelnmg d Qci}gmmrv revj) `dgu ca |nefn drm |eneg nm Qci}gmmrv fcgrci' Ou

adr nm `cv fc``cg fre`m egfebmgv nd Qci}gmmrv m~xmremgfm drm nmav' Armt}mgiu nmvm cff}r eg frc|bmb

icfdecgv) v}fn dv drjmv cr cg x}oief rdgvxcrdecg) cr drm b}m c Qci}gmmrv imdqegl em`v }gdmgbmb' @crm

vmrec}v dvvd}iv) nc|mqmr) bc cffdvecgdiiu cff}r' Odvmb cg egacr`decg ldnmrmb arc` egfebmg rmxcrv |crib|ebm eg

?88


26/51

Bdu; Dvvd}iv dgb xrcxmru fre`mv |mrm `crm fc``cgiu rmxcrmb cg |mmjmgbv .2> xmrfmg dgb 25 xmrfmg)

rmvxmfeqmiu%'

Dovmgfm ca cnmrv; Dvvd}iv dgb xrcxmru fre`mv .12 xmrfmg dgb =6 xmrfmg) rmvxmfeqmiu% cff}rmb crm

armt}mgiu |nmg nm Qci}gmmr |dv dicgm'

_midecgvnex c dvvdeidg; Eg `cv dvvd}iv dgb xrcxmru fre`mv .12 xmrfmg dgb >= xmrfmg%) nm Qci}gmmr bebgc jgc| cr fc}ib gc ebmgeau nm dvvdeidg'

Fcgv}`xecg ca difcnci; ?6 xmrfmg ca dii dvvd}iv dgb 2 xmrfmg ca dii xrcxmru fre`mv egqciqmb difcnci

fcgv}`xecg ou Qci}gmmrv dgb#cr dvvdeidgv'

_evj adfcrv fdg qdru |eneg fc}gremv nrc}lnc} nm |crib nd drm vmrqmb ou nm Xmdfm Fcrxv' D Qci}gmmr eg

Ncgb}rdv `du adfm revjv vxmfeaef c nev fc}gru eg dbbeecg c revjv dvvcfedmb |en ieqegl eg d bmqmicxegl fc}gru'

V}``dru Vrdmlemv c _mb}fm _evj

Omacrm dgb b}regl vmrqefm) uc}r rdegegl |eii dbbrmvv nmvm drmdv ca fcgfmrg vc uc} fdg rmb}fm nm revjv uc} adfm' Acr

m~d`xim) nmrm drm vc`m vrdmlemv Qci}gmmrv m`xicu;

Vrdmlemv c rmb}fm nm revj#e`xdf ca nma;

Jgc| nm mgqercg`mg dgb fnccvm vdam rc}mv#e`mv acr rdqmi

Dqceb neln-fre`m drmdv xmr Xmdfm Fcrxv l}ebdgfm

Jgc| nm qcfdo}idru c lm nmix eg dg m`mrlmgfu

Fdrru qdi}doimv eg beaamrmg xcfjmv#xidfmv

Fdrru d /b}`ù/ |diim dv d bmfcu

Vrdmlemv c rmb}fm nm r evj#e`xdf ca o}rlidru;

Ieqm |en d icfdi adèiu cr cg d adèiu fc`xc}gb

X} vrcgl icfjv cg bccrv dgb jmmx qdi}doimv eg d icfj oc~ cr r}gj

Imdqm errmxidfmdoim cokmfv d nc`m eg nm ]'V'

X}rfndvm nm Xmdfm Fcrxv- rmfc``mgbmb xmrvcgdi xrcxmru egv}rdgfm

Aciic| Xmdfm Fcrxv l}ebmiegmv cg `degdegegl nc`m vmf}reu

Vrdmlemv c r mb}fm nm r evj#e`xdf ca dvvd}i; @djm aremgbv |en icfdi xmcxim |nc drm rmvxmfmb eg nm fc``}geu

@djm v}rm uc}r dxxmdrdgfm ev rmvxmfa}i ca icfdi f}vc`v: bcg brd| gmldeqm dmgecg c uc}rvmia ou |mdregl

egdxxrcxredm ficnegl

Lm c jgc| icfdi caaefediv) xciefm) dgb gmelnocrv

Rrdqmi |en vc`mcgm r}vmb ou uc}r fc``}geu |nmgmqmr xcvveoim


?2


27/51

Dqceb jgc|g neln fre`m drmdv

Ieè difcnci fcgv}`xecg

V}xxcr arc` Vdaa

Eg @drfn ?886) nm Xmdfm Fcrxv frmdmb nm Caaefm ca Vdamu dgb Vmf}reu |en ev èvvecg c acvmr e`xrcqmb

fc``}gefdecg) fccrbegdecg) cqmrveln) dgb dffc}gdoeieu ca dii Xmdfm Fcrxv vdamu dgb vmf}reu maacrv' Rnev

caaefm ev imb ou dg dvvcfedm bermfcr acr vdamu dgb vmf}reu |nc rmxcrv c nm Xmdfm Fcrxv Bermfcr dgb egfi}bmv

beqevecgv |nefn acf}v cg Qci}gmmr vdamu dgb cqmrvmdv vmf}reu dgb fre`m vdevefv dgb dgdiuvev'

Ea d rdegmm cr Qci}gmmr ev nm qefe` ca d vdamu egfebmg) Xmdfm Fcrxv vdaa ev xrmxdrmb c xrcqebm v}xxcr' Dii Xmdfm

Fcrxv xcvv ndqm xrcfmb}rmv eg xidfm c rmvxcgb c egfebmgv ca fre`m fc`èmb dldegv Qci}gmmrv' Rnm aerv xrecreu

acr dii xcvv eg nm damr`dn ca dg egfebmg ev c mgv}rm nm Qci}gmmr ev vdam dgb rmfmeqegl `mbefdi rmd mg dv

gmmbmb' Damr dvv}regl nm vdamu ca nm Qci}gmmr) Xmdfm Fcrxv vdaa `mòmrv xrcqebm v}xxcr ou rmdvvmvvegl nm

Qci}gmmrv |crjvem dgb nc}vegl drrdglm`mgv dgb djegl dgu dbk}v`mgv) dv gmmbmb' Eg vc`m fdvmv) nm gd}rm ca

nm egfebmg `du gmfmvvedm d vem cr nc}vegl rdgvamr' Xmdfm Fcrxv vdaa |eii divc dvvev Qci}gmmrv |en xrmvmrqegl

nmer relnv c x}rv}m imldi vdgfecgv dldegv nm xmrxmrdcrv ca nm fre`m' E ev qmru e`xcrdg nd Qci}gmmrv rmxcr

egfebmgv dv nmu cff}r) gc cgiu c xrcmf nmer xmmr Qci}gmmrv) o} divc c xrmvmrqm nm a}}rm reln c xrcvmf}m'Vnc}ib Qci}gmmrv bmfebm idmr eg nm xrcfmvv nd nmu |dg c xrcfmmb |en nm xrcvmf}ecg ca nmer dvvdeidg) nev

cxecg `du gc icglmr m~ev ea nm mqebmgfm ca nm mqmg ndv gc ommg xrmvmrqmb d nm e`m ca nm egfebmg'

Fre`m Bdd acr Ncgb}rdv

Rnm fc}gru-vxmfeaef bdd fndr omic| vnc|v nm egfebmgfm rdmv dgb nm dqmrdlm g}òmr ca egfebmgv ca nm `dkcr

uxmv ca vdamu egfebmgv rmxcrmb ou Xmdfm Fcrxv Qci}gmmrv#rdegmmv eg Ncgb}rdv dv fc`xdrmb c dii cnmr _mlecg

xrclrd`v dv d |ncim) arc` ?886?88


28/51

Rnm fndr ev vmxdrdmb egc meln fre`m fdmlcremv' Rnmvm egfi}bm qdgbdiev` .`diefec}v bmadfm`mg cr bd`dlm ca

xrcxmru%: nma .djegl |enc} acrfm cr eiimldi mgru%: o}rlidru .acrfeoim mgru ca d rmvebmgfm%: rcoomru .djegl

vc`mnegl ou acrfm%: cnmr xnuvefdi dvvd}i .ddfjegl |enc} d |mdxcg |en ègcr egk}remv%: cnmr vm~}di dvvd}i

.acgbiegl) lrcxegl) mf'%: dllrdqdmb dvvd}i .ddfjegl |en d |mdxcg) dgb#cr |enc} d |mdxcg |nmg vmrec}v egk}ru

rmv}iv%: dgb rdxm .vm~}di egmrfc}rvm |enc} fcgvmg%'

\nmg dgefexdegl Xmdfm Fcrxv Qci}gmmr vmrqefm) uc} vnc}ib rmqem| dii ca nm vdamu dgb vmf}reu egacr`decgxrcqebmb c uc}) egfi}begl nm vrdmlemv c rmb}fm revj' Rnrc}lnc} uc}r rdegegl dgb Qci}gmmr vmrqefm) uc} |eii om

m~xmfmb c v}ffmvva}iiu fc`ximm dii rdegegl fc`xmmgfemv eg d qdremu ca drmdv) egfi}begl vdamu dgb vmf}reu' Cgfm

eg-fc}gru) }vm nm cciv dgb egacr`decg vndrmb |en uc} c rm`deg dv vdam dgb vmf}rm dv xcvveoim'

Am| Xmdfm Fcrxv Qci}gmmrv drm qefe`v ca vmrec}v fre`mv dgb) gd}rdiiu) fre`mv nd cff}r cqmrvmdv drm egqmveldmb

dgb xrcvmf}mb ou icfdi d}ncreemv nrc}ln nm icfdi fc}rv vuvm`' Ea uc} drm nm qefe` ca d fre`m) e ev }x c uc} ea

uc} |evn c x}rv}m xrcvmf}ecg' Ea uc} bmfebm c xrcvmf}m) Xmdfm Fcrxv |eii om nmrm c dvvev uc}' Rnm Caaefm ca

Vdamu dgb Vmf}reu) nrc}ln c}r rmlecgdiiu-odvmb Xmdfm Fcrxv vdamu dgb vmf}reu caaefmrv) |eii |crj |en nm

vmf}reu caaefmr d nm ]'V' mòdvvu dgb nm vdaa d nm Xmdfm Fcrxv caaefm eg-fc}gru c fccrbegdm |en icfdi xciefm

dgb xrcvmf}crv' Cgm ca c}r dvjv ev c mgv}rm uc} drm a}iiu egacr`mb ca uc}r cxecgv dgb }gbmrvdgb nc| nm icfdi

imldi xrcfmvv |crjv' \m drm nmrm c xrcqebm v}xxcr dgb dvvevdgfm mqmru vmx ca nm |du' Xmdfm Fcrxv |eii nmix uc}

mgv}rm uc}r relnv drm xrcmfmb c nm a}iimv m~mg xcvveoim }gbmr nm id|v ca nm fc}gru'

Ea uc} drm nm qefe` ca d vmrec}v fre`m) lm c d vdam icfdecg dv t}efjiu dv xcvveoim dgb fcgdf uc}r Xmdfm Fcrxv

caaefm' Ev e`xcrdg nd uc} gceau Xmdfm Fcrxv dv vccg dv uc} fdg vc |m fdg lm uc} nm nmix uc} gmmb'

Vmf}reu Evv}mv eg Ncgb}rdv

\nmg e fc`mv c uc}r vdamu dgb vmf}reu eg nm Xmdfm Fcrxv) uc} ndqm c om |eiiegl c dbdx uc}r omndqecr dgb

ieamvuim c ègeè{m nm xcmgedi acr omegl d drlm acr fre`m' Dv |en dgu|nmrm eg nm |crib) fre`m bcmv m~ev eg

Ncgb}rdv' Uc} fdg rmb}fm uc}r revj ou dqcebegl ve}decgv nd `djm uc} ammi }gfcàcrdoim dgb ou djegl

xrmfd}ecgv' Fre`m d nm qeiidlm cr c|g imqmi ev imvv armt}mg ndg eg nm idrlm feemv: xmcxim jgc| mdfn cnmr dgb

lmgmrdiiu drm imvv iejmiu c vmdi arc` nmer gmelnocrv' Rc}rev drdfecgv eg idrlm c|gv drm adqcrem |crjvemv acr

xefjxcfjmv' Rnm aciic|egl drm vdamu fcgfmrgv eg Ncgb}rdv ca |nefn uc} vnc}ib om d|drm;

Rnmrm ev egfrmdvmb ldgl dfeqeu eg dii nm `dkcr feemv eg Ncgb}rdv) dgb ldglv ndqm oml}g c `djm egrcdbv egc r}rdi

drmdv dv |mii' Dvvd}iv dgb rcoomremv dreo}mb c ldglv ndqm ommg rmxcrmb cg o}vmv) vc Qci}gmmrv drm xrcneoemb

arc` rdqmiegl cg fmrdeg o}v rc}mv' Eg dbbeecg) Qci}gmmrv drm mgfc}rdlmb c ieè nmer gelne`m dfeqeemv) |nefn

`du rmt}erm d cbeaefdecg eg vcfedi ndoev'

Qci}gmmrv ndqm ommg nmib }x d l}g- dgb jgeam-xceg' Rnma cg nm vrmmv ca odlv) fmiixncgmv dgb `cgmu ev gc

}gfc``cg' Vc`m Qci}gmmrv ndqm ndb nmer |diimv dgb odfjxdfjv .egfi}begl idxcxv) mimfrcgefv% djmg |neim rebegl

cg o}vmv'

_mfmg mfcgcèf bmqmicx`mgv ndqm egfrmdvmb freègdi dfeqeu eg dii drmdv ca nm fc}gru' Jebgdxxeglv ca gdecgdi

dgb acrmelg fee{mgv ndqm cff}rrmb) dgb breqm-ou ccrfufievv eg nm fdxedi vc`me`mv vgdfn xmcxim,v x}rvmv cr odlv|enc} vcxxegl' Omegl dicgm eg dg evcidmb drmd egfrmdvmv nm revj ca freègdi dfeqeu'

Vc`m drmdv ca Ncgb}rdv drm odggmb cr nelniu bevfc}rdlmb acr Qci}gmmrv' Rnm odggmb drmdv egfi}bm dii omdfnmv d

geln) `}fn ca Vdg Xmbrc V}id) nm rcdb#drmd arc` Vdg Xmbrc V}id gcrn c X}mrc Fcrmv dgb nmg |mv|drb c nm

ocrbmr |en L}dm`did) dgb vc`m drmdv ca Cidgfnc' Xmdfm Fcrxv#Ncgb}rdv m~xmfv Qci}gmmrv c fc`xiu d dii e`mv

|en ev vdamu dgb vmf}reu rml}idecgv' Qci}gmmrv `}v djm rmvxcgveoeieu acr nmer dfecgv dgb `djm nm omv

fncefmv xcvveoim c jmmx nm`vmiqmv vdam'


?1


29/51

Vduegl Vdam; Bcg Om d Rdrlm acr Fre`m

Uc} `}v om xrmxdrmb c djm cg d idrlm bmlrmm ca rmvxcgveoeieu acr uc}r c|g vdamu' Cgiu uc} fdg `djm uc}rvmia

imvv ca d drlm) mgv}rm nd uc}r nc`m ev vmf}rm) dgb bmqmicx rmidecgvnexv eg uc}r fc``}geu nd |eii `djm uc} dg

}giejmiu qefe` ca fre`m' Eg fcègl c Ncgb}rdv) bc |nd uc} |c}ib bc ea uc} `cqmb c d gm| feu eg nm ]gemb

Vdmv; Om fd}ec}v) fnmfj neglv c}) dvj t}mvecgv) imdrg doc} uc}r gmelnocrnccb) jgc| |nmrm nm `crm revju

icfdecgv drm) }vm fc``cg vmgvm) dgb om d|drm' Uc} fdg rmb}fm uc}r q}igmrdoeieu c fre`m ou egmlrdegl egc uc}r

fc``}geu) imdrgegl nm icfdi idgl}dlm) dfegl rmvxcgveoiu) dgb doebegl ou Xmdfm Fcrxv xciefemv dgb xrcfmb}rmv'

Vmrqegl vdamiu dgb maamfeqmiu eg Ncgb}rdv du rmt}erm nd uc} dffmx vc`m rmvrefecgv cg uc}r f}rrmg ieamvuim'

Qci}gmmrv mgb c drdf d ic ca dmgecg ocn eg idrlm feemv dgb d nmer vemv) o} nmu drm `crm iejmiu c rmfmeqm

gmldeqm dmgecg eg nelniu xcx}idmb fmgmrv) dgb d|du arc` nmer v}xxcr gm|crj .adèiu) aremgbv) dgb

fciimdl}mv% |nc iccj c} acr nm`' \neim |nevimv dgb m~fid`decgv `du om aderiu fc``cg cg nm vrmm) nev

omndqecr fdg om rmb}fmb ea uc} brmvv fcgvmrqdeqmiu) doebm ou icfdi f}i}rdi gcr`v) dgb bc gc rmvxcgb c }g|dgmb

dmgecg' Eg dbbeecg) jmmx uc}r `cgmu c} ca veln ou }vegl dg }gbmrldr`mg `cgmu xc}fn) nm jegb nd ndglv

drc}gb uc}r gmfj dgb vduv nebbmg }gbmr uc}r vner cr egvebm uc}r fcd' Bc gc jmmx uc}r `cgmu eg c}vebm xcfjmv ca

odfjxdfjv) eg fcd xcfjmv) cr eg adggu xdfjv' Dgb di|duv |dij |en d fc`xdgecg d geln'

Xrmxdregl acr nm ]gm~xmfmb; Vdamu Rrdegegldgb Qci}gmmr V}xxcr eg Ncgb}rdv

Rnm Xmdfm Fcrxv dxxrcdfn c vdamu ev d aeqm-xrcglmb xidg c nmix uc} vdu vdam b}regl uc}r |c-umdr vmrqefm dgb

egfi}bmv nm aciic|egl; egacr`decg vndregl) Qci}gmmr rdegegl) vem vmimfecg fremred) d bmdeimb m`mrlmgfu dfecg

xidg) dgb xrccfciv acr dbbrmvvegl vdamu dgb vmf}reu egfebmgv' Ncgb}rdvv eg-fc}gru vdamu xrclrd` ev c}iegmb

omic|'

Xmdfm Fcrxv#Ncgb}rdv ndv dg m~mgveqm egacr`decg vndregl gm|crj) nrc}ln |nefn Xmdfm Fcrxv vdaa |eii jmmx

Qci}gmmrv egacr`mb ca dgu evv}mv nd du e`xdf Qci}gmmr vdamu' _ml}idr }xbdmv |eii om xrcqebmb eg Qci}gmmr

gm|vimmrv dgb eg m`crdgb}`v arc` nm fc}gru bermfcr' Eg nm mqmg ca d freefdi ve}decg cr m`mrlmgfu)

Qci}gmmrv |eii om fcgdfmb nrc}ln nm m`mrlmgfu fc``}gefdecg gm|crj' ]xcg uc}r drreqdi) uc} |eii om dvjmb c

xrcqebm Xmdfm Fcrxv vdaa |en dg m`dei dbbrmvv c adfeiedm nm egacr`decg-vndregl xrcfmvv' Rnev dbbrmvv |eii vmrqm

dv d xceg ca fcgdf acr Xmdfm Fcrxv vdaa acr xrclrd``def) dbègevrdeqm) dgb vdamu dgb vmf}reu egacr`decg' Dge`xcrdg fc`xcgmg ca nm fdxdfeu ca Xmdfm Fcrxv c jmmx uc} egacr`mb ev uc}r o}u-eg c nm xdrgmrvnex fcgfmx

|en nm Xmdfm Fcrxv vdaa' E ev m~xmfmb nd uc} |eii bc uc}r xdr eg mgv}regl nd Xmdfm Fcrxv vdaa `mòmrv drm

jmx dxxrevmb ca uc}r `cqm`mgv eg-fc}gru vc nd nmu drm fdxdoim ca egacrègl uc}'

Qci}gmmr rdegegl |eii egfi}bm vmvvecgv cg vxmfeaef vdamu dgb vmf}reu evv}mv eg Ncgb}rdv' Rnev rdegegl |eii

xrmxdrm uc} c dbcx d f}i}rdiiu dxxrcxredm ieamvuim dgb m~mrfevm k}bl`mg nd xrc`cmv vdamu dgb rmb}fmv revj eg

uc}r nc`m) d |crj) dgb |neim rdqmiegl' Vdamu rdegegl ev caamrmb nrc}lnc} vmrqefm dgb ev egmlrdmb egc nm

idgl}dlm) frcvv-f}i}rdi) dgb nmdin fc`xcgmgv ca rdegegl' Uc} |eii om m~xmfmb c v}ffmvva}iiu fc`ximm dii

rdegegl fc`xmmgfemv eg d qdremu ca drmdv) egfi}begl vdamu dgb vmf}reu) dv d fcgbeecg ca vmrqefm'

Fmrdeg vem vmimfecg fremred drm }vmb c bmmrègm vdam nc}vegl acr Qci}gmmrv omacrm nmer drreqdi' Rnm Xmdfm

Fcrxv vdaa |crjv ficvmiu |en ncv fc``}geemv dgb fc}gmrxdr dlmgfemv c nmix xrmxdrm nm` acr d Qci}gmmrvdrreqdi dgb c mvdoievn m~xmfdecgv ca nmer rmvxmfeqm rcimv eg v}xxcregl nm Qci}gmmr' Mdfn vem ev egvxmfmb omacrm

nm Qci}gmmrv drreqdi c mgv}rm xidfm`mg eg dxxrcxredm) vdam) dgb vmf}rm nc}vegl dgb |crjvemv' Vem vmimfecg ev

odvmb eg xdr cg dgu rmimqdg vem nevcru: dffmvv c mbefdi) odgjegl) xcvdi) dgb cnmr mvvmgedi vmrqefmv: dqdeidoeieu

ca fc``}gefdecgv) rdgvxcrdecg) dgb drjmv: beaamrmg nc}vegl cxecgv dgb ieqegl drrdglm`mgv: dgb cnmr

Qci}gmmr v}xxcr gmmbv'


?


30/51

Uc} |eii divc imdrg doc} Xmdfm Fcrxv#Ncgb}rdv bmdeimb m`mrlmgfu dfecg xidg) |nefn ev e`xim`mgmb eg nm

mqmg ca feqei cr xcieefdi }grmv cr d gd}rdi bevdvmr' \nmg uc} drreqm d uc}r vem) uc} |eii fc`ximm dgb v}oè d

vem icfdcr acr` |en uc}r dbbrmvv) fcgdf egacr`decg) dgb d `dx c uc}r nc}vm' Ea nmrm ev d vmf}reu nrmd)

Qci}gmmrv eg Ncgb}rdv |eii ldnmr d xrmbmmrègmb icfdecgv }gei nm ve}decg ev rmvciqmb cr nm Xmdfm Fcrxv

bmfebmv c mqdf}dm'

Aegdiiu) eg crbmr c om a}iiu rmvxcgveqm c nm gmmbv ca Qci}gmmrv) e ev e`xmrdeqm nd Qci}gmmrv e``mbedmiu rmxcrdgu vmf}reu egfebmg c nm Xmdfm Fcrxv caaefm' Rnm Xmdfm Fcrxv ndv mvdoievnmb xrccfciv acr dbbrmvvegl vdamu

dgb vmf}reu egfebmgv eg d e`miu dgb dxxrcxredm `dggmr) dgb e fciimfv dgb mqdi}dmv vdamu dgb vmf}reu bdd c

rdfj rmgbv dgb bmqmicx vrdmlemv c ègeè{m revjv c a}}rm Qci}gmmrv'

BEQM_VERU DGB

F_CVV-F]IR]_DI EVV]MV

Eg a}iaeiiegl ev `dgbdm c vndrm nm adfm ca D`mrefd |en ncv fc}gremv) nm Xmdfm Fcrxv ev `djegl vxmfedi maacrv cvmm nd dii ca D`mrefdv refngmvv ev rmaimfmb eg nm Qci}gmmr fcrxv' @crm D`mrefdgv ca fcicr drm vmrqegl eg cbduv

Xmdfm Fcrxv ndg d dgu e`m eg rmfmg umdrv' Beaamrmgfmv eg rdfm) mngef odfjlrc}gb) dlm) rmielecg) dgb vm~}di

cremgdecg drm m~xmfmb dgb |mifc mb d`cgl c}r Qci}gmmrv' Xdr ca nm Xmdfm Fcrxv èvvecg ev c nmix bevxmi dgu

gcecg nd D`mrefdgv drm dii ca cgm creleg cr rdfm dgb c mvdoievn nd mdfn ca }v ev dv ncrc}lniu D`mrefdg dv nm

cnmr bmvxem c}r dgu beaamrmgfmv'

C}r beqmrveu nmixv }v dffc`xievn nd lcdi' Eg cnmr |duv) nc|mqmr) e xcvmv fndiimglmv' Eg Ncgb}rdv) dv eg cnmr

Xmdfm Fcrxv ncv fc}gremv) Qci}gmmrv omndqecr) ieamvuim) odfjlrc}gb) dgb omiemav drm k}blmb eg d f}i}rdi fcgm~

qmru beaamrmg arc` nmer c|g' Fmrdeg xmrvcgdi xmrvxmfeqmv cr fndrdfmrevefv fc``cgiu dffmxmb eg nm ]gemb

Vdmv du om t}em }gfc``cg) }gdffmxdoim) cr mqmg rmxrmvvmb eg Ncgb}rdv'

C}vebm ca Ncgb}rdvv fdxedi) rmvebmgv ca r}rdi fc``}geemv ndqm ndb rmideqmiu ieim bermf m~xcv}rm c cnmrf}i}rmv) rdfmv) rmielecgv) dgb ieamvuimv' \nd xmcxim qem| dv uxefdi D`mrefdg omndqecr cr gcr`v `du om d

èvfcgfmxecg) v}fn dv nm omiema nd dii D`mrefdgv drm refn dgb ndqm oicgb nder dgb oi}m mumv' Rnm xmcxim ca

Ncgb}rdv drm k}viu jgc|g acr nmer lmgmrc}v ncvxedieu c acrmelgmrv: nc|mqmr) `mòmrv ca nm fc``}geu eg |nefn

uc} |eii ieqm `du bevxidu d rdglm ca rmdfecgv c f}i}rdi beaamrmgfmv nd uc} xrmvmg'

Rc mdvm nm rdgveecg dgb dbdx c ieam eg Ncgb}rdv) uc} `du gmmb c `djm vc`m m`xcrdru) um a}gbd`mgdi

fc`xrcèvmv eg nc| uc} xrmvmg uc}rvmia dv dg D`mrefdg dgb dv dg egbeqeb}di' Acr m~d`xim) am`dim rdegmmv dgb

Qci}gmmrv du gc om doim c m~mrfevm nm egbmxmgbmgfm dqdeidoim c nm` eg nm ]gemb Vdmv: xcieefdi bevf}vvecgv

gmmb c om ndgbimb |en lrmd fdrm: dgb vc`m ca uc}r xmrvcgdi omiemav `du omv rm`deg }gbevficvmb' Uc} |eii gmmb c

bmqmicx mfnget}mv dgb xmrvcgdi vrdmlemv acr fcxegl |en nmvm dgb cnmr ieèdecgv' Rnm Xmdfm Fcrxv vdaa |eii

imdb beqmrveu dgb vmgveeqeu bevf}vvecgv b}regl xrm-vmrqefm rdegegl dgb |eii om cg fdii c xrcqebm v}xxcr) o} nm

fndiimglm }ie`dmiu |eii om uc}r c|g'

Cqmrqem| ca Beqmrveu eg Ncgb}rdv

Rnm Xmdfm Fcrxv vdaa eg Ncgb}rdv rmfclge{mv nm dbk}v`mg evv}mv nd fc`m |en beqmrveu dgb |eii mgbmdqcr c

xrcqebm v}xxcr dgb l}ebdgfm' B}regl xrm-vmrqefm rdegegl) vmqmrdi vmvvecgv |eii om nmib c bevf}vv beqmrveu dgb

fcxegl `mfndgev`v' \m iccj acr|drb c ndqegl `dim dgb am`dim Qci}gmmrv arc` d qdremu ca rdfmv) mngef lrc}xv)

dlmv) rmielecgv) dgb vm~}di cremgdecgv) dgb ncxm nd uc} |eii omfc`m xdr ca d beqmrvm lrc}x ca D`mrefdgv |nc djm

xrebm eg v}xxcregl cgm dgcnmr dgb bm`cgvrdegl nm refngmvv ca D`mrefdg f}i}rm' Cgm dvxmf ca f}i}rdi dbdxdecg

ev omegl vmgveeqm c nm beqmrveu d`cgl nm Qci}gmmr xcx}idecg'


?>


31/51

Eg dbbeecg c nm v}xxcr xrcqebmb c Qci}gmmrv ou Xmdfm Fcrxv#Ncgb}rdv vdaa) vmqmrdi xmmr v}xxcr lrc}xv m~ev c

nmix Qci}gmmrv vmrqm maamfeqmiu' FCIC_V ev dg crldge{decg ca Qci}gmmrv |ncvm qevecg ev c frmdm dg

mgqercg`mg |nmrm beqmrveu ev rmvxmfmb dgb fmimordmb eg a}iaeii`mg ca nm Xmdfm Fcrxv lcdi ca egmrf}i}rdi

m~fndglm' Rnm Ldu) Imvoedg) cr Oevm~}di M~xmremgfm .LICOM% |dv acr`mb eg 455> c xrc`cm nm nmdin dgb |mii-

omegl ca ldu) imvoedg) dgb oevm~}di Qci}gmmrv ou xrcqebegl bermf v}xxcr dgb ou mb}fdegl nm Xmdfm Fcrxv

fc``}geu' Qci}gmmrv Caamregl V}xxcr .QCV% ev d xmmr gm|crj dgb ev dqdeidoim c dgu Qci}gmmr cr rdegmm |nc

gmmbv d v}xxcreqm gm|crj ca fcgfmrgmb Qci}gmmrv rdegmb eg dfeqm ievmgegl' QCV mòmrv drm vrdmlefdiiu

icfdmb nrc}lnc} Ncgb}rdv dgb fdg om fcgdfmb qed m`dei cr fmiixncgm' @D_Q .@drremb Qci}gmmrv% xrcqebmv

`drremb Qci}gmmr fc}ximv |en d lrc}x |ncvm x}rxcvm ev vcfedi v}xxcr dgb mb}fdecg dv c nm cxxcr}geemv dgb

fndiimglmv ca `drremb Qci}gmmrv' _MA ._mielec}v Mt}dieu Acr} % ev d gm| lrc}x acr dii rmielec}v#vxere}di

Qci}gmmrv c vndrm m~xmremgfmv dgb beqmrvm odfjlrc}gbv eg d xrcvmiue{egl-armm mgqercg`mg' Idviu) CDJV .Cibmr

dgb Jgc|egl Vc}iv% ev d v}xxcr lrc}x acr nm gmmbv ca cibmr Qci}gmmrv eg Ncgb}rdv'

\nd @eln d Qci}g mmr Adfm3

Xcvveoim Evv}mv acr Am`dim Qci}gmmrv

Uc} vnc}ib om xrmxdrmb acr }g|dgmb dmgecg arc` Ncgb}rdg `mg ve`xiu omfd}vm uc} drm dg D`mrefdg |c`dg'

D`mrefdg |c`mg drm vc`me`mv xmrfmeqmb dv omegl mdvu omfd}vm ca vmrmcuxmv xcrrdumb cg D`mrefdg RQ vnc|v

dgb `cqemv dermb cg Ncgb}rdg mimqevecg' E ev qmru fc``cg c rmfmeqm vdrmv) fc``mgv) cr rmt}mvv acr bdmv cr vm~cg nm vrmm dgb eg cnmr ve}decgv' Eg dbbeecg) |c`mg camg drm gc djmg dv vmrec}viu dv `mg eg nmer kcov dgb `du

gc rmfmeqm nm rmvxmf nd ev rmdbeiu leqmg c ocn D`mrefdg dgb Ncgb}rdg `mg' Eg Ncgb}rdg f}i}rm) d |c`dg ev

qem|mb dv menmr d `cnmr cr d bd}lnmr' Ea uc} drm gc `drremb) uc} `du om rmdmb iejm d bd}lnmr cr d fneib

egvmdb ca d lrc|g |c`dg'

Ncgb}rdg |c`mg ndqm qmru vxmfeaef) rdbeecgdi rcimv .m'l') nmu lmgmrdiiu bc gc |crj c}vebm ca nm nc`m%) |nefn

vc`m Ncgb}rdgv `du negj am`dim Qci}gmmrv vnc}ib dbcx' \crjegl |en `mg fdg om beaaef}i ea nmu rma}vm c omiemqm

d |c`dg ev fdxdoim ca |crj cnmr ndg fimdgegl nm nc}vm cr rdevegl fneibrmg' \crjegl |en |c`mg fdg om beaaef}i

|nmg nmu fdggc }gbmrvdgb |nu d |c`dg |c}ib |dg c bc dgunegl nd ev gc |c`mgv |crj' Ncgb}rdg `mg divc

ndqm vxmfeaef rcimv) dgb `dfnev`c) cr `dgiegmvv) ev fcgvebmrmb qmru e`xcrdg' @mg drm m~xmfmb c om bcègdg eg

di`cv dii dvxmfv ca vcfemu: nmu drm m~xmfmb c v`cjm) bregj) x}rv}m |c`mg) om vrcgl) dgb om |eiiegl c bevfexiegm

nmer |eam dgb fneibrmg' Rn}v) `dim Qci}gmmrv |nc bc gc bregj) v`cjm) cr iejm c x}rv}m |c`mg cxmgiu `du om fnebmb

acr gc omegl `dgiu mgc}ln' Ocn am`dim dgb `dim Qci}gmmrv |eii imdrg vrdmlemv c ndgbim nmvm ve}decgv b}regl xrm-

vmrqefm rdegegl'

Qci}gmmr Fc``mgv

/\nmg E ac}gb c} E |dv fcègl c Ncgb}rdv) xmcxim cib `m E vnc}ib bum ù nder arc` oicgb c orc|g vc E |c}ib

lm imvv }g|dgmb dmgecg' E t}efjiu ac}gb nev |c}ib ndqm ommg d veiiu negl c bc' Dv d acrmelgmr) uc} |eii lm

dmgecg |nmnmr uc} |dg e cr gc) |nmnmr uc} bum uc}r nder cr |mdr rmdiiu fcgvmrqdeqm ficnmv' E ev ommr c k}v

om uc}rvmia) omfd}vm uc} |eii aegb nd `cv ca nm e`m) xmcxim drm rmvxmfa}i dgb dv nmu lm c jgc| uc}) nmu |eii

gc rmd uc} eg dg egdxxrcxredm |du' Rnmrm |eii di|duv om fc``mgv dgb dmgecg nd ocnmrv uc}) o} uc}r aremgbv

dgb fc-|crjmrv uc} mm eg nm fc``}geu |eii fc}gmrodidgfm nev |en nm jegb ca dmgecg) rmidecgvnexv) dgb

egmrfndglm nd rmdiiu `djmv nm Xmdfm Fcrxv m~xmremgfm vxmfedi' Uc} |eii divc aegb) ea uc} vdgb }x acr uc}rvmia

|nmg gmmbmb dgb rmègb xmcxim nd uc} ieqm nmrm dgb bcg, dxxrmfedm nm fdfdiiv) nmu |eii vdr c fndglm dv |mii'

/@dfnev`c ev d adf ca ieam eg Ncgb}rdv' E daamfv |crj) rmidecgvnexv) mqmg d ve`xim rex c nm `drjm' Mqmru |c`dg

ndv nmr c|g |du ca bmdiegl |en }g|dgmb dmgecg) o} rmldrbimvv) cg vc`m imqmi e di|duv ocnmrv uc}) `djmv uc}

ammi d ieim v`diimr' Ev e`xcrdg c rmègb uc}rvmia nd dxercxcev iemrdiiu d fc`xie`mg) dgb Ncgb}rdg |c`mg

lmgmrdiiu djm nm` dv v}fn' Veii) e fdg om cgm ca nm `cv beaaef}i neglv acr am`dim Qci}gmmrv c fcxm

|en' @dfnev`c fdg divc daamf |c`mgv maaefdfu eg nm |crjxidfm |nmrm) rmldrbimvv ca frmbmgediv) |c`mg drm camg

gc djmg dv vmrec}viu dv `mg dgb drm veii m~xmfmb c om v}oèvveqm' Am`dim Qci}gmmrv ndqm c |crj m~rd ndrb c

`degdeg xrcamvvecgdi rmidecgvnexv |en dim fc-|crjmrv) dgb vm oc}gbdremv rmldrbegl xmrvcgdi egmrdfecg'


?5


32/51

E `djmv e beaaef}i c ndqm `dim aremgbv dv |mii) omfd}vm eg Ncgb}rdv `mg dgb |c`mg drm lmgmrdiiu gc ,k}v

aremgbv', Camg) am`dim Qci}gmmrv drm egvxermb ou nmer beaaef}iemv c om dbqcfdmv acr fndglm eg lmgbmr rcimv eg nmer

fc``}geemv) |crjegl |en |c`mgv lrc}xv dgb uc}gl leriv c o}eib vmia-mvmm` dgb leqm nm` nm cciv c

cqmrfc`m dfnev`c dgb rdbeecgdi lmgbmr m~xmfdecgv dgb om vmia-v}aaefemg dgb egbmxmgbmg'/

Xcvveoim Evv}mv acr Qci}gmmrv ca Fcicr

Darefdg-D`mrefdg Qci}gmmrv du om qem|mb dv imvv xrcamvvecgdiiu fc`xmmg ndg |nem Qci}gmmrv' Rnmu `du om

fdiimb gmlred) rel}md) cr cnmr |crbv nd bevegl}evn nm` dv bdrj-vjeggmb' Dinc}ln nmvm mr`v drm gc

gmfmvvdreiu bmrcldcru) Qci}gmmrv du egeediiu ammi bm`mdgmb ou nm`' Eg dbbeecg) Ncgb}rdgv du gc omiemqm uc}

drm dg D`mrefdg) negjegl uc} `}v fc`m arc` nm gcrn fcdv ca Ncgb}rdv cr nm Odu Evidgbv) |nefn ndqm d nmdqu

fcgfmgrdecg ca Ldrea}gd cr oidfj Fdreov'

Ncgb}rdgv du m~xmf Nevxdgef D`mrefdgv c egmrdf vcfediiu |en `crm mdvm' Iejm|evm) Qci}gmmrv |en Idegc

v}rgd`mv `du om m~xmfmb c vxmdj Vxdgevn ai}mgiu dgb `du gc om xmrfmeqmb dv omegl Gcrn D`mrefdg'

Dvedg D`mrefdgv) cc) drm camg ebmgeaemb crm ou nmer f}i}rdi nmredlm ndg ou nmer D`mrefdg fee{mgvnex'

Ncgb}rdgv `du m~xmf uc} c om d j}gl a} m~xmr omfd}vm ca vmrmcuxmv odvmb cg omndqecr covmrqmb eg aei`v' @dgu

Dvedgv drm idomimb dv Fnegmvm) rmldrbimvv ca nmer df}di mngef odfjlrc}gb' Ncgb}rdv f}rrmg cr nevcrefdi

egqciqm`mg |en fmrdeg Dvedg fc}gremv) cr nm xrmvmgfm ca Dvedg `mrfndgv eg nm fc``}geu) `du divc ndqm dg

e`xdf cg nc| Dvedg-D`mrefdg Qci}gmmrv drm xmrfmeqmb'

Ea uc} |c}ib iejm `crm egacr`decg cg nm FCIC_V Xmdfm Fcrxv Qci}gmmr lrc}x eg Ncgb}rdv) ximdvm qeve ev

Udncc lrc}x nc`m xdlm d; nx;##lrc}xv'udncc'fc`#lrc}x#XfnFCIC_V' Acr vxmfeaef t}mvecgv) ximdvm m`dei nm

lrc}x d; XfnFCIC_VHudncclrc}xv'fc '

Qci}gmmr Fc``mgv

/Omegl dg Darefdg-D`mrefdg Qci}gmmr eg Ncgb}rdv ndb ommg d |cgbmra}i m~xmremgfm' Egmrmvegliu mgc}ln) u

mngefeu |dv gmqmr rmdiiu dv dxxdrmg b}regl ù e`m dv d Xmdfm Fcrxv Qci}gmmr dv `}fn dv e |dv b}regl nm aerv

bduv ca rdegegl' Omegl nm cgiu Darefdg D`mrefdg eg ù rdegegl lrc}x |dv d oe evcidegl egeediiu) o} cgfm E lc c

jgc| ù amiic|Dvxerdgmv) nmrm |dv d ocgb om|mmg }v dgb nmu vmrqmb dv d lrmd vc}rfm ca v}xxcr'

/Rnm oellmv dbqdgdlm ndv ommg nd egeediiu E d` }v}diiu èvdjmg acr d Ncgb}rdg Ldrea}gd: Darc-Fdreov nd ieqm

xre`dreiu cg nm gcrn fcdv dgb nm Odu Evidgbv' Rnev ndv |crjmb rmdiiu |mii acr ù vem cg nm gcrn fcdv omfd}vm E

d` dffmxmb egc nm fc``}geu `crm rmdbeiu dgb rmdmb dv d amiic| icfdi rdnmr ndg d lregld .d \mvmrg acrmelgmr%'

Cgm |c`dg x} e omv |nmg vnm vdeb c nmr aremgb doc} `m) Miid mv fc`c gcvcrcv .Vnm ev iejm }v%' K}v iejm nd)

|enc} ndqegl c xrcqm ùvmia) E |dv dffmxmb egc nm fc``}geu$ E |dv doim c ldeg fcgaedg{d .r}v% di`cv

egvdgdgmc}viu) }giejm ù amiic| XFQv) |nc ndqm c |crj acr `cgnv c ldeg nd jegb ca r}v |en nmer

fc``}geemv'

/Omegl xmrfmeqmb dv d Ldrea}gd divc ndv vc`m bevdbqdgdlmv) gd`miu nm e`xiefe m~xmfdecg nd E d` d gdeqm

Vxdgevn vxmdjmr' Dinc}ln) cgfm nmu rmdie{m nd uc} drm gc Ncgb}rdg) gc cgiu drm nmu di|duv |eiiegl c nmix uc}

|en uc}r Vxdgevn) nmu drm divc `djegl drrdglm mgv acr uc} c vxmgb e`m |en nmer adèiu dgb mdfn uc}

Ldrea}gd) nmer egbelmgc}v idgl}dlm' Rnev fdg om d lrmd |du c vxmgb uc}r bc|g e`m'

/Divc) d`cgl Ldrea}gd Ncgb}rdgv) nmrm ev dg m~xmfdecg nd uc} drm iejm adèiu dgb m~xmfdecgv drm xidfmb cg

uc}) iejm nmrm |c}ib om eg dgu adèiu' Rnev fdg om rmdiiu fndiimglegl c odidgfm uc}r e`m dgb rmvc}rfmv' Egeediiu

uc} èln ammi coieldmb c lc c mqmru a}gfecg dgb c}egl) o} |en e`m) uc} |eii imdrg nc| c odidgfm uc}r e`m

dgb rmvc}rfmv c `djm e |crj omv acr uc}'


68
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


33/51

/@u vmrqefm eg Ncgb}rdv ndv ommg fndiimglegl d e`mv) o} cqmrdii) e |dv d lrmd m~xmremgfm nd E omiemqmb |dv

mgrefnmb omfd}vm E d` Darefdg-D`mrefdg' Rnmrm drm fndiimglmv c om v}rm--ieim neglv iejm /\nd bc E bc |en ù

nder3/ c idrlmr fcgfmrgv v}fn dv) /Nc| d fdg E `djm d idvegl xcveeqm e`xdf cg nev fc``}geu3/ ]ie`dmiu) nm

e``mbedm dffmxdgfm nd fd`m |en omegl qem|mb dv d gdeqm fneib) dinc}ln gmqmrnmimvv omegl d acrmelgmr) diic|mb

`m c m~xmremgfm dgu |cgbmra}i cxxcr}geemv ca f}i}rdi m~fndglm dgb ocgbegl nd dbm u vmrqefm dii nm crm

lrdeauegl'/

Xcvveoim Evv}mv acr Vmgecr Qci}gmmrv

Vmgecr Qci}gmmrv camg rmfmeqm `crm rmvxmf arc` Ncgb}rdgv ndg uc}glmr Qci}gmmrv bc) o} nmu gmmb c om d|drm

ca xcvveoim evv}mv ca egfi}vecg dgb dffmxdgfm ou amiic| Qci}gmmrv' Cnmrv eg nm Xmdfm Fcrxv fc``}geu `du ndqm

ieim }gbmrvdgbegl ca nm ieqmv dgb m~xmremgfmv ca vmgecrv) dgb vmgecrv `du gc rmfmeqm nm xmrvcgdi v}xxcr nmu

bmverm arc` uc}glmr Qci}gmmrv' Cibmr Qci}gmmrv du gc ammi fcàcrdoim vndregl xmrvcgdi) vm~}di) cr nmdin

fcgfmrgv |en uc}glmr `mòmrv ca nm Xmdfm Fcrxv vdaa' Cg nm cnmr ndgb) vmgecrv `du aegb nd uc}glmr

Qci}gmmrv iccj c nm` acr dbqefm dgb v}xxcr' \neim vc`m vmgecrv aegb nev d qmru mgkcudoim xdr ca nmer

m~xmremgfm) cnmrv fnccvm gc c aeii nev rcim'

Cibmr rdegmmv vc`me`mv mgfc}gmr d idfj ca dmgecg c nmer xdref}idr gmmbv acr dg maamfeqm imdrgegl mgqercg`mg

dgb du gmmb c om dvvmreqm eg bmqmicxegl dg egbeqeb}di dxxrcdfn c idgl}dlm imdrgegl) acr egvdgfm' Vmgecr

Qci}gmmrv vnc}ib fcgvebmr bmvelgdegl d Xc|mr ca Dcrgmu acr dgdlm`mg ca nmer aegdgfedi daaderv b}regl vmrqefm'

Qci}gmmr Fc``mgv

Eg ù vem E d` fc``cgiu rmamrrmb c dv Bcd Odrodrd' Rnm adf nd E ndqm ommg `drremb dgb d` d `cnmr dgb d

lrdgb`cnmr ev dg m~xmremgfm E vndrm |en icfdi xmcxim) mvxmfediiu |c`mg' Odgjv dgb cnmr mvdoievn`mgv ndqm

vxmfedi) vncrmr iegmv acr xmcxim cqmr 18 .mrfmrd mbb%' Xmcxim camg leqm `m nmer vmd cg nm o}v' E ndqm d g}òmr ca

Ncgb}rdg aremgbv ca dii dlmv' Cg nm cnmr ndgb) E d` cffdvecgdiiu rmdmb eg d xdrcge{egl |du cr fdiimb lrdgb`cnmr

.do}mied% cr ieim `cnmr .`d`dfed% cr mqmg .rdrmiu% ieim cib idbu .qemked%' Vc`m jebv `djm a}g ca `m cr xceg

|nmg E rebm ou cg ù oejm |en d oefufim nmi`mBcd Odrodrd ev rebegl d oejm' Iccj$ Iccj$ Gcr d` E cdiiu

m~m`x) d dlm 16) arc` `drredlm xrcxcvdiv arc` uc}glmr `mg iccjegl acr d efjm c nm ]gemb Vdmv' Vc`me`mv

uc}glmr Qci}gmmrv drm dvv}`mb c om ù fneibrmg' Omfd}vm ca ù dlm dgb nm lmgmrdi rmvxmf E fc``dgb eg ùc|g) E ammi e mvxmfediiu e`xcrdg nd E brmvv fcgvmrqdeqmiu) df xrcxmriu) dgb covmrqm icfdi f}vc`v'

Dinc}ln E mgb c dlrmm |en nm evv}mv nd vmgecr Qci}gmmrv `du ndqm c fcgmgb |en) vc adr nmu ndqm gc ommg

xrcoim`def acr `m' Amiic| rdegmmv dgb vdaa ndqm ommg qmru aremgbiu dgb egfi}veqm' E ndv ommg mdvu c vndrm ù

m~xmremgfmv dgb bevf}vv fcgfmrgv |en nm`' E ndqm vdumb eg ncmi rcc`v) ommg c rmvd}rdgv dgb `cqemv |en cnmr

rdegmmv dgb ndqm gc ommg }gfcàcrdoim' Dinc}ln u vcfedi dgb rmfrmdecgdi egmrmvv vc`me`mv beaamr arc` nmerv)

E d` egmrmvmb eg nmdregl doc} |nd nmu iejm c bc dgb dij doc}' Ev rmarmvnegl' \neim ev xrcodoiu r}m nd ncvm

ca }v |nc drm cibmr ndqm imvv gmmb acr fcgdf |en cnmrv) E dlrmm nd e ev d lccb ebmd c vmmj c} cnmr cibmr

Qci}gmmrv' E ndqm dijmb |en vmqmrdi ca nm` doc} xcvveoiu lmegl clmnmr acr d |mmjmgb cr d qdfdecg rex' E ammi

ù dlm |nmg |dijegl d icgl |du }xneii |en d nmdqu xdfj) o} E `dgdlm c `djm e' Dgb Eqm ommg doim c bc ù

ader vndrm ca |crj eg nm dlref}i}rm xrckmfv' Imdrgegl Vxdgevn ev beaaef}i) o} E ru ndrb dgb mqmrucgm ev nmixa}i'

_mvxmf ev e`xcrdg) dgb E ammi Eqm leqmg e dv |mii dv rmfmeqmb e eg Ncgb}rdv' E ncxm nm Xmdfm Fcrxv |eii fcgeg}mc v}xxcr beqmrveu'

Xcvveoim Evv}mv acr Ldu) Imvoedg) cr Oevm~}di Qci}gmmrv

Nc`cvm~}dieu ev gc eiimldi eg Ncgb}rdv: nc|mqmr) e ev `m |en qdruegl bmlrmmv ca dffmxdgfm ou Ncgb}rdgv) cgmv

fc``}geu) dgb cnmr Qci}gmmrv' Qci}gmmrv lmgmrdiiu fnccvm gc c om cxmg doc} nmer vm~}di cremgdecg eg nmer

fc``}geemv) o} camg bc rmqmdi e c egbeqeb}div |en |nc` nmu ndqm o}ei d r}vegl rmidecgvnex' Uc} |eii ndqm c

bmfebm acr uc}rvmia nc| cxmg c om'


64


34/51

Iejm cv Qci}gmmrv) uc} du ndqm beaaef}iemv |en nm `dfnev`ceg Ncgb}rdv' Imvoedg dgb oevm~}di |c`mg

vnc}ib om xrmxdrmb c aemib t}mvecgv rmldrbegl ocuaremgbv) `drredlm) dgb vm~' Iejm|evm) ldu dgb oevm~}di `mg |eii om

dvjmb doc} leriaremgbv dgb `du aegb nm`vmiqmv eg ve}decgv eg |nefn `mg ordl doc} vm~}di fcgt}mvv cr cokmfeau

|c`mg' Uc} |eii ndqm c bmqmicx xmrvcgdi vrdmlemv c bmdi |en v}fn ve}decgv'

Xmdfm Fcrxv vdaa `mòmrv drm fc`èmb c v}xxcregl ldu dgb oevm~}di Qci}gmmrv) o} nmu `du gc di|duv jgc|

nc| omv c bc vc' Uc} |eii gmmb c om xdemg dgb |eiiegl c mb}fdm vdaa dgb cnmr Qci}gmmrv doc} uc}r gmmbv'Xmdfm Fcrxv#Ncgb}rdv ndv d Qci}gmmr v}xxcr lrc}x fdiimb LICOM .acr Ldu) Imvoedg) cr Oevm~}di M~xmremgfm% nd

`mmv d imdv |efm d umdr dgb `degdegv dg m`dei dbbrmvv' Ea uc} |c}ib iejm c fcgdf LICOM omacrm uc}r

bmxdr}rm) vmgb dg m`dei c licomncgb}rdvHudncclrc}xv'fc '

Qci}gmmr Fc``mgv

@u m~xmremgfm dv d ldu Qci}gmmr ndv ommg xcveeqm |eneg nm Xmdfm Fcrxv fc``}geu .e'm') dbègevrdecg) vdaa)

Qci}gmmrv%) dgb E ndqm ndb nm }`cv v}xxcr arc` xmmrv eg ù rdegegl lrc}x' Eg ù qeiidlm) E bmfebmb c ficvm

ùvmia omfd}vm ca elgcrdg omiemav doc} nc`cvm~}dieu' Nc|mqmr) nev bmfevecg bebg vcx m arc` v}ffmvva}iiu

fc`ximegl ù xrckmfv' E ndqm acr`mb vc`m d`d{egl aremgbvnexv eg ù qeiidlm) dgb E fnmrevn nm |cgbmra}i

`m`cremv' Rnc}ln e ndv ommg ndrb c om odfj eg nm ficvm) Eqm ommg doim c mdfn Ncgb}rdgv c rmd cnmrv acr |nc

nmu drm dgb gc |nd nmu drm'

Cgm ca nm aerv neglv nd cff}rrmb c `m b}regl rdegegl |dv nc| vmmègliu fcgvmrqdeqm dgb vrdeln ù rdegegl

lrc}x xmmrv |mrm' Dv dg cxmgiu oevm~}di |c`dg) E v}bbmgiu rmdie{mb k}v nc| e`xcrdg nm ndia-ldu xdr ca ùvmia

|dv c `m' E ndb gmqmr cff}rrmb c `m nd E èln ndqm c ficvm nm ficvm bccr fc`ximmiu c mqmrucgm E `m cqmr

nm gm~ |c umdrv' Cgfm d ù vem) E t}efjiu rmdie{mb nd |eneg nm Ncgb}rdg fc``}geu) E fc}ib mdveiu `dvj ù

vm~}di cremgdecg |enc} ndr` c nm rmv ca ù ebmgeu' E d` camg dvjmb doc} ocuaremgbv|nu E bcg ndqm dgu

dgb |nmnmr E |dg c `drru d Ncgb}rdg `dg' E lc egqciqmb |en LICOM) nm ldu) imvoedg) dgb oevm~}di v}xxcr

lrc}x) dgb fcggmfmb |en ù gc-vc-vrdeln Xmdfm Fcrxv xmmrv' Rnev ldqm `m nm vmgvm ca fc``}geu nd E |dv

idfjegl dgb diic|mb `m c om ùvmia) |en gc t}mvecgv dvjmb'/

/Omegl d ldu Qci}gmmr eg Ncgb}rdv ndv xrmvmgmb dgu beaamrmg fndiimglmv o} divc cxxcr}geemv' Rnm dkcr

fndiimglm E adfmb b}regl ù vmrqefm |dv omegl eg nm ficvm c ù fc``}geu damr umdrv ca omegl cxmgiu ldu' Camg E

ami nd ficvmegl ùvmia |dv d odrremr c bmqmicxegl d r}vegl rmidecgvnex |en ù fc``}geu' Dinc}ln E ndqm) acr

nm `cv xdr) rm`degmb ficvmmb c ù fc``}geu) E ndqm acr`mb aremgbvnexv |nmrm E ami fcàcrdoim c fc`m c}'

Rnev ndv xrmvmgmb cxxcr}geemv c bevf}vv beaamrmg ebmdv doc} nc`cvm~}dieu dgb omegl ldu eg nm ]gemb Vdmv

qmrv}v Ncgb}rdv dgb |nmnmr cr gc E fc`m d|du arc` d bevf}vvecg dlrmmegl cg fmrdeg evv}mv) E di|duv ammi E ndqm d

ommr }gbmrvdgbegl ca nm f}i}rm'/

Xcvveoim _mielec}v Evv}mv acr Qci}gmmrv

Ncgb}rdv ev d Fnrevedg fc}gru) |en nm _c`dg Fdncief dgb Mqdglmiefdi Fnrevedg adenv omegl xrmbcègdg' Rnmrm

ev ieim jgc|imblm d`cgl Ncgb}rdgv ca cnmr |crib rmielecgv) dgb Qci}gmmrv ca cnmr adenv `du m~xmremgfm

vmrmcuxegl cr evegacr`decg doc} nmer rmielecg' Qci}gmmrv vnc}ib om xrmxdrmb c om fndiimglmb ou icfdi xmcxim

|nmg nmu m~xrmvv cr xrdfefm nmer c|g omiemav) o} nev ev xre`dreiu nm rmv}i ca f}recveu cr elgcrdgfm' @dguQci}gmmrv fnccvm gc c brd| dmgecg c nmer c|g rmielecg c dqceb d|j|drb cr vmgveeqm ve}decgv' Rnev ev d qmru

xmrvcgdi fncefm nd fdg cgiu om `dbm cg dg egbeqeb}di odvev' Rnmrm ev d vrcgl Km|evn fc``}geu eg Rml}feldixd dgb

Vdg Xmbrc V}id nd ndv ommg qmru |mifcègl c Km|evn Qci}gmmrv' Rncvm |nc |dg `crm egacr`decg doc}

rmielec}v fndiimglmv eg Ncgb}rdv drm mgfc}rdlmb c fcgdf nm _MA v}xxcr lrc}x'

Qci}gmmr Fc``mgv

\nmg E aerv drreqmb eg Ncgb}rdv E |dv m~rm`miu nmvedg c vndrm nd E |dv Km|evn b}m c dimv ca dge-Vmèev` E

ndb nmdrb cg `crm ndg cgm cffdvecg' Nc|mqmr) E imdrgmb nd nmrm ev gc crldge{mb dge-Vmèef `cqm mg eg

Ncgb}rdv) o} nmrm ev |ebmvxrmdb elgcrdgfm) dv `cv xmcxim ndqm gmqmr mqmg `m d Km|'


6?
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


35/51

@cv Ncgb}rdgv jgc|imblm doc} nm Km|evn aden fc`mv arc` |nd nmu ndqm rmdb eg nm Oeoim' @cv xmcxim |eii

vnc| egmrmv egvmdb ca bevbdeg) dgb nmrm ev gmqmr dgu bdglmr egqciqmb' \nmg dii ev vdeb dgb bcgm) e ev }x c nm

egbeqeb}di ea nm cr vnm fnccvmv c vndrm |en cnmr xmcxim) o} e fdg om cgm ca nm lrmdmv m~fndglmv ca f}i}rm nd

uc} ndqm b}regl uc}r vdu eg Ncgb}rdv' B}regl ù vmrqefm nmrm E ndqm ndb Vndood beggmr |en Ncgb}rdg aremgbv)

dgb E ndqm ndb icgl bevf}vvecgv cg f}i}rdi beaamrmgfmv dgb veèidreemv' Acr `m) e ndv ommg `crm ca d ocgbegl

m~xmremgfm ndg d bmmrrmg'

Dv d Xmdfm Fcrxv Qci}gmmr) E ndqm gc xrdfefmb K}bdev` iejm E beb eg nm Vdmv' E jgm| nd doc} ?88 Km|v ieqm eg

Ncgb}rdv dgb nd nmrm drm |c vugdlcl}mv) o} E |dvg v}rm nc| dqmrdlm xmcxim |c}ib rmdf c imdrgegl nd E

xrdfefmb d bevegfiu beaamrmg rmielecg' E imdrgmb nd e |dv ommr c dqceb nm v}okmf) mvxmfediiu vegfm E vxcjm qmru

ieim Vxdgevn' _dnmr ndg lc egc nm beaamrmgfmv om|mmg K}bdev` dgb Fnrevedgeu) e |dv ommr c vdu nd E

xrdfefmb d rmielecg qmru am| xmcxim nmrm xrdfefmb) o} nd E omiemqmb eg Lcb' E bmfebmb c dqceb m~xidegegl dgunegl

eg bmxn c ègeè{m u beaamrmgfmv arc` cnmrv' D nm vd`m e`m) E fcgvfemgec}viu m~xidegmb c cnmr Qci}gmmrv

dgb vdaa |nu E bc vc`m neglv beaamrmgiu' \neim E |dvg doim c dmgb vmrqefmv d nm vugdlcl}m |en rml}idreu) E

`dbm d xceg ca vmmjegl c} cnmr Km|evn Qci}gmmrv cr `mòmrv ca nm Km|evn fc``}geu c fmimordm nm Neln Nciu

Bduv) Ndg}jjdn) dgb Xdvvcqmr' Cqmr e`m E omldg c ammi fcàcrdoim |en fmrdeg `mòmrv ca ù c|g dgb omldg c

m~xideg |nd e ev c om d Km|' E `dbm d xceg ca vndregl rdbeecgdi accbv |en ù Ncgb}rdg aremgbv) egfi}begl odlmiv)

fndiidn) dgb adidami' Acr nm `cv xdr) E rmfmeqmb d lccb rmvxcgvm' Acr qer}diiu mqmrucgm) E |dv nm aerv Km| nmu ndb

mqmr m' Cgm idv negl; @dgu xmcxim nmrm bcg rmdie{m nd `crdbmiid) nc bclv) vd}vdlm) dgb nd` fcgdeg xcrj$

Xcvveoim Evv}mv acr Qci}g mmrv \e n Bevdoeie emv

Rnmrm ev ieim fcgvfec}vgmvv ca nm gmmbv ca nm xnuvefdiiu fndiimglmb eg Ncg

Documents

Peace Corps Honduras Welcome Book | May 2009