Peace Corps Host Country Impact Study Armenia

7/27/2019 Peace Corps Host Country Impact Study Armenia

1/59

Ann`gc an Wtritck`g @hnarlitàh-

_cscirgf ihd Zmihh`hk

Fast Gauhtry @lpigt Wtudy2Irlchì

N`him _cpart prcpircd oy tfc Ann`gc an Wtritck`g @hnarlitàh-

_cscirgf ihd Zmihh`hk


2/59


3/59

TIOMC AN GAHTCHTW

M@WT AN TIOMCW (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 4M@WT AN N@KS_CW (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 4IGEHA[MCDKCLCHTW ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 3IG_AHPLW IHD DCN@H@T@AHW (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( >CVCGST@^C WSLLI_P (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 6

@htradugtàh ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 6Zurpasc an tfc Fast Gauhtry @lpigt Wtud`cs (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 6Cvimuitàh Lctfadamaky ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 0Zrabcgt Dcs`kh ihd Zurpasc (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 0Cvimuitàh N`hd`hks (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 0

GFIZTC_ 92 @HT_ADSGT@AH(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 99Oigekrauhd ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 99F`stary an tfc Zcigc Garps!Irlchì Chkm`sf Mihkuikc Cdugitàh Zrabcgt ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 9?Zurpasc an tfc Fast Gauhtry @lpigt Wtud`cs (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 9?Cvimuitàh Lctfadamaky ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 9?Faw [`mm tfc @hnarlitàh oc Sscd1 ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 94

GFIZTC_ ?2 Z_ABCGT DCW@KH IHD ZS_ZAWC ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 93Wcgtar Avcrv`cw(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 93

GFIZTC_ 72 KAIM AHC N@HD@HKW((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 9;D`d tfc Zcigc Garps Zrabcgts Fcmp Zrabcgt Zirthcrs Lcct We`mm ihd Gipig`ty Ou`md`hk Hccds1

((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 9;N`hd`hks ah @hd`v`duim Gfihkcs ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 9;Faw D`d We`mms Trihsncr Aggur1((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( ?9Avcrimm FGH Wit`snigtàh ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( ?>Wuppart ihd Oirr`crs ta Zrabcgt Zcrnarlihgc ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 7:

GFIZTC_ 42 KAIM T[A N@HD@HKW((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 73Faw D`d Irlchìhs Aoti`h @hnarlitàh ioaut Ilcr`gihs Zràr ta @htcrigt`hk w`tf iâmuhtccr1 ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 73[fit [crc _cspahdchts Ap`hàhs Ioaut Ilcr`gihs Zràr ta @htcrigt`hk w`tf tfc âmuhtccr1((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 7>Ta [fit Cxtcht D`d FGHs Fivc Cxpcr`chgc w`tf tfc Zcigc Garps ihd âmuhtccrs1 ((((((((((((( 76Gfihkcs `h FGHs Shdcrstihd`hk an Ilcr`gihs Intcr Ehaw`hk âmuhtccrs ((((((((((((((((((((((((( 4:N`hd`hks ah [fit Irlchìhs Mcirhcd Ioaut Ilcr`gihs nral âmuhtccrs ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 49Avcrimm Aoscrvitàhs nral tfc Irlchìh _cscirgfcrs ah Irlchìhs Zcrgcptàhs an

Ilcr`gihs2 (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 4;Mcssahs Mcirhcd _ckird`hk Kaim Twa Zcrnarlihgc ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 40

GAHGMSW@AHW ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 39IZZCHD@V 92 LCTFADAMAKP ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 3?

7 | Z i k c


4/59

M@WT AN TIOMCW

Tiomc 92 Hulocr ihd Typc an Fast Gauhtry Hitàhims @htcrv`cwcd2 Irlchì (((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 94Tiomc ?2 D`stròutàh an _cspahdcht Kraups2 Zmihhcd ihd Igtuim Wilpmc (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 34

M@WT AN N@KS_CW

N`kurc 92 Avcrv`cw an tfc Tfcary an Gfihkc nar tfc ZG!Irlchì Chkm`sf Mihkuikc Cdugitàh

Zrabcgt ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 9>N`kurc ?2 Hulocr an Pcirs Gauhtcrpirts &h) Fivc [arecd `h tfc N`cmd ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 96N`kurc 72 [iys Gauhtcrpirts ihd Ochcn`gìr`cs Gfihkcd W`hgc tfc Wtirt an tfc Zcigc Garps

Zrabcgt &h< 904 gfihkcs) (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 90N`kurc 42 Gauhtcrpirt Tri`h`hk &h) ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( ??N`kurc 32 [iys Wgfaams ihd!ar Galluh`t`cs Gfihkcd nral tfc Wtirt an tfc Zcigc Garps Zrabcgt&h2 Cxtcht ta [f`gf âmuhtccrs ware wis Wusti`hcd Intcr âmuhtccr Dcpirturc2 Irlchì

((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( ?3N`kurc ;2 Wit`snigtàh w`tf Arkih`zitàhim!Galluh`ty Gfihkcs is i _csumt an tfc Zcigc Garps+

Zrabcgts (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( ?;N`kurc 62 Wit`snigtàh w`tf Mcvcm an Gammioaritàh2 Gauhtcrpirt &h) ihd Wtiecfamdcr &h


5/59

3 | Z i k c

IGEHA[MCDKCLCHTW9

Wcvcrim pcapmc it Zcigc Garps!fcidquirtcrs wcrc `hstrulchtim `h miuhgf`hk tfc p`mat stud`cs `h

tfc `lpigt cvimuitàh scr`cs( Tfrcc rckàhim prakril ihd tri`h`hk idv`scrs- Oiroiri Orawh-

L`gficm LgGioc- ihd Lirkirct LgMiukfm`h- sfcpfcrdcd tfc stud`cs nral `h`tìm gahgcpt ta`lpmclchtitàh `h tfc`r rckàhs( Tfc gauhtry dcse ann`gcrs ihd scgtar spcgìm`sts- Bisah Ourhs-

Diwh Fadkc- Nrihgcs Eiloaur- H`gamc Mcw`s- Nrihe Wl`tf- ihd Zckky Wcuncrt- prav`dcd tfcgrugìm m`he octwcch AW@_Z rcscirgfcrs ihd tfc pasts( Tfihe yau(

Tfc `htcrcst ihd suppart nral Zcigc Garps stinn `h tfc gauhtr`cs wfcrc tfc rcscirgf wis

gahdugtcd wcrc gr`t`gim `h tf`s chdcivar( Aur s`hgcrc ipprcgìtàh `s cxtchdcd ta gauhtry

d`rcgtars Mcc Migy- Irlchì5 _alca Lisscy- Dal`h`gih _cpuom`g5 ihd L`gficm W`lsè- Lim`5ihd tfc`r stinn2 Bisah Galpy- Dìhi Wirksyih- ihd Kiyihc Rirkiryih `h Irlchì5 Lirt`hi

Oir`his- L`kucm Mcah- ihd Tiliri W`la `h tfc Dal`h`gih _cpuom`g5 ihd Wcydau Gaumòimy `h

Lim`( Tfc AW@_Z tcil `s cspcgìmmy ipprcgìt`vc an tfc gahtròutàhs prav`dcd oy Dr( _alca

Lisscy dur`hk tfc `h`tìm dcs`kh pfisc an tfc rcscirgf(

Tfc suggcss an tfc stud`cs `s umt`litcmy duc ta tfc ware an tfc magim rcscirgf tcils tfit se`mmnummy

chgaurikcd tfc pirthcrs?

an Zcigc Garps âmuhtccrs ta sfirc tfc`r cxpcr`chgcs ihd pcrspcgt`vcs(Tfc tcils wcrc fcidcd oy schàr rcscirgfcrs Rf`riyr Cd`myih `h Irlchì- Basc _`girda _aqucs

`h tfc Dal`h`gih _cpuom`g- ihd Lilidau Dìmma `h Lim`(

9Imtfaukf tfcsc stud`cs wcrc i tcil cnnart oy imm lclocrs an tfc AW@_Z stinn- wc waumd mèc ta rcgakh`zc Wusih

Bche`hs nar fcr ramc is tfc study mcid(? Zirthcrs `hgmudc ihy `hd`v`duims wfa liy fivc m`vcd ar warecd w`tf i Zcigc Garps âmuhtccr(


6/59

IG_AHPLW IHD DCN@H@T@AHW

Igrahyls

IZGD Iss`stiht Zcigc Garp D`rcgtar

OH Ochcn`gìry

GILZ KMA[ K`rms Mcid`hk Aur [armd Gilp

GDZN G`v`g Dcvcmaplcht ihd Zirthcrsf`p Nauhditàh

GZ Gauhtcrpirt

NMCV Nuturc Mcidcrs Cxgfihkc Zrakril

KAI Kavcrhlcht an Irlchì

FGH Fast Gauhtry Hitàhim

FN Fast Nil`my

@WT @h,Wcrv`gc Tri`h`hk

HKA Hah,Kavcrhlchtim Arkih`zitàh

AW@_Z Ann`gc an Wtritck`g @hnarlitàh- _cscirgf ihd Zmihh`hk

ZG!I Zcigc Garps!Irlchì

ZG^ Zcigc Garps âmuhtccr

ZDL Zrabcgt Dcs`kh ihd Lihikclcht

TCNM Tcigf`hk Chkm`sf is i Narc`kh Mihkuikc

SK_ID Kmaoim Shdcrkriduitc Cxgfihkc Zrakril

Dcn`h`tàhs

Ochcn`gìr`cs @hd`v`duims wfa rcgc`vc iss`stihgc ihd fcmp nral tfc prabcgt5 tfc

pcapmc tfit tfc prabcgt `s pr`lir`my dcs`khcd ta idvihtikc

Gauhtcrpirts!Zrabcgt pirthcrs @hd`v`duims wfa ware w`tf Zcigc Garps âmuhtccrs5âmuhtccrs liy ware w`tf lumt`pmc pirthcrs ihd gauhtcrpirts

dur`hk tfc`r scrv`gc( Zrabcgt pirthcrs imsa ochcn`t nral tfcprabcgts- out wfch tfcy irc pi`rcd w`tf âmuhtccrs `h i

prancssàhim rcmitàhsf`p ar oiscd ah tfc`r pas`tàh `h ih

> | Z i k c


7/59

; | Z i k c

arkih`zitàh ar galluh`ty &c(k(- galluh`ty mcidcr)- tfcy irc

gahs`dcrcd gauhtcrpirts ar prabcgt pirthcrs

Fast nil`my lclocrs Nil`m`cs w`tf wfal i âmuhtccr m`vcd dur`hk imm ar pirt an

f`s!fcr tri`h`hk ihd!ar scrv`gc

Zrabcgt stiecfamdcrs Zcapmc wfa fivc i libar `hvamvclcht `h tfc dcs`kh-

`lpmclchtitàh ar rcsumts an tfc prabcgt


8/59

6 | Z i k c

CVCGST@^C WSLLI_P

@htradugtàh

@h ?::6- tfc Zcigc Garps miuhgfcd i scr`cs an stud`cs ta dctcrl`hc tfc `lpigt an âmuhtccrs ah

twa an tfc ikchgys tfrcc kaims2 ou`md`hk magim gipig`ty ihd pralat`hk i octtcr uhdcrstihd`hk anIlcr`gihs ilahk fast gauhtry hitàhims &FGHs)( Tfc ZcigcGarps gahdugts ih ihhuim survcy

tfit gipturcs tfc pcrspcgt`vc an gurrchtmy scrv`hk âmuhtccrs(7

[f`mc prav`d`hk gr`t`gim `hs`kft`hta tfc âmuhtccr cxpcr`chgc- tfc survcy gih ahmy iddrcss ahc s`dc an tfc Zcigc Garps stary(

Tfc fast gauhtry `lpigt stud`cs irc uh`quc nar tfc`r nagus ah mcirh`hk ioaut tfc Zcigc Garps

`lpigt d`rcgtmy nral fast gauhtry hitàhims wfa m`vcd ihd warecd w`tf âmuhtccrs(

Tf`s rcpart prcschts tfc n`hd`hks nral tfc p`mat study wf`gf wis gahdugtcd `h Irlchì dur`hk

tfc sullcr ihd nimm an ?::6( Tfc nagus an tfc rcscirgf wis tfc Chkm`sf Mihkuikc Cdugitàh

Zrabcgt(

Zurpasc an tfc Fast Gauhtry @lpigt Wtud`cs

Irlchìs Fast Gauhtry @lpigt Wtudy wis `h`tìtcd ta isscss tfc dckrcc ta wf`gf tfc Zcigc

Garps `s iomc ta oatf lcct tfc hccds an tfc gauhtry `h dcvcmap`hk Chkm`sf mihkuikc gipig`t`cs

ihd ta pralatc i octtcr uhdcrstihd`hk an Ilcr`gihs ilahk fast gauhtry hitàhims( Tfc studyw`mm imsa immaw tfc Zcigc Garps ta fivc i octtcr p`gturc an tfc Chkm`sf Mihkuikc Cdugitàh

Zrabcgtihd iddrcss ircis wfcrc `t gaumd oc `lpravcd(

Tfc `lpigt study dagulchts tfc FGH pcrspcgt`vc ah tfc `lpigt an Zcigc Garps âmuhtccrs

&ZG^s) ah se`mms trihsncr ta ihd gipig`ty ou`md`hk an fast gauhtry gauhtcrpirts ihd galluh`ty

lclocrs ihd ah gfihkcs `h fast gauhtry hitàhims uhdcrstihd`hk an Ilcr`gihs(

Tfc libar rcscirgf qucstàhs iddrcsscd `h tfc study irc2

D`d se`mms trihsncr ihd gipig`ty ou`md`hk aggur1

[fit se`mms wcrc trihsncrrcd ta arkih`zitàhs!galluh`t`cs ihd `hd`v`duims is ircsumt an âmuhtccrs ware1

[crc tfc se`mms ihd gipig`t`cs susti`hcd pist tfc chd an tfc prabcgt1

Faw sit`sn`cd wcrc FGHs w`tf tfc prabcgt ware1

[fit d`d FGHs mcirh ioaut Ilcr`gihs1

D`d FGHs rcpart tfit tfc`r ap`hàhs an Ilcr`gihs fid gfihkcd intcr `htcrigt`hkw`tf tfc Zcigc Garps ihd Zcigc Garps âmuhtccrs1

7Zcigc Garps survcycd âmuhtccrs pcràd`gimmy nral 90;7 ta ?::? wfch i o`chhìm survcy wis `hst`tutcd( Tfc survcy

ocgilc ih ihhuim survcy `h ?::0 ta lcct ikchgy rcpart hk rcqu`rclchts(


9/59

CVCGST@^C WSLLI_P

Cvimuitàh Lctfadamaky

Tf`s cvimuitàh rcpart `s oiscd ah diti prav`dcd oy gauhtcrpirts- ochcn`gìr`cs- ihd stiec,famdcrs

an tfc Chkm`sf Mihkuikc Cdugitàh Zrabcgt- `hgmud`hk2

?> sgfaam,oiscd gauhtcrpirts &ga,tcigfcrs) ?? ochcn`gìr`cs &studchts)

?4 fast nil`my lclocrs

4 L`h`stry ann`gìms

? hah,kavcrhlchtim arkih`zitàh &HKA) stinn

9: cxgfihkc studchts

Tfc avcrimm survcy rcigfcd 66 rcspahdchts `h ?4 rurim ihd uroih galluh`t`cs `h naur an

Irlchìs Lirzcs2 Mar`- Wf`rie- Wyuhè- ihd Kckfireuhè(

@htcrv`cws wcrc gahdugtcd nral Iukust 94 ta Havclocr 97- ?::0( &I numm dcsgr`ptàh an tfc

lctfadamaky `s nauhd `h Ippchd`x 9( Zmcisc gahtigt AW@_Z nar i gapy an tfc `htcrv`cwqucstàhhi`rc()

Tfc cvimuitàh stud`cs irc dcs`khcd oy Zcigc Garps!fcidquirtcrs Ann`gc an Wtritck`g

@hnarlitàh- _cscirgf ihd Zmihh`hk &AW@_Z) ihd wcrc `lpmclchtcd `h,gauhtry oy tfc Irlchìh

n`rl- G`v`g Dcvcmaplcht ihd Zirthcrsf`p Nauhditàh &GDZN)(

Zrabcgt Dcs`kh ihd Zurpasc

Tfc Zcigc Garps ockih schd`hk Zcigc Garps âmuhtccrs ta Irlchì `h 900? ihd tfc Chkm`sf

Mihkuikc Cdugitàh Zrabcgt wis ahc an tfc n`rst prabcgts( Tfc kaim wis ta iss`st Irlchì `h

chfihg`hk `ts pirt`g`pitàh `h tfc `htcrhitàhim galluh`ty oy `hgrcis`hk tfc quim`ty an Chkm`sfprakrils ihd prav`d`hk atfcr cdugitàhim appartuh`t`cs tfraukfaut tfc gauhtry(

Cvimuitàh N`hd`hks

Tfc cvimuitàh n`hd`hks gahn`rl tfc suggcssnum `lpmclchtitàh an tfc Chkm`sf Mihkuikc

Cdugitàh Zrabcgt oy Zcigc Garps!Irlchì &ZG!I)( [f`mc tfc rcpart prav`dcs i dcti`mcddcsgr`ptàh an imm tfc study qucstàhs- tfc ecy n`hd`hks irc2

Kaim 9 N`hd`hks

Wuggcssnum Trihsncr an Chkm`sf Mihkuikc We`mms ihd Tcigf`hk Lctfads

@lpravclcht `h Chkm`sf mihkuikc pran`g`chgy ihd tcigf`hk se`mms wcrc tfc lastnrcquchtmy lchtàhcd `hd`v`duim,mcvcm gfihkcs

Idaptàh an hcw tcigf`hk!gmissraal lctfads wis tfc last nrcquchtmy lchtàhcdarkih`zitàhim gfihkc

0 | Z i k c


10/59

CVCGST@^C WSLLI_P

9: | Z i k c

Gipig`ty Ou`md`hk wis Wusti`hcd

0?# an sgfaam,oiscd prabcgts wcrc li`hti`hcd intcr tfc âmuhtccr mcnt &>?# ta i mirkccxtcht)

6:# an galluh`ty,oiscd igt`v`t`cs wcrc li`hti`hcd ta i slimm cxtcht

Wit`snigtàh w`tf Zcigc Garps [are

66# an gauhtcrpirts wcrc sit`sn`cd w`tf tfc gfihkcs `h tfc`r sgfaam is i rcsumt an tfcZcigc Garps ware

;># an gauhtcrpirts wcrc vcry sit`sn`cd w`tf tfc mcvcm an gammioaritàh octwcch tfc`rsgfaam ihd tfc Zcigc Garps

6?# an gauhtcrpirts rcpartcd tfit tfc Zcigc Garps ware lct tfc`r sgfaams hccds

Kaim ? N`hd`hks

FGHs Dcvcmapcd Larc Zas`t`vc Ap`hàhs an Ilcr`gihs

;9# an gauhtcrpirts rcpartcd tfit tfc`r ap`hàhs an Ilcr`gihs `lpravcd intcr ware`hkw`tf i âmuhtccr

0;# an gauhtcrpirts fid i pas`t`vc ap`hàh an tfc Zcigc Garps is i rcsumt an tfc`rcxpcr`chgcs

>># an fast nil`m`cs ritcd tfc`r rcmitàhsf`ps w`tf âmuhtccrs pas`t`vcmy


11/59

99 | Z i k c

GFIZTC_ 92 @HT_ADSGT@AH

Oigekrauhd

Tfc Zcigc Garps trigcs `ts raats ihd l`ssàh ta 90>:- wfch tfch,Wchitar Bafh N( Echhcdy

gfimmchkcd studchts it tfc Sh`vcrs`ty an L`gf`kih ta scrvc tfc`r gauhtry `h tfc giusc an pcigc oym`v`hk ihd ware`hk `h dcvcmap`hk gauhtr`cs( Nral tfit `hsp`ritàh krcw ih ikchgy an tfc ncdcrim

kavcrhlcht dcvatcd ta warmd pcigc ihd nr`chdsf`p(

Oy tfc chd an 90>9- Zcigc Garps âmuhtccrs wcrc

scrv`hk `h scvch gauhtr`cs( W`hgc tfch- larc tfih

?::-::: lch ihd walch fivc scrvcd `h 970gauhtr`cs( Zcigc Garps igt`v`t`cs gavcr `ssucs

rihk`hk nral I@DW cdugitàh ta `hnarlitàh

tcgfhamaky ihd chv`rahlchtim prcscrvitàh( ZcigcGarps âmuhtccrs gaht`huc ta fcmp gauhtmcss

`hd`v`duims wfa wiht ta ou`md i octtcr m`nc nartfclscmvcs- tfc`r gf`mdrch- ihd tfc`r galluh`t`cs(

@h girry`hk aut tfc ikchgys tfrcc garc kaims- Zcigc

Garps âmuhtccrs liec i d`nncrchgc oy ou`md`hk

magim gipig`ty ihd pralat`hk i octtcr uhdcrstihd`hkan Ilcr`gihs ilahk fast gauhtry hitàhims( I

libar gahtròutàh an Zcigc Garps âmuhtccrs- wfa

m`vc `h tfc galluh`t`cs wfcrc tfcy ware- stclsnral tfc`r io`m`ty ta dcm`vcr tcgfh`gim `htcrvchtàhs

d`rcgtmy ta ochcn`gìr`cs m`v`hk `h rurim ar uroih ircis tfit mige sunn`g`cht magim gipig`ty( Imsa-

âmuhtccrs apcritc nral i dcvcmaplcht pr`hg`pmc tfit pralatcs susti`hiomc prabcgts ihdstritck`cs(

Tfc `htcrdcpchdchgc an Kaim 9 ihd Kaim ? `s gchtrim ta tfc Zcigc Garps cxpcr`chgc- is FGHs

dcvcmap rcmitàhsf`ps w`tf âmuhtccrs wfa galluh`gitc `h tfc magim mihkuikc- sfirc cvcrydiy

cxpcr`chgcs- ihd ware gammioarit`vcmy(

Tfc Zcigc Garps gahdugts ih ihhuim survcy an gurrchtmy scrv`hk âmuhtccrs45 fawcvcr- `t tcmms

ahmy ahc s`dc an tfc Zcigc Garps stary( @h ?::6- tfc Zcigc Garps ockih i scr`cs an stud`cs ta

dctcrl`hc tfc `lpigt an `ts âmuhtccrs( Tfc stud`cs irc uh`quc nar tfc`r nagus ah mcirh`hk ioauttfc Zcigc Garps `lpigt d`rcgtmy nral tfc fast gauhtry hitàhims wfa m`vcd ihd warecd w`tf

âmuhtccrs(

4Zcigc Garps survcycd âmuhtccrs pcràd`gimmy nral 90;7 ta ?::? wfch i o`chhìm survcy wis `hst`tutcd( Tfc survcy

ocgilc ih ihhuim survcy `h ?::0 ta lcct ikchgy rcpart hk rcqu`rclchts(

Zcigc Garps

Garc Kaims

Kaim 9, Ta fcmp tfc pcapmc an `htcrcstcdgauhtr`cs `h lcct`hk tfc`r hccd nar

tri`hcd lch ihd walch(

Kaim ?, Ta fcmp pralatc i octtcr

uhdcrstihd`hk an Ilcr`gihs ah tfc pirt

an tfc pcapmcs scrvcd(

Kaim 7, Ta fcmp pralatc i octtcr

uhdcrstihd`hk an atfcr pcapmc ah tfc

pirt an Ilcr`gihs(


12/59

GFIZTC_92 @HT_ADSGT@AH

F`stary an tfc Zcigc Garps!Irlchì Chkm`sf Mihkuikc Cdugitàh Zrabcgt

Zcigc Garps!Irlchì ockih `h Wcptclocr 900?- w`tf tfc s`kh`hk an ih ikrcclcht octwcch tfc

Zcigc Garps ihd tfc Kavcrhlcht an tfc _cpuom`g an Irlchì( Mitcr- i Lclarihdul an

Shdcrstihd`hk wis s`khcd octwcch tfc Zcigc Garps ihd tfc Irlchìh L`h`stry an Wg`chgc ihd

Cdugitàh ta prav`dc i nrilcware nar tfc Chkm`sf Mihkuikc Cdugitàh Zrabcgt `h Irlchì( Tfckaim an tfc Chkm`sf Mihkuikc Cdugitàh Zrabcgt `s ta `lpravc Chkm`sf mihkuikc tcigf`hk ihd

mcirh`hk `h tfc cdugitàh scgtar ihd ta `hgrcisc tfc prancssàhim quim`ty an Chkm`sf mihkuikctcigfcrs(

Zurpasc an tfc Fast Gauhtry @lpigt Wtud`cs

Tf`s rcpart prcschts tfc n`hd`hks nral tfc p`mat `lpigt cvimuitàh gahdugtcd `h Irlchì dur`hk

tfc sullcr ihd nimm an ?::6( Tfc prabcgt stud`cd wis tfc Chkm`sf Mihkuikc Cdugitàh Zrabcgt(

Tfc `lpigt study dagulchts tfc FGH pcrspcgt`vc ah tfc `lpigt an Zcigc Garps âmuhtccrs ah

se`mms trihsncr ta ihd gipig`ty ou`md`hk an fast gauhtry gauhtcrpirts ihd galluh`ty lclocrs ihdah gfihkcs `h fast gauhtry hitàhims uhdcrstihd`hk an Ilcr`gihs(

Tfc libar rcscirgf qucstàhs iddrcsscd `h tfc study irc2

D`d se`mms trihsncr ihd gipig`ty ou`md`hk aggur1

[fit se`mms wcrc trihsncrrcd ta arkih`zitàhs!galluh`t`cs ihd `hd`v`duims is ircsumt an âmuhtccrs ware1

[crc tfc se`mms ihd gipig`t`cs susti`hcd pist tfc chd an tfc prabcgt1

Faw sit`sn`cd wcrc FGHs w`tf tfc prabcgt ware1

[fit d`d FGHs mcirh ioaut Ilcr`gihs1 D`d FGHs rcpart tfit tfc`r ap`hàhs an Ilcr`gihs fid gfihkcd intcr `htcrigt`hk

w`tf tfc Zcigc Garps ihd Zcigc Garps âmuhtccrs1

Tfc `hnarlitàh kitfcrcd tfraukf tf`s rcscirgf w`mm fcmp tfc Zcigc Garps ihswcr qucstàhs ioaut

tfc dckrcc ta wf`gf tfc ikchgy `s iomcigrass pasts- scgtars- ihd s`tcsta lcct tfc hccds anfast gauhtr`cs nar tri`hcd lch ihd walch ihd ta pralatc i octtcr uhdcrstihd`hk an Ilcr`gihsilahk FGHs( Tf`s `hnarlitàh galpmclchts tfc `hnarlitàh prav`dcd oy Zcigc Garps

âmuhtccrs `h tfc`r Zrabcgt Wtitus _cparts ihd tfc Ihhuim âmuhtccr Wurvcy(

Cvimuitàh Lctfadamaky

@h ?::6- tfc Zcigc Garps Ann`gc an Wtritck`g @hnarlitàh- _cscirgf ihd Zmihh`hk &AW@_Z)- `h

rcspahsc ta i lihditc nral tfc Ann`gc an Lihikclcht ihd Oudkct tfit tfc ikchgy sfaumdgahdugt cvimuitàhs an tfc `lpigt an âmuhtccrs `h igf`cv`hk Kaim ?- ockih i scr`cs an cvimuitàh

stud`cs( Irlchì wis ahc an tfrcc gauhtr`cs scmcgtcd ta p`mat i lctfadamaky tfit waumd cxil`hc

tfc `lpigt an tfc tcgfh`gim ware an âmuhtccrs- is wcmm is tfc`r cnnarts tapralatc i octtcruhdcrstihd`hk an Ilcr`gihs ilahk tfc pcapmc w`tf wfal tfcy scrvcd( @h gammioaritàh w`tf tfc

Zcigc Garps gauhtry d`rcgtar it cigf past- AW@_Z p`matcd i lctfadamaky tagammcgt `hnarlitàh

9? | Z i k c


13/59


d`rcgtmy nral fast gauhtry hitàhims ioaut se`mms trihsncr ihd gipig`ty ou`md`hk- is wcmm is

gfihkcs `h tfc`r uhdcrstihd`hk an Ilcr`gihs(

Tfc rcscirgf wis dcs`khcd oy AW@_Z sagìm sg`cht`sts ihd `lpmclchtcd `h,gauhtry oy Rf`riyr

Cd`myih ihd i tcil an `htcrv`cwcrs- uhdcr tfc supcrv`sàh an tfc Zcigc Garps gauhtry stinn- w`tf

tcgfh`gim d`rcgtàh nral tfc AW@_Z tcil( I wco,oiscd ditioisc wis uscd ta lihikc tfcqucstàhhi`rc diti ihd suoscqucht ihimys`s(

@h Irlchì- tfc GDZN gahdugtcd `htcrv`cws `h ?4 galluh`t`cs wfcrc âmuhtccrs warecd(W`xty,twa Chkm`sf Mihkuikc Cdugitàh Zrabcgt âmuhtccr s`tc pmigclchts octwcch ?::4 ihd

?::6 wcrc `dcht`n`cd nar passòmc pirt`g`pitàh `h tfc study( I rcprcschtit`vc silpmc ritfcr tfih i

rihdal silpmc wis driwh nral tfc m`st an âmuhtccr iss`khlchts s`hgc ?::4( Irlchìh Wchàr_cscirgfcr Cd`myih ihd f`s tcil gahdugtcd scl`,strugturcd `htcrv`cws w`tf Irlchìhs wfa fid

m`vcd ihd!ar warecd w`tf Zcigc Garps âmuhtccrs( &Tfc `htcrv`cw sgfcdumc `s ivi`miomc upah

rcqucst nral AW@_Z)

Tfc avcrimm survcy rcigfcd 0; rcspahdchts `h ?4 rurim ihd uroih galluh`t`cs `h naur anIrlchìs Lirzcs2 Mar`- Wf`rie- Wyuhè- ihd Kckfireuhè( W`tcs wcrc scmcgtcd ta oc is

rcprcschtit`vc an Irlchì is passòmc- `hgmud`hk kcakripf`g ihd sagà,cgahal`g d`nncrchgcs(Tfc rckàhs rcprcscht d`vcrsc papumitàh gchtcrs- rihk`hk nral slimm v`mmikcs an >:: pcapmc ta

mirkcr g`t`cs w`tf i papumitàh an 93:-:::( &Ippchd`x 9 gahti`hs i numm dcsgr`ptàh an tfc rcscirgf

lctfadamaky()

@htcrv`cws wcrc gahdugtcd nral Iukust 94 ta Havclocr 97- ?::6 w`tf tfc nammaw`hk kraups an

Irlchìh hitàhims2

Zrabcgt pirthcrs!gauhtcrpirts2 Ga,tcigfcrs- sgfaam idl`h`stritars- ihd tcigfcr

supcrv`sars &?>)

Zrabcgt ochcn`gìr`cs2 Sh`vcrs`ty- gammckc ihd scgahdiry sgfaam studchts tiukft!ga,tiukft oy ZG^s- ihd gilp ittchdccs &?9)

Imulh` an cxgfihkc prakrils2 @hgmud`hk prakrils sugf is NMCV- SKrid- ihd Luse`cw`tf wfal âmuhtccrs fid warecd ta suppart tfc`r ippm`gitàhs ta tfcsc prakrils &9:)

Wtinn an twa hah,kavcrhlchtim arkih`zitàhs2 _cprcschtit`vcs an arkih`zitàhs w`tfwfal ZG^s warecd &?)

Fast nil`my lclocrs2 Nil`m`cs tfit fastcd âmuhtccrs dur`hk it mcist pirt an tfc`rscrv`gc &?4)

Wtiecfamdcrs2 _cprcschtit`vcs nral tfc L`h`stry nar Cdugitàh ihd Wg`chgc &7) ihd tfcHitàhim @hst`tutc an Cdugitàh &9)

97 | Z i k c


14/59


94 | Z i k c

@htcrv`cwcrs rcgardcd tfc rcspahdchts gallchts- gadcd tfc ihswcrs- ihd tfch chtcrcd tfc diti

`hta i wco,oiscd ditioisc li`hti`hcd oy AW@_Z( Tfc diti wcrc ihimyzcd oy AW@_Z rcscirgfcrsihd tfc schàr rcscirgfcr(

Tiomc 92 Hulocr ihd Typc an Fast Gauhtry Hitàhims @htcrv`cwcd2 Irlchì

Gitckar`cs Hulocr an Zcapmc Hulocr an W`tcs

Gauhtcrpirts ?> ?4

Ochcn`gìr`cs ?? ?4

Fast nil`my lclocrs ?4 ?4

Wtiecfamdcrs &L`h`stry ann`gìms) 4

HKA stinn ?

Cxgfihkc prakril imulh` 9:

Tatim 66 ,

Faw [`mm tfc @hnarlitàh oc Sscd1

Tfc `hnarlitàh kitfcrcd w`mm `hnarl Zcigc Garps stinn it past ihd fcidquirtcrs ioaut fastgauhtry hitàhims pcrgcptàhs an tfc galluh`ty prabcgts ihd tfc âmuhtccrs( @h gahbuhgtàh

w`tf âmuhtccr nccdoige nral tfc ycirmy âmuhtccr Wurvcy ihd tfc Gmasc,an,Wcrv`gc Wurvcys-

tf`s `hnarlitàh w`mm immaw tfc Zcigc Garps ta octtcr uhdcrstihd `ts `lpigt ihd iddrcss ircis nar`lpravclcht( Nar cxilpmc- tfc `hnarlitàh liy oc uscnum nar âmuhtccr tri`h`hk ihd autrcigf ta

fast nil`m`cs ihd prabcgt pirthcrs(

Tf`s `hnarlitàh `s imsa hccdcd ta prav`dc pcrnarlihgc `hnarlitàh ta tfc Sh`tcd Wtitcs Ann`gc

an Lihikclcht ihd Oudkct ihd tfc Sh`tcd Wtitcs Gahkrcss( Is pirt an tfc Zcigc Garps@lpravclcht Zmih- drintcd `h rcspahsc ta `ts ?::3 Zrakril Isscsslcht _it`hk Taam rcv`cw-tfc Zcigc Garps prapascd tfc grcitàh an oiscm`hcs ta lcisurc rcsumts `hgmud`hk survcy diti `h

gauhtr`cs w`tf Zcigc Garps prcschgc ta lcisurc tfc pralatàh an i octtcr uhdcrstihd`hk an

Ilcr`gihs ah tfc pirt an tfc pcapmcs scrvcd(3

Nccdoige nral tfc ar`k`him p`mats wis uscd ta

rcv`sc tfc lctfadamaky rammcd aut ta h`hc pasts cigf `h N`sgim Pcir ?::0 ihd ?:9:- nar i tatiman 96 pasts igrass Zcigc Garps tfrcc kcakripf`g rckàhs2 Inr`gi5 @htcr,Ilcr`gi ihd tfc

Zig`n`g5 ihd Curapc- Lcd`tcrrihcih ihd Isì( Tiech takctfcr- tfcsc stud`cs gahtròutc ta Zcigc

Garps io`m`ty ta dagulcht tfc dckrcc ta wf`gf tfc ikchgy `s iomc ta oatf lcct tfc hccds anfast gauhtr`cs nar tri`hcd lch ihd walch ihd ta pralatc i octtcr uhdcrstihd`hk an Ilcr`gihs

ilahk tfc pcapmcs scrvcd(

3 Dawhmaidcd nral 2 fttp2!!www(wf`tcfausc(kav!alo!cxpcgtlarc!sulliry!9:::4>93(?::3(ftlm 0,9:,:6
http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/expectmore/summary/10004615.2005.htmlhttp://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/expectmore/summary/10004615.2005.html


15/59

GFIZTC_ ?2 Z_ABCGT DCW@KH IHD ZS_ZAWC

Wcgtar Avcrv`cw>

Tfc p`mat study cvimuitcd tfc Zcigc Garps Tcigf`hk Chkm`sf is i Narc`kh Mihkuikcprabcgt `htfc cdugitàh scgtar( Tfc kaim an tfc Chkm`sf Mihkuikc Cdugitàh Zrabcgt `s ta iss`st Irlchì `h

chfihg`hk `ts pirt`g`pitàh `h tfc `htcrhitàhim galluh`ty oy `hgrcis`hk tfc quim`ty an Chkm`sfmihkuikc prakrils ihd oy prav`d`hk hcw cdugitàhim ihd galluh`ty dcvcmaplcht appartuh`t`cs

tfraukfaut tfc gauhtry(

Tfc Chkm`sf Mihkuikc

Cdugitàh Zrabcgt fcmps`lpravc tfc quim`ty an Chkm`sf

mihkuikc cdugitàh( Tfcprabcgt imsa pralatcs yautf

g`v`g chkikclcht ihd scrv`gc-`hgmud`hk pralat`hk tfc

lao`m`zitàh an yautf ihd

idumts ta lcct tfc hccds antfc`r galluh`t`cs(

@h`tìmmy- tfc Chkm`sf Mihkuikc Cdugitàh Zrabcgt âmuhtccrs

wcrc pmigcd `h tfc gip`tim g`ty an Pcrcvih( Avcr t`lc-

fawcvcr- ih `hgrcis`hk pcrgchtikc an âmuhtccrs wcrc scht taslimm- rurim tawhs ihd v`mmikcs wfcrc tfc hccd nar quim`n`cd

Chkm`sf mihkuikc tcigfcrs wis krcitcr( Libar Irlchìh

g`t`cs imrcidy fid iggcss ta quim`n`cd Chkm`sf mihkuikc`hstrugtàh(

I ladcm an tfc tfcary an gfihkc uhdcrmy`hk tfc prabcgtippraigf `s prcschtcd `h N`kurc 9(

>Tfc Wcgtar Avcrv`cw `s oiscd ah tfcChkm`sf Mihkuikc Cdugitàh Zrabcgt Zmih Ditcd Bihuiry ?::6(


16/59

GFIZTC_ ?2 Z_ABCGT DCW@KH IHD ZS_ZAWC

9> | Z i k c

N`kurc 92 Avcrv`cw an tfc Tfcary an Gfihkc nar tfc ZG!Irlchì Chkm`sf Mihkuikc Cdugitàh Zrabcgt

Zuom`g Ochcn`t

@hgrciscd`htcrhitahim`hvamvclcht

F`kfcr quim tycdugitah

@hgrciscdgalluhtyclpawcrlcht

Autgalcs

@lpravcd

Chkm sfgalpctchgyilahkstudchts ihdtcigfcrs

@hgmusàh an`htcrigtvctcigf`hkstritck`cs

Krcitcr g`v`g`hvamvclchtoy studchtsihd tcigfcrs

Igt`v`t`cs

@lpmclchthk

hcw lctfadsan gmissraal`hstrugtah-cxtri,gurrgumirigtv tcs- ihdscmn,cvimuitàh

We mms trihsncr

Zralathkipprapritccdugitahimlitcrims narsgfaams ihdatfcr magimarkihzitahs

Dcvcmap`hkgammioaritahswtf tirkctkraups &c(k(-HKAs)

Kaims

Kaim 92 @lpravc

studchts!tcigfcrsChkm sfmihkuikc se mms

Kaim ?2 @lpravctcigfcrsChkm sf tcigfhkprigtgcs

Kaim 72ChfihgcChkm sfmihkuikcgurrgumi

Kaim 42 Cxpihd

Chkm sfmihkuikcappartuh tcsoctwcchcdugitahim`hst tutahs ihdgalluhtcs

Zraomcl

Ih`hsunn g`chthulocr an2

Yuim n`cdChkm sfmihkuikctcigfcrs

F`kfquimtyChkm sfmihkuikcprakrils

Wfartikc ancdugitahimlitcrimsihd

rcsaurgcs

Tf`s n`kurc wis galp`mcd nral `hnarlitàh `h tfc Zcigc Garps!Irlchì Chkm`sf Mihkuikc Cdugitàh Zrabcgt2 Zrabcgt Zmih( Bihuiry ?::6(

Chkm`sf Mihkuikc Cdugitàh Zrabcgt âmuhtccrs dcvcmap Chkm`sf mihkuikc se`mms oy prav`d`hk

Chkm`sf mihkuikc `hstrugtàh `h rckumir gmissraal sctt`hks- tfraukf Chkm`sf mihkuikc gmuos- ihdatfcr cxtri,gurr`gumir igt`v`t`cs âmuhtccrs pmih w`tf tfc`r studchts( Tfc igt`v`t`cs irc cxpcgtcd ta

pralatc pcrsahim ihd prancssàhim se`mms tfit chfihgc galluh`ty dcvcmaplcht

Tfc âmuhtccrs iddrcss tfc hccds an Irlchìh Chkm`sf mihkuikc tcigfcrs tfraukf ga,pmihh`hk-

tcil tcigf`hk- ihd oy spahsar`hk tcigfcr tri`h`hk waresfaps ihd gahncrchgcs( Tcil,tcigf`hk

wis `lpmclchtcd `h tfc Chkm`sf Mihkuikc Cdugitàh Zrabcgt is i rcsumt an rcgallchditàhsnral tfc @hspcgtar Kchcrims v`s`t `h Havclocr ?::4( Tf`s gfihkc wis dcs`khcd ta chsurc tfit

imm âmuhtccrs trihsncr ehawmcdkc ihd se`mms ta Irlchìh tcigfcrs- tfit âmuhtccrs wcrc iomc ta

lcct tfc prancssàhim stihdird an 93,?: faurs an ware pcr wcce w`tf`h tfc`r pr`liry iss`khlcht-ihd ta pralatc i larc pradugt`vc rcmitàhsf`p octwcch âmuhtccrs ihd gauhtcrpirts(

@h gammioaritàh w`tf Irlchìh tcigfcrs- âmuhtccrs grcitc ippraprìtc cdugitàhim litcrìms ihd

`hgarparitc tfcl `hta tfc Chkm`sf mihkuikc gurr`gumul( Tfcy imsa gitimakuc!arkih`zc tfc hcwlitcrìms `h mòrir`cs ihd rcsaurgc gchtcrs(

@h iggardihgc w`tf tfc Chkm`sf Mihkuikc Cdugitàh Zrabcgt Igtàh Zmih dcvcmapcd `h ?::;-Zcigc Garps âmuhtccrs irc pmigcd it cdugitàhim `hst`tutàhs- `hgmud`hk scgahdiry sgfaams-

gammckcs- uh`vcrs`t`cs- ihd tfc Hitàhim @hst`tutc an Cdugitàh(


17/59

GFIZTC_ 72 KAIM AHC N@HD@HKW

Zcrnarlihgc uhdcr tfc Zcigc Garps n`rst kaim wis cxil`hcd `h twa wiys- oy lcisur`hk2

9( Tfc cxtcht ta wf`gf FGHs aoscrvcd galluh`ty ihd pcrsahim gfihkcs- rcpartcd ki`h`hkhcw tcgfh`gim se`mms- ihd tfc gipig`ty ta li`hti`h tfc gfihkcs ahgc tfc galluh`ty

prabcgt chdcd(

?( FGHs sit`snigtàh w`tf tfc ware an tfc galluh`ty prabcgt- `h pirt`gumir- sit`snigtàhw`tf tfc cxtcht ta wf`gf tfc`r hccds fid occh lct(

D`d tfc Zcigc Garps Zrabcgts Fcmp Zrabcgt Zirthcrs Lcct We`mm ihd Gipig`ty

Ou`md`hk Hccds1

Tfc Chkm`sf Mihkuikc Cdugitàh Zrabcgt `dcht`n`cd tfrcc autgalcs rcmitcd ta se`mm ihd gipig`tyou`md`hk wf`gf âmuhtccrs warecd tawirds igf`cv`hk w`tf gauhtcrpirts ihd ochcn`gìr`cs2

9( @lpravcd Chkm`sf mihkuikc galpctchgy ilahk studchts ihd tcigfcrs

?( @htckritàh an `htcrigt`vc tcigf`hk stritck`cs `hta gmissraals

7( Krcitcr g`v`g `hvamvclcht- pirt`gumirmy vamuhtccr`sl- oy studchts ihd tcigfcrs

Tfc prabcgt kaims naguscd ah `hd`v`duim,mcvcm gfihkcs w`tf rckirds ta tcigf`hk prigt`gc ihd

Chkm`sf mihkuikc se`mms(

N`hd`hks ah @hd`v`duim Gfihkcs

Tf`s scgtàh stirts w`tf ih avcrv`cw an gauhtcrpirts pràr prancssàhim cxpcr`chgc( @t gaht`hucsw`tf rcspahdchts nccdoige ioaut ircis `h wf`gf tfcy gfihkcd `hnarlitàh ioaut faw tfit

gfihkc aggurrcd- ihd tfc cxtcht ta wf`gf tfcy fivc occh iomc ta li`hti`h tfasc gfihkcs intcr tfc

dcpirturc an tfc âmuhtccr(


18/59


96 | Z i k c

Zràr Tcigf`hk ihd Chkm`sf Mihkuikc @hstrugtàh Cxpcr`chgc

Tfc ?> gauhtcrpirts &`(c(- ga,tcigfcrs) wfa warecd w`tf Chkm`sf Mihkuikc Cdugitàh Zrabcgt

âmuhtccrs `h Irlchì imrcidy fid s`kh`n`giht cxpcr`chgc w`tf cdugitàhim prakrils `hgmud`hk

Chkm`sf mihkuikc prakrils &scc N`kurc ?)( Imm an tfc gauhtcrpirts fid warecd is i tcigfcr-

listcr tcigfcr- gurr`gumul idv`sar- ar sgfaam idl`h`stritar nar it mcist twa ycirs- w`tf ;> pcrgchtan gauhtcrpirts fiv`hk warecd `h tfit n`cmd nar larc tfih 9: ycirs(

N`kurc ?2 Hulocr an Pcirs Gauhtcrpirts &h) Fivc [arecd `h tfc N`cmd

cspahdchts rcpartcd i tatim an 904 gfihkcs( Tfc rihkc an se`mms igqu`rcd tfraukf tfc Chkm`sf

Mihkuikc Cdugitàh Zrabcgt gih oc gitckar`zcd `h n`vc kchcrim ircis2

@h [fit [iys D`d Gauhtcrpirts &Ga,Tcigfcrs) ihd Ochcn`gìr`cs &Wtudchts)

[fa [arecd w`tf âmuhtccrs Gfihkc1

@h tfc ioschgc an diti ioaut gahd`tàhs ocnarc tfc irr`vim an tfc âmuhtccrs- gauhtcrpirts ihd

ochcn`gìr`cs wcrc isecd ta tf`he oige ta faw tfcy siw tfclscmvcs wfch tfcy stirtcd ware`hkw`tf i âmuhtccr ihd galpirc tfit ta faw tfcy gurrchtmy scc tfclscmvcs( Tfcy wcrc tfch isecd

ta rcpart ihy gfihkcs tfcy siw `h tfclscmvcs dur`hk tfit pcràd( Nar cigf gfihkc lchtàhcd- tfcgauhtcrpirts ihd ochcn`gìr`cs wcrc isecd wfctfcr tfcy v`cwcd tfc gfihkc is slimm- lcdùl- ar

mirkc- ihd tfc cxtcht ta wf`gf tfcy ittròutcd tfc gfihkcs ta tfc `htcrigtàh w`tf tfc âmuhtccr(

_

Hulocr an Pcirs _cspahdchts Fivc [arecd `h tfc N`cmd

Mcss tfih 9 ycir 9 ta ? ycirs Larc tfih ? ycirs out

mcss tfih 3 ycirs

Larc tfih 3ycirs out mcss

tfih 9: ycirs

Larc tfih 9: ycirs

Hulocr an Pcirs

Zcrgchtikcan_cspahdchts

:# :#

9?# 9?#

;>#

:# :#

94# 94#

;?#

:#

9:#

?:#

7:#

4:#

3:#

>:#

;:#

6:#

0:#

9::#

Mchktf an tlc h tfc pas`tàh an Tcigfcr!Gurr`gumul Idvsars Mchktf an tlc tcigf`hk Chkmsf


19/59


90 | Z i k c

9( @lpravcd Chkm`sf mihkuikc se`mms ihd d`nncrcht tcigf`hk lctfads &c(k(- tcil tcigf`hk-hcw lctfads ta tcigf gr`t`gim tf`he`hk- mcssah pmihh`hk- tfc usc an d`digt`g litcrìms)

`hd`v`duims

crcht ippraigfcs ihd d`vcrs`ty ilahk pcapmc- pcrgc`v`hk studchts

d`nncrchtmy- ihd vamuhtccr`sl

s apch ta tfcl

(k(- `htcrigt`vc

tcig m`sf mihkuikc) &N`kurc 7)(

rt an tfc Zcigc Garps Zrabcgt &h< 904

ihkcs)

?( Hcw galluh`gitàh se`mms- tcigf`hk ihd us`hk wr`ttch ihd spaech Chkm`sf

7( Larc prancssàhim`sl- out imsa mcss narlim`ty `h ippraigfcs ta trcit`hk studchts is

4( îmu`hk d`nn

3( Hcw rckird nar tfc`r nuturcs ihd tfc appartuh`t`c

Narty,twa pcrgcht an tfc gfihkcs rcncrrcd ta `hgrciscs `h spcg`n`g se`mms &c

f`hk) ar ehawmcdkc &c(k(- Chk

N`kurc 72 [iys Gauhtcrpirts ihd Ochcn`gìr`cs Gfihkcd W`hgc tfc Wti

gf

Wtudchts si`d tfcy fivc mcirhcd ta oc larc gahn`dcht wf`mc spcie`hk Chkm`sf- ihd `h kchcrim tfcy

rcpart tfitduc ta tfc`r cxpcr`chgc w`tf i ZG^- tfcy irc iomc ta galluh`gitc w`tf atfcr Chkm`sf,

spcie`hk narc`khcrs larc nrccmy ihd cis`my( Wtudchts imsa ki`hcd tfc se`mm ihd gahn`dchgc ta

[iys @hd`v`duims Gfihkcs W`hgc Wtirt an Zcigc Garps Wcrv`gc

:# 3# 9:# 93# ?:# ?3# 7:# 73# 4:# 43#

Wpcg`n`g ehawmcdkc ihd!ar se`mms

@hgrciscd scmngahndchgc!itt tudc

Ocfivàrs

îmucs &c(k(-firdware- d`vcrs`ty)

Gfihkc Typc

Zcrgcht an _cspahscs

4?#

?9#

?:#

9>#

9#Cxpcgtitàhs


20/59


21/59


Cxilpmcs an wiys tfit ochcn`gìr`cs &`(c(- studchts) gfihkcd is i rcsumt an

pirt`g`pitàh `h tfc TCNM prabcgt

Nar lc tfcsc gfihkcs wcrc gr`t`gim- is @ fivc gfihkcd ly dcg`sàh ioaut ly

nuturc prancssàh(

@ il pcrsahimmy vcry sit`sn`cd w`tf gfihkcs( Haw @ gih galluh`gitc w`tf

narc`khcrs cis`my(

Faw D`d We`mms Trihsncr Aggur1

Tfc last uscnum tf`hk tfit vamuhtccrs d`d wis ta nig`m`titc apch galluh`gitàh ihd `htcrigtàh(Wcvcrim rcspahdchts lchtàhcd tfc`r io`m`ty ta `htcrigt w`tf i hit`vc Chkm`sf spciecr ihd tfc

kilcs ihd atfcr `htcrigt`vc lctfads tfit âmuhtccrs uscd `h tfc`r gmissraals is tfc last

fcmpnum cmclchts an tfc galluh`ty prabcgts( Tfc pirt`g`pihts `h cxgfihkc prakrils hat ahmylchtàhcd apch galluh`gitàh- out imsa lchtàhcd tfc vimuc an kctt`hk i rcim`st`g p`gturc an

tfc Sh`tcd Wtitcs nral âmuhtccrs ihd âmuhtccrs f`kf mcvcm an cnnart ihd gahgcrh nar tfc`hd`v`duims ihd galluh`t`cs w`tf wf`gf tfcy warecd(

Gauhtcrpirts gallchts ioaut tfc last fcmpnum ispcgts an tfc TCNM prabcgt

Tfc uhscmn`sf ippraigf ta grcit`hk gfihkc ihd rcspcgt5 arkih`z`hk galpct`tàhs- Chkm`sf

kraups- tfcitrc pmiys- imsa prcscht`hk tfc Ilcr`gih m`ncstymc ihd ih imtcrhit`vc wiy an

tf`he`hk(

Igt`vc galluh`gitàh wis tfc last fcmpnum nar lc( Imsa- `t wish+t bust spcie`hk( [c

wcrc gahdugt`hk ihimyt`gim ware oy cxil`h`hk trihsmitàhs an d nncrcht iutfars( Wfc Utfcâmuhtccr\ ockih iwird`hk gcrt`n`gitcs oiscd ah ihhuim pcrnarlihgc(

?9 | Z i k c


22/59


Ihatfcr lctfad nar se`mms trihsncr tfraukf tfc Chkm`sf Mihkuikc Cdugitàh Zrabcgt wis tfc

d`rcgt tri`h`hk an gauhtcrpirts &`(c(- ga,tcigfcrs)( @h idd`tàh ta tfc Chkm`sf mihkuikc tri`h`hk tfitwis pirt an tfc prabcgt- 3? pcrgcht an gauhtcrpirts rcpartcd rcgc`v`hk gauhtcrpirt tri`h`hk ihd 4?

pcrgcht rcgc`vcd Zrabcgt Dcs`kh ihd Lihikclcht &ZDL) tri`h`hk &N`kurc 4)( Tfasc wfa

rcgc`vcd tri`h`hk si`d tfc gaurscs wcrc uscnum(

N`kurc 42 Gauhtcrpirt Tri`h`hk &h)

Gauhtcrpirts gallchts ioaut tri`h`hk uscnumhcss

[c kat igqui`htcd w`tf tfc`r Uâmuhtccrs\ ippraigfcs( Tfcy irc vcry kaim,

scce`hk ihd purpascnum ihd chtfusìst`g `h ihy h`tìt`vc( Tfc`r cxg`tclcht

ioaut tfc ippraigf wis gahtikàus(

IZGD ihd gauhtcrpirt gahncrchgcs wcrc `htcrcst`hk nar lc `h tcrls an tfc

cxgfihkc w`tf atfcr gauhtcrpirts( Tfc cxpcr`chgc lidc lc rcim`zc tfit lyprcvàus ZG^s fid dahc i kaad bao( ZDL tri`h`hk wis qu`tc uscnum(

?? | Z i k c


23/59


Arkih`zitàhim Gfihkc

Tf`s scgtàh d`sgusscs gfihkcs it tfc sgfaam ihd galluh`ty mcvcms tfit aggurrcd is i rcsumt an tfc

Zcigc Garps prabcgt(

@h [fit [iys D`d Wgfaams ihd Atfcr Zirthcr Arkih`zitàhs Gfihkc1

@h tfc ioschgc an diti ioaut gahd`tàhs ocnarc tfc irr`vim an tfc âmuhtccrs- gauhtcrpirts ihd

ochcn`gìr`cs wcrc isecd ta tf`he oige ta faw tfcy siw sgfaam ihd `ts Chkm`sf mihkuikcprakril- ihd!ar tfc mirkcr galluh`ty- wfch tfc âmuhtccr irr`vcd ihd galpirc tfit ta faw tfcy

gurrchtmy scc tfc prakril ihd!ar galluh`ty( Tfcy wcrc isecd ta rcpart ihy gfihkcs `h tfc

sgfaam- `h `ts Chkm`sf mihkuikc prakril ihd `h tfc mirkcr galluh`ty dur`hk tfit pcràd( Narcigf gfihkc lchtàhcd- tfc gauhtcrpirts ihd ochcn`gìr`cs wcrc isecd wfctfcr tfcy v`cwcd tfc

gfihkc is slimm- lcdùl- ar mirkc- ihd tfc cxtcht ta wf`gf tfcy ittròutcd tfc gfihkcs ta tfc

`htcrigtàh w`tf tfc âmuhtccr(

Avcr 90: gfihkcs wcrc rcpartcd(

W`xty,twa pcrgcht an tfc gauhtcrpirts- ochcn`gìr`cs- HKA stinn- ihd cxgfihkc imulh` si`d tfittfc`r Chkm`sf mihkuikc prakrils wcrc octtcr is i rcsumt an tfc Chkm`sf Mihkuikc Cdugitàh

Zrabcgt( C`kfty,c`kft pcrgcht an rcspahdchts si d tfit Chkm`sf mihkuikc appartuh`t`cs- sugf is

Chkm`sf mihkuikc gmuos- wcrc it mcist salcwfit octtcr( Narty,n`vc pcrgcht an tfc gfihkcslchtàhcd rcncrrcd ta gfihkcs `h tcigf`hk lctfads tfit fid occh idaptcd `h tfc gmissraal(

Lihy rcspahdchts dcsgròcd atfcr gfihkcs `htradugcd `hta tfc sgfaam- sugf is us`hk i w`dcr

rihkc an cdugitàhim litcrìms dur`hk mcssahs- sctt`hk up ih Chkm`sf mioaritary- ihd gfihkcs `htcigf`hk ippraigfcs Tfc mittcr `hgmudcd i larc apch ihd grcit`vc tcigf`hk stymc tfit

dclahstritcd krcitcr rcspcgt nar studchts tfih wis tfc harl &`hgmud`hk trcit`hk tfcl is`hd`v`duims)( Atfcr gfihkcs `hgmudcd `lpravcd Chkm`sf mihkuikc se`mms ilahk tcigfcrs ihd

`lpravcd tcigf`hk!gmissraal lihikclcht lctfads- is wcmm is `hgrciscd ehawmcdkc ioaut tfc

Sh`tcd Wtitcs &N`kurc 3)(

?7 | Z i k c


24/59


?4 | Z i k c

N`kurc 32 [iys Wgfaams ihd!ar Galluh`t`cs Gfihkcd nral tfc Wtirt an tfc Zcigc Garps Zrabcgt &h#

4#

:# 3# 9:# 93# ?:# ?3# 7:# 73# 4:# 43# 3:#

lctfads

tcigfcrs!studchts+ Chkm sf

uikc

itcrims ar gm

cst `h

sgfaam

Mcirhcd ioaut

lcrgih gumtu

Iwirchcss an hcw appartuh tcs

&c(k(- @_CV)

Gfi

Zcrgcht an rcspahscs

96#

Hcw tcigf`hk!gmissraal

@lpravclchts `h

mihk se mms

97#Hcw l isscs

?#Octtcr tcigfcr!studcht

rcmit ahsf`ps

@hgrciscd studcht htcr

Ilcrgi!I rc

c Typchk


25/59


?3 | Z i k c

D`d se`mms trihsncr mcid ta susti`hiomc arkih`zitàhim gfihkc1

W`xty,twa pcrgcht an gauhtcrpirts rcpartcd tfit tfc âmuhtccrs ware `h sgfaams wis- ar gaumd oc-

li`hti`hcd ta i mirkc cxtcht ihd 6: pcrgcht rcpartcd tfit tfc ware `h tfc galluh`ty wis- ar

gaumd oc- li`hti`hcd ta i slimm cxtcht &scc N`kurc >)(

Gauhtcrpirts &`(c(- ga,tcigfcrs) v`cws an tfc mahk, tcrl `lpigt an tfc

prabcgt

Tfc Chkm`sf mihkuikc w`mm oc larc iggcssòmc ta cvcryahc- ihd pcapmc w`mm oc

larc nil`mìr w`tf S(W( gumturc(

Litcrìms mcnt w`mm oc i vcry uscnum taam nar nurtfcr stud`cs ihd dcvcmaplcht(

@ dah+t tf`he `t w`mm fivc i mist`hk cnncgt( @t w`mm inncgt ahmy tfc tcigfcrs ihdstudchts Utfc âmuhtccr\ galluh`gitcd ihd warecd w`tf( Atfcr tcigfcrs irc

hat `htcrcstcd ihd chtfusìst`g ta galluh`gitc ihd tcigf w`tf f`l- liyoc `t+s i

nuhgtàh an tfc`r ikc(

Cxtcht ta [f`gf Zrabcgts [crc Wusti`hcd Intcr âmuhtccr Dcpirturc

?:#

#

#

;:#

6:#

0:#

Ta i s

Cxtcht Wusti`hcd

Zcrgchtikcan_cspahdchts

>?#

79#

7:#

6#

:#:#

9:#

?:#

Ta i mirkc cxtcht limm cxtcht Hat li`htihcd

6:#

4:

3:#

>:

@h sgfaams @h galluhtcs

N`kurc >2 Cxtcht ta [f`gf âmuhtccrs ware wis Wusti`hcd Intcr âmuhtccr Dcpirturc2 Irlchì


26/59


27/59


?; | Z i k c

N`kurc ;2 Wit`snigtàh w`tf Arkih`zitàhim!Galluh`ty Gfihkcs is i _csumt an tfc Zcigc Garps+ Zrabcgts

Gauhtcrpirt &h) ihd Ochcn`gìry &h


28/59


?6 | Z i k c

N`hd`hks ah Gammioaritàh w`tf tfc Zcigc Garps

H`hcty,twa pcrgcht an gauhtcrpirts ihd tfrcc aut an tfc naur stiecfamdcrs &`(c(- l`h`stry ann`gìms)

`htcrv`cwcd rcpartcd tfit tfcy wcrc sit`sn`cd ar vcry sit`sn`cd w`tf tfc mcvcm an gammioaritàh

octwcch tfc`r sgfaams ihd tfc Zcigc Garps &N`kurc 6)(

N`kurc 62 Wit`snigtàh w`tf Mcvcm an Gammioaritàh2 Gauhtcrpirt &h) ihd Wtiecfamdcr &h#

?3#

:#:#

9:#

?:#

7:#

4:#

3:#

>:#

;:#

6:#

^cry sitsn cd Witsn cd Walcwfit uhsitsn cd ^cry uhsitsn`cd

Wit`snigtàh

Zcrgc

htikcanrcspahdcht

9>#

4# 4#

?3#

3:#s

FGH Gauhtcrpirt Wtiecfamdcrs

Gauhtcrpirts dcsgr`ptàhs an gammioaritàh

Tfc gammioaritàh wis vcry pradugt`vc5 imm tfc tcigfcrs wcrc try`hk ta spcieChkm`sf( Tfc ZG^ wis imsa fcmp`hk atfcr tcigfcrs(

^cry sit`sn`cd- cspcgìmmy w`tf rcspcgt ta ba`ht ware ilahk tfc tcigfcrs ihd tfc

`htradugtàh an gammioarit`vc lctfads an tcigf`hk(


29/59


?0 | Z i k c

D`d FGH Tf`he tfit Tfc`r Hccds [crc Lct

C`kfty,twa pcrgcht an gauhtcrpirts `hd`gitcd tfit tfc Zcigc Garps prabcgts lct tfc`r sgfaams

hccds( Oatf an tfc HKA stinn lclocrs wfa rcspahdcd si`d tfit tfc prabcgt lct tfc`r

arkih`zitàhs hccds galpmctcmy ar ta i mirkc cxtcht( I mige an tcgfh`gim cqu`plcht ihd d`digt`g

litcrìms wcrc tfc li`h uhlct hccds( _cspahdchts wcrc mcss ehawmcdkciomc ioaut tfc dckrcc tawf`gf galluh`ty hccds fid occh lct( Narty,twa pcrgcht an rcspahdchts d`d hat ehaw wfctfcr

galluh`ty hccds wcrc lct ihd ahmy 73 pcrgcht si`d tfit hccds wcrc lct galpmctcmy ar ta i

mirkc cxtcht &scc N`kurc 0)(

N`kurc 02 Cxtcht ta [f`gf tfc Chkm`sf Mihkuikc Cdugitàh Zrabcgt Lct Gauhtcrpirts &h) ihd HKA stinn

Hccds &h:#

6:#

9?:#

_cspahdcht dacs hat

ehaw

Galpmctcmy lct hccds Lct hccds ta i mirkc

cxtcht

Lct hccds ta i mltcd

cxtcht

D`d hat lcct hccds

Dckrcc ta [f`gf Hccds wcrc Lct

Zcrgchtan_cspahdchts

9::#9::#

Wgfaams+ hccds Galluhtcs+ hccds HKA+s hccds


30/59


7: | Z i k c

H`hcty,scvch pcrgcht an gauhtcrpirts rcpartcd tfit is i rcsumt an tfc`r cxpcr`chgcs- tfc`r ap`hàh

an tfc Zcigc Garps wis pas`t`vc &scc N`kurc 9:)(

N`kurc 9:2 Gauhtcrpirts Avcrimm Ap`hàh an Zcigc Garps!Irlchì &h)

Wuppart ihd Oirr`crs ta Zrabcgt Zcrnarlihgc

[fch isecd ioaut idv`gc nar atfcr s`tcs tfit pmihhcd ta `lpmclcht i s`l`mir prabcgt- gauhtcrpirtsgallchtcd tfit sgfaams sfaumd oc rcidy ta gammioaritc- ware fird- ihd oc nmcxòmc(

Tfc li`h nigtars gahtròut`hk ta prabcgt suggcss- rcpartcd oy ochcn`gìr`cs ihd gauhtcrpirts-

wcrc2

9( Tcilware ihd gaard`hitàh

?( Zcrscvcrihgc an sgfaam stinn ihd âmuhtccrs

7( Fiv`hk iggcss ta i hit`vc Chkm`sf spciecr

4( Wuppart nral tfc sgfaam idl`h`stritàh

_cspahdchts+ Avcrimm Ap`hàh an Zcigc Garps

64#

97#

7#

^cry Zas`tvc Walcwfit Zas t vc Hc tfcr Zas`tvc har Hckitvc


31/59


32/59


7? | Z i k c

Zrc,@lpmclchtitàh Zrcpiritàh2 Ahmy ?6 pcrgcht an gauhtcrpirts rcpartcd tfit tfcy fid c`tfcri salcwfit ar vcry gmcir uhdcrstihd`hk an wfit tfc prabcgt waumd da ocnarc `t ockih &scc N`kurc

99)(

N`kurc 992 Gauhtcrpirts Ap`hàh an Zrc,`lpmclchtitàh Zrabcgt Gmir`ty2 Irlchì &h)

[fch isecd ioaut tfc ois`s nar tfc`r uhdcrstihd`hk- gauhtcrpirts lchtàhcd tfit tfcy wcrc

rcmy`hk ah tfc`r cxpcr`chgcs w`tf pràr âmuhtccrs( [fch tfcy wcrc isecd wfit sgfaams sfaumdda ta prcpirc nar âmuhtccrs- dcvcmap`hk ihd galluh`git`hk i gmcir purpasc nar tfc prabcgt wis

tfc li`h samutàh prapascd(

(

Gauhtcrpirts gallchts ioaut prc,`lpmclchtitàh prcpiritàh

Oiscd ah ly prcvàus cxpcr`chgc w`tf ZG^s nral tfc PLGI- @ ehcw tfit @

sfaumdht fivc taa f`kf mcvcm an cxpcgtitàh( @ rcim`zcd tfit tfc gauhtcrpirtsfaumd suppart ihd d`rcgt f`l `hstcid an wi`t`hk nar tfc ZG^ ta da salctf`hk(

[c d`dh+t fivc i gmcir uhdcrstihd`hk- out wcrc vcry apt`l`st`g ioaut tf`s

appartuh`ty

Gmir`ty an Shdcrstihd`hk it Zrabcgt Wtirt

:#

3#

9:#

93#

?:#

?3#

7:#

73#

^cry gmcir uhdcrstihd`hk Walcwfit gmcir uhdcrstihd`hk Walcwfit uhgmcir uhdcrstihdhk ^cry uhgmcir uhdcrstihdhk

Mcvcm an Shdcrstihd`hk

Zcrgchtikcan_

cspahdchts

9?#

9>#

7?#

4:#4:#

43#


33/59


77 | Z i k c

Zmihh`hk nar susti`hio`m`ty2 Tfc last nrcquchtmy g`tcd rcisah ta cxpmi`h wfy `t wis fird ta

li`hti`h tfc prabcgt wis i mige an mcidcrsf`p suppart &73 pcrgcht)- ihd nar ahc HKA stinnlclocr- `t wis i mige an se`mmcd stinn &N`kurc 9?)(

N`kurc 9?2 Nigtars tfit @lpcdcd Wusti`hio`m`ty an Zrabcgt Gfihkcs2 Irlchì

h

f tcigf`hk prakril ihd tfc tcxtoaaes- out i ZGâcs hat fivc ihy `hnmuchgc it tfit mcvcm(

c

t fivc t`lc tamiy kilcs &`htcrigt`vc tcigf`hk lctfads) dur`hk mcssahs &GDZN- pikc ??)(

wfit

sa gallchtcd tfit tfcy waumd mèc ta

ivc gaht`huaus âmuhtccr suppart avcr suggcss`vc ycirs(

Tfc Irlchìh rcscirgf tcil gallchtcd tfit tfcrc wcrc strugturim oirr`crs ta prabcgtsusti`hio`m`ty( @h salc s`tcs- tfcrc wcrc g`rgulstihgcs tfit lidc tfc ZG^s ware d`nn`gumt- &c(k(-

sgfaam idl`h`stritàh ar firsf galpct`tàh octwcch sgfaams tfit lidc tfc`r gammioaritàhm`l`tcd() Tfrcc ZG^s lchtàhcd tfit s`hgc tfc Chkm`sf mihkuikc prakril fid occh ippravcd oy

tfc Kavcrhlcht an Irlchì- `t wis d`nn`gumt ta lad`ny tfc prakril( Ahc ZG^ si`d- Tfcrc `s i

clcrk`hk hccd ta gfihkc tfc hitàhim Chkm`sd

Walc an tfc gauhtcrpirts imsa lchtàhcd gahnm`gt octwcch tfc Kavcrhlchts Chkm`sf mihkuikprakril ihd tfc hcw lctfads ihd ippraigfcs oraukft oy âmuhtccrs( Imm tf`s `s kaad intcr

gmisscs- out hat dur`hk tfc gmisscs- ahc ZG^ si`d( Ly gauhtcrpirt siys tfc Kavcrhlcht an

Irlchì prakril `s taa r`gf ihd galpm`gitcd ihd `hnarlit`vc5 tfus tfcy da hap

Ilauht an t`lc dcd`gitcd ta Chkm`sf mihkuikc prakrill`hk!tcigf`hk2 [fch isecd

tfcy waumd gfihkc ioaut tfc prabcgt- oatf gauhtcrpirts ihd ochcn`gìr`cs lchtàhcd tfc`hidcquitc ilauht an t`lc ivi`miomc nar mcirh`hk( _cspahdchts si`d tfit tfcy wihtcd mahkcr ihd

larc nrcqucht scss ahs ihd gmuo lcct`hks( Gauhtcrpirts im

f

Nigtars tfit Lidc `t D`nn`gum t ta Li`hti`h TCNM Zrabcgt Gfihkcs `h Zirthcr Arkih`zitàhs ihd

Galluh`t`cs

Atfcr ssucs taae prar ty

:# 9:# ?:# 7:# 4:# 3:# >:#

Mige an Mcidcrsf`p suppart

Mige an suppart nral Tcigfcrs

Mige an se mmcd stinn

Mige an mcidcrsf`p

Mige an nuhd`hk

Nigtars

Zcrgcht an rcspahdchts

Wgfaams HKAs Galluhtcs


34/59


35/59

GFIZTC_ 42 KAIM T[A N@HD@HKW

Tf`s scgtàh iddrcsscs faw ihd ta wfit cxtcht âmuhtccrs pralatcd i octtcr uhdcrstihd`hk an

Ilcr`gihs ilahk tfc FGHs w`tf wfal tfcy m`vcd ihd warecd( Tfc scgtàh ock`hs w`tf i

dcsgr`ptàh an wfit Irlchìhs tfaukft ioaut Ilcr`gihs pràr ta ware`hk w`tf i âmuhtccr ihd

faw tfcy igqu`rcd tfit `hnarlitàh( Tfc scgtàh gaht`hucs w`tf i dcsgr`pt ah an faw lugf ihd`h wfit wiys Irlchìhs `htcrigtcd w`tf âmuhtccrs ihd gahgmudcs w`tf tfc`r ap`hàhs an

Ilcr`gihs intcr `htcrigt`hk w`tf âmuhtccrs(

Faw D`d Irlchìhs Aoti`h @hnarlitàh ioaut Ilcr`gihs Zràr ta

@htcrigt`hk w`tf i âmuhtccr1

Imm FGHs- cxgmud`hk l`h`stry ann`gìms- wcrc isecd `n tfcy fid rcgc`vcd `hnarlitàh ioaut

Ilcr`gihs pràr ta `htcrigt`hk w`tf tfc âmuhtccrs( Imm out ahc an tfc 64 rcspahdchts rcpartcdtfit tfcy fid salc pràr ehawmcdkc an Ilcr`gihs(

Tfc last nrcquchtmy lchtàhcd saurgcs an `hnarlitàh wcrc tcmcv`sàh ihd lav`cs- w`tf >;pcrgcht an tfc gauhtcrpirts ihd fast nil`my lclocrs lchtàh`hk tfasc is saurgcs &N`kurc 94)(

W`xty,tfrcc pcrgcht an gauhtcrpirts- ochcn`gìr`cs- HKA stinn- ihd cxgfihkc imulh` lchtàhcd

sgfaams is tfc scgahd last nrcqucht saurgc an `hnarlitàh( Gahvcrsitàhs ilahk nr`chds ihdnil`my wcrc tfc scgahd last nrcquchtmy lchtàhcd saurgc oy 34 pcrgcht an fast nil`my lclocrs(

C`kftcch pcrgcht an gauhtcrpirts lchtàhcd tfc @htcrhct is i saurgc an `hnarlitàh ioaut

Ilcr`gihs(

N`kurc 942 Waurgc an @hnarlitàh ioaut Ilcr`gihs Zràr ta @htcrigt`hk w`tf i âmuhtccr2 Irlchì


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GFIZTC_42 KAIM T[A N@HD@HKW

70 | Z i k c

C`kfty,tfrcc pcrgcht an fast nil`my lclocrs ritcd tfc`r rcmitàhsf`ps w`tf tfc âmuhtccrs tfcy

fastcd is pas`t`vc `h hiturc( Narty,n`vc pcrgcht rcpartcd tfit tfcy wcrc vcry gmasc ihd tfaukft antfc âmuhtccr is nil`my( Fawcvcr- 9; pcrgcht an fast nil`my lclocrs ritcd tfc`r rcmitàhsf`ps

w`tf tfc âmuhtccrs tfcy fastcd is hat vcry gmasc it imm &scc N`kurc 9>)(

N`kurc 9>2 Fast Nil`my _it`hk an Tfc`r _cmitàhsf`p w`tf tfc âmuhtccr2 Irlchì &h


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Fast nil`my lclocrs ap`hàhs an Ilcr`gihs rcli`hcd l`xcd( Wcvcrim rcpartcd mcirh`hk tfitIlcr`gihs wcrc mcss irrakiht ihd mcss firdta,pmcisc tfih tfcy prcvàusmy tfaukft- wf`mc atfcrs

li`hti`hcd tfc`r v`cws tfit Ilcr`gihs wcrc taa `hnarlim- `mm,ocfivcd- ihd gamd( Duc ta tfc slimm

hulocr an HKA stinn ihd l`h`stry ann`gìms- ihd tfc`r cxtchs`vc prcvàus cxpcr`chgc w`tf

Ilcr`gihs- tfc`r rcspahscs rcnmcgtcd m`ttmc gfihkc(

[fit gauhtcrpirts rcpartcd mcirh`hk ioaut Ilcr`gihs nral `htcrigt`hk

w`tf i âmuhtccr2

U@\ fid salc gahgcrhs tfit Ilcr`gihs irc d`nn`gumt- out siw tfit tfcy irc

vcry tamcriht( @n @ wcrc l`stiech- @ waumd `llcdìtcmy kct fcmp( ^cry cisy,

ka`hk pcapmc(

Tfcy irc gammioarit`vc- iomc ta m`stch ihd k`vc idv`gc- rcidy ta fcmp(

ULy ap`hàh fis\ lastmy stiycd tfc silc( @ ehcw tfcl qu`tc wcmm( Tfc ahmytf`hk @ d`sgavcrcd nar lyscmn `s tfit tfcy irc nr`chdmy(

Ly itt`tudcs tawird tfcl ocgilc larc pas`t`vc( Lihy an tfc`r fio`ts gih oc

idaptcd( Tfcy irc vcry pit`cht ihd scmn,rcstri`hcd( @ rcim`zcd tfit @ gahnuscd

tfc tfaraukfhcss w`tf gamdhcss(

[fit ochcn`gìr`cs rcpartcd mcirh`hk ioaut Ilcr`gihs nral `htcrigt`hk

w`tf i âmuhtccr2

Fc wis e`hd ihd ittcht`vc ta atfcrs- i gfccrnum pcrsah( Haw @ fivc ta

narl ih ap`hàh ioaut Ilcr`gihs oiscd ah f`s cxilpmc- out @ tf`he

pcapmc mèc f`l irc rirc `h Ilcr`gi( Fc ehaws faw ta ocfivc ((( fc

wis yautfnum w`tf gf`mdrch- ihd liturc w`tf tfc idumts(

Tfcrc irc tf`hks ioaut tfcl @ dah+t mèc2 tfcy irc salct`lcs avcrmy

nrcc5 out tfcrc irc imsa pas`t`vc tf`hks mèc oc`hk kchcraus- rcspcgtnum

ihd pitràt`g(

Tfcy da hat d`nncr lugf nral us- ihd tfcy irc hat tfit oid5 tfcy irc

s`lpmc pcapmc- cisy,ka`hk- `htcmmcgtuim(

^cry pam`tc ihd nr`chdmy( ^cry cxigt`hk `h ware rcmitàhs- ihd vcry

nr`chdmy auts`dc tfc sgfaam( Tfcy irc fird warecrs( Tfcy fivc i

l`h`lim`st ippraigf ta m`nc(

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46 | Z i k c

Wcmn`sf &3: pcrgcht)

N`kurc ?:2 Zas`t`vc Tcrls Wpahtihcausmy Sscd ta Dcsgròc Ilcr`gihs2 Irlchì

Wpahtihcausmy Sscd Zas`t`vc Tcrls ta Dcsgròc Ilcr`gihs

:# 9:# ?:# 7:# 4:# 3:# >:# ;:# 6:# 0:# 9::#

Lat vitcd ar gall`ttcd ta f`s ar fcr ware

Firdware`hk

Nr`chdmy

Nil my ar`chtcd

[ mm hk ta ware takctfcr &tcil ware)

Wtrahk tcgfh`gim se mms

Gir`hk itt tudc tawirds tfc galluh`ty

_cmìomc

E`hd

Wapf`st`gitcd

Trustwartfy

Zam`tc

Trcit lch ihd walch cquimmy

Apch l`hdcd

Liturc

Fahcst

Ocm cvc tfcy gih liec i d`nncrchgc `h tfc warmd

W

Zrav`dc cquim ty nar pcapmc nral rigìm!ctfh`g l`har`ty kraups

Zrav`dc cquim ty nar pcapmc nral rcm kàus l`har`ty kraups

Zrav`dc cquim ty nar pcapmc w`tf d`sio m t cs

Tcrl

Zcrgcht an _cspahdchts

Wcmn rcmìht

agìm schs`t v`ty ar grass,gumturim iwirchcss

Kchcraus


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40 | Z i k c

N`kurc ?92 Hckit`vc Tcrls Wpahtihcausmy Sscd ta Dcsgròc Ilcr`gihs2 Irlchì

Mcssahs Mcirhcd _ckird`hk Kaim Twa Zcrnarlihgc

Tfc nammaw`hk irc ircis tfit past stinn liy wiht ta cxpmarc nurtfcr `h ardcr ta dctcrl`hc `n tfchd`hks rcnmcgt w`dcsprcid `ssucs ihd- `n sa- faw ocst ta iddrcss tfcl(hd`hks rcnmcgt w`dcsprcid `ssucs ihd- `n sa- faw ocst ta iddrcss tfcl(n`

@lprav`hk `htcrpcrsahim rcmitàhsf`ps2 Imtfaukf fast nil`my lclocrs `hd`gitcd tfit tfcy

girr`cd aut i rihkc an igt`v`t`cs takctfcr- 9; pcrgcht rcspahdcd tfit tfcy wcrc hat it imm gmasc w`tftfc âmuhtccr tfcy fastcd( @h idd`tàh- tfcrc wcrc scvcrim gallchts ioaut tfc pcrsahim fio`ts

ihd gmcihm`hcss an tfc âmuhtccrs- is wcmm is i mige an `htcrcst `h `htcrigt`hk ah tfc pirt an tfcâmuhtccr( Ihatfcr- passòmy larc gahgcrh`hk- ispcgt an `htcrpcrsahim rcmitàhsf`ps `s rcnmcgtcd

`h tfc gallcht oy ih HKA stinn lclocr rckird`hk wfit fc rclclocrcd last ioaut ware`hk

w`tf tfc âmuhtccr( Wpcg`n`gimmy- f`s pcrgcptàh wis tfit tfc âmuhtccr wis irrakiht ihd maaecdawh ah Irlchìh wiys an da`hk tf`hks wf`gf rcdugcd tfc cnncgt`vchcss an f`s ware(

@lprav`hk `htcrpcrsahim rcmitàhsf`ps2 Imtfaukf fast nil`my lclocrs `hd`gitcd tfit tfcy

girr`cd aut i rihkc an igt`v`t`cs takctfcr- 9; pcrgcht rcspahdcd tfit tfcy wcrc hat it imm gmasc w`tftfc âmuhtccr tfcy fastcd( @h idd`tàh- tfcrc wcrc scvcrim gallchts ioaut tfc pcrsahim fio`ts

ihd gmcihm`hcss an tfc âmuhtccrs- is wcmm is i mige an `htcrcst `h `htcrigt`hk ah tfc pirt an tfcâmuhtccr( Ihatfcr- passòmy larc gahgcrh`hk- ispcgt an `htcrpcrsahim rcmitàhsf`ps `s rcnmcgtcd

`h tfc gallcht oy ih HKA stinn lclocr rckird`hk wfit fc rclclocrcd last ioaut ware`hk

w`tf tfc âmuhtccr( Wpcg`n`gimmy- f`s pcrgcptàh wis tfit tfc âmuhtccr wis irrakiht ihd maaecdawh ah Irlchìh wiys an da`hk tf`hks wf`gf rcdugcd tfc cnncgt`vchcss an f`s ware(dd

I dcgrcisc `h ap`hàh an Ilcr`gihs intcr fast`hk i âmuhtccr2 Naurtcch pcrgcht an fast

nil`my lclocrs rcpartcd tfit tfc`r ap`hàh an Ilcr`gihs ocgilc larc hckit`vc is i rcsumt anfc`r `htcrigtàhs w`tf i âmuhtccr(

I dcgrcisc `h ap`hàh an Ilcr`gihs intcr fast`hk i âmuhtccr2 Naurtcch pcrgcht an fast

nil`my lclocrs rcpartcd tfit tfc`r ap`hàh an Ilcr`gihs ocgilc larc hckit`vc is i rcsumt anfc`r `htcrigtàhs w`tf i âmuhtccr(tt

M`l`tcd mcirh`hk2 Tfc li`h tfclc `h rcspahdchts d`sgussàh an wfit tfcy mcirhcd wis tfcIlcr`gihs ware ctf`g( Ahmy 7? pcrgcht an rcspahdchts `hd`gitcd tfit tfcy mcirhcd ioaut di`my

`nc `h Ilcr`gi ihd 4? pcrgcht mcirhcd ioaut Ilcr`gih gustals(

M`l`tcd mcirh`hk2 Tfc li`h tfclc `h rcspahdchts d`sgussàh an wfit tfcy mcirhcd wis tfcIlcr`gihs ware ctf`g( Ahmy 7? pcrgcht an rcspahdchts `hd`gitcd tfit tfcy mcirhcd ioaut di`my

`nc `h Ilcr`gi ihd 4? pcrgcht mcirhcd ioaut Ilcr`gih gustals(mm

Wpahtihcausmy Sscd Hckit`vc Tcrls ta Dcsgròc Ilcr`gihs

>3#

36#

3:#

73#

??#

?:#

96#

96#

:#

:# 9:# ?:# 7:# 4:# 3:# >:# ;:# 6:# 0:# 9::#

Shsapfstgitcd

@hdvduimmy archtcd

Wcmn`sf

Shnrchdmy

Mizy

Zrcbudgcd!gmascd lhdcd

Dsfahcst

@lpamtc

Grucm

Tcrl

Zcrgcht an rcspahdchts

:#

:#

Migecd gallah schsc

Shrcmiomc


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IZZCHD@V 92 LCTFADAMAKP

34 | Z i k c

Oiscd ah tfc m`st an ?4 ZG^s- atfcr tirkct kraups wcrc `dcht`n`cd ta oc `htcrv`cwcd( Nar cigf

âmuhtccr- `htcrv`cws wcrc ta oc gahdugtcd w`tf ih FGH gauhtcrpirt- i s`tc rcprcschtit`vc- iochcn`gìry- ih imulh`- ihd i fast nil`my lclocr( Naur ar n`vc `htcrv`cws wcrc pmihhcd ta oc

gahdugtcd w`tf pirthcr kavcrhlchtim ann`gìms is wcmm( Tfc tiomc ocmaw sfaws tfc pmihhcd

silpmc an rcspahdcht kraups- is wcmm is tfc igtuim `htcrv`cws gahdugtcd(

Tiomc ?2 D`stròutàh an _cspahdcht Kraups2 Zmihhcd ihd Igtuim Wilpmc

Zmihhcd @htcrv`cws @lpmclchtcd @htcrv`cws

FGH Gauhtcrpirt- W`tc

_cprcschtit`vc?4 ?>

FGH HKA 9 ?

FGH Ochcn`gìry ?4 ?9

FGH Fast Nil`my Lclocr ?4 ?4

FGH Imulh` 9? 0

ZG^ 99 99

FGH Atfcr Wtiec,famdcrs 4,3 4

@h tatim- 0; rcspahdchts wcrc `hd`v`duimmy `htcrv`cwcd dur`hk tfc survcy( Tfc pmihhcd rcspahdcht

kraups ihd tfc igtuim d`stròutàh `h pcrgchtikcs irc prcschtcd `h tfc gfirts ocmaw(

N`kurc ?72 Zmihhcd ihd igtuim d`stròutàh an `htcrv`cws oy rcspahdcht kraups

@h idd`tàh- nagus kraups wcrc `h`tìmmy pmihhcd is ih aptàh nar scmcgtcd stiecfamdcrs ihd

ochcn`gìr`cs( Tfc purpasc wis ta sullir`zc tfc `hnarlitàh gammcgtcd ihd ta kct idd`tàhimgmir`n`gitàh ihd `hnarlitàh ah scmcgtcd qucstàhs( Fawcvcr- tfc `hnarlitàh gammcgtcd tfraukf

`htcrv`cws wis galprcfchs`vc chaukf ta rcigf tfc hcgcssiry gahgmusàhs ihd rcgallchditàhs(Tfcrcnarc- gahdugt`hk tfc nagus kraups wis gahs`dcrcd cxgcss`vc nar tfc cvimuitàh(

_cspahsc _itc

FGH Gauhtcrpirt- W tc

_cprcschtitvc

FGH HKA

FGH Ochcn gìry

FGH Fast Nilmy Lclocr

FGH Imulh

ZG^

FGH Atfcr Wtiec,famdcrs

Wurvcy _cspahdcht Kraups

?;#99#

4#, Igtuim

?#

??#?3#

0#

Wur

9#

?4#?4#

9?#

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?7#99#

3#


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Tfc igtuim rcspahsc ritc wis 0> pcrgcht- 0; rcspahdchts aut an 9:9 pirt`g`pitcd `h tfc survcy

tfraukf `hd`v`duim `htcrv`cws(

_cspahdcht Kraups

Tf`s scgtàh prav`dcs i or`cn avcrv`cw an cigf rcspahdcht kraup `htcrv`cwcd( Tfc `hnarlitàhki`hcd wis fcmpnum `h ardcr ta `htcrprct tfc survcy n`hd`hks is wcmm is ta kchcritc tfc gahgmusàhs

ihd rcgallchditàhs(

FGH Gauhtcrpirts

Tf`s kraup `hgmudcd sgfaam oiscd gauhtcrpirts2tcil tcigfcrs- sgfaam idl`h`stritars- tcigfcr

supcrv`sars(

Aut an ?> FGH gauhtcrpirts `htcrv`cwcd- ?? wcrc

Chkm`sf mihkuikc tcigfcrs ihd 4 wcrc sgfaamidl`h`stritars ar tcigfcr supcrv`sars( [f`mc imm

tfc Chkm`sf tcigfcrs `htcrv`cwcd wcrc ann`gìm arhah,ann`gìm gauhtcrpirts an tfc ZG^s tfcy fid

d`nncrcht cxpcr`chgcs ware`hk w`tf i ZG^ ihd tfcsc irc cmioaritcd `h tfc n`hd`hks scgtàh an tf`s

rcpart( Tfc rcmit`vc cxpcr`chgc an tfc tcigfcrs `htcrv`cwcd `s prcschtcd `h tfc gfirt( Imm tfcsgfaam idl`h`stritars `htcrv`cwcd fid cxtchs`vc `htcrigtàh w`tf ZG^s ihd tfus gahtròutcd ta

tf`s survcy oy sfir`hk iggulumitcd cxpcr`chgc ihd prav`d`hk nccdoige(

N`kurc ?42 @htcrv`cwcd Gauhtcrpirts Tcigf`hk

Cxpcr`chgc9

FGH Ochcn`gìr`cs

N`kurc ?32 @htcrv`cwcd Ochcn`gìr`cs oy TypcTf`s kraup `hgmudcd ochcn`gìr`cs an Zcigc Garps

prabcgts2 studchts an gmisscs tiukft oy ZG^s- is

wcmm is ittchdccs it gilps( Avcrimm- ?9

ochcn`gìr`cs wcrc `htcrv`cwcd dur`hk tfc survcy(Twchty,naur pcrgcht an tfc `htcrv`cwcd

ochcn`gìr`cs wcrc uh`vcrs`ty studchts- 3 pcrgcht

ochcn`gìr`cs `htcrv`cwcd wcrc scgahdiry sgfaamstudchts(

Avcrimm- tfc `hnarlitàh iggulumitcd nral tfcochcn`gìr`cs prav`dcd galprcfchs`vc diti ah tfc

qucstàhs d`sgusscd(

Imulh`

Tf`s kraup gahs`stcd an imulh` an S(W(,spahsarcd cxgfihkc prakrils sugf is NMCV- SKrid-

ihd Luse`c( Avcrimm- imm 0 rcspahdchts `htcrv`cwcd prav`dcd `htcrcst`hk nccdoige nral viràuspcrspcgt`vcs2 3 imulh` fid cxpcr`chgc ware`hk w`tf tfrcc ar larc ZG^s- tfus tfc `hnarlitàh

prav`dcd gavcrcd i oraidcr cxpcr`chgc an ware`hk w`tf Zcigc Garps- ritfcr tfih bust Chkm`sf

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Mihkuikc Cdugitàh Zrabcgt âmuhtccrs( Tfc cvimuitàh tcil gahs`dcrcd tf`s nigt wfch

ihimyz`hk tfc survcy diti(

Hah,Kavcrhlchtim Arkih`zitàhs

Twa HKAs w`tf cxtchs`vc cxpcr`chgc ware`hk w`tf âmuhtccrs `h tfc`r rckàhs wcrc`htcrv`cwcd( Ahc an tfc HKAs `htcrv`cwcd fid cxpcr`chgcd ware`hk w`tf tfrcc âmuhtccrs ihd

tfc atfcr w`tf 9: âmuhtccrs( W`l`mir ta tfc Imulh` kraup- tfc rcspahdchts fid d`nn`gumt`cs

sckrckit`hk tfc iggulumitcd cxpcr`chgc- ihd tfus- last an tfc `hnarlitàh prav`dcd gavcrs tfc`ravcrimm cxpcr`chgc an ware`hk w`tf Zcigc Garps ihd âmuhtccrs(

Fast Nil`my Lclocrs

Twchty,naur fast nil`my rcprcschtit`vcs wcrc `htcrv`cwcd it tfc silpmc s`tcs( N`nty,c`kft pcrgcht

an tfc rcspahdchts w`tf`h tf`s kraup wcrc nclimc&fast latfcrs- fast s`stcrs)( Twchty,ahc pcrgcht an

tfc `htcrv`cwcd nil`m`cs gahs`stcd an twa lclocrs

&tfc slimmcst fauscfamd galpas`tàh)- ihd tfc ?0pcrgcht wcrc s`x,lclocr fauscfamds &tfc mirkcst)(Tfc spcg`n`gs an fauscfamd galpas`tàh &`(c( hulocr

an nil`my lclocrs- ctg() wcrc gahs`dcrcd wfch tfc

cvimuitàh tcil `htcrprctcd tfc diti(

Wtiecfamdcrs

Naur stiecfamdcr rcprcschtit`vcs wcrc `htcrv`cwcd-

tfrcc an wfal wcrc ann`gìms nral tfc L`h`stry an

Cdugitàh ihd Wg`chgc- ihd ahc nral tfc Hitàhim @hst`tutc an Cdugitàh( Tfc `hnarlitàh

kchcritcd nral tfc libar stiecfamdcr kraups `htcrv`cwcd `s `htckritcd `hta tfc survcy n`hd`hks(

N`kurc ?>2 ZG^s Kchdcr D`stròutàh

Ilahk Fast Nil`my Lclocrs @htcrv`cwcd

Zcigc Garps âmuhtccrs

Imm cmcvch `h,gauhtry Chkm`sf Mihkuikc Cdugitàh Zrabcgt âmuhtccrs wcrc `htcrv`cwcd w`tf`h

tfc survcy pcràd2 twa an tfcl irc nral I,97- ahc nral I,94- s`x nral I,93 ihd twa nral tfcI,9> kraup an Chkm`sf Mihkuikc Cdugitàh Zrabcgt âmuhtccrs( [f`mc ZG^s an kraups I97,I93

prav`dcd s`kh`n`giht gahtròutàhs `h tcrls an diti prav`sàh- âmuhtccrs an kraup I,9> fid spcht

ahmy i lahtf `h tfc`r s`tcs oy tfc `htcrv`cw pcràd- tfus oc`hk `h tfc stikc an kctt`hk nil`mìr w`tf

tfc hcw chv`rahlcht- tfcy wcrc hat vcry `hvamvcd `h spcg`n`g igt`v`t`cs `h tfc sgfaams ihdgalluh`ty( Imm tfc âmuhtccrs wcrc vcry fcmpnum `h nig`m`tit`hk galluh`gitàhs w`tf tfc FGHs

`h tfc`r s`tcs(

3> | Z i k c


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Cvimuitàh Tcil

Tfc Cvimuitàh Tcil gahs`stcd an Wchàr _cscirgfcr Rf`riyr Cd`myih ihd twa magim `htcrv`cwcrs-

Titcvè Lirkiryih ihd Dìhi Tcr,Wtcpihyih( Tfc magim `htcrv`cwcrs wcrc rcspahsòmc nar

gahdugt`hk `htcrv`cws w`tf tfc li`h ochcn`gìry kraups- is wcmm is chtcr`hk diti `hta tfc ahm`hc

systcl- DitWtit( Tfcy imsa pirt`g`pitcd `h diti ihimys`s ihd tfc dcvcmaplcht an cvimuitàhrcgallchditàhs( Tfc schàr rcscirgfcr supcrv`scd tfc n`cmd `htcrv`cws ihd gahdugtcd

`htcrv`cws w`tf ecy stiecfamdcrs( Oatf tfc diti ihimys`s ihd tfc dcvcmaplcht an tfc survcy

rcparts wcrc nig`m`titcd oy tfc schàr rcscirgfcr(

Cvimuitàh M`l`titàhs

Tfc nammaw`hk cvimuitàh m`l`titàhs wcrc `hfcrcht `h tfc study dcs`kh- ihd wcrc gahs`dcrcd

wfch tfc cvimuitàh tcil wis `htcrprct`hk tfc Wurvcy rcsumts2

Oìs duc ta rcspahdchts lclary ar w`mm`hkhcss ta rcpart2 Ta tfc cxtcht passòmc- tfc

`htcrv`cw diti kitfcrcd wis galpircd ta ZG^s rcspahscs rckird`hk tfc cxtcht ta wf`gfâmuhtccrs tf`he tfcy fcmpcd FGHs ta ki`h i octtcr uhdcrstihd`hk an Ilcr`gihs( [fcrc

passòmc- rcspahdchts `hnarlitàh ioaut faw ihd wfctfcr tfcy tf`he tfit tfc ZG^ inncgtcd tfc`ruhdcrstihd`hk an Ilcr`gihs ihd atfcrs wis galpircd w`tf`h suokraups an rcmitcd rcspahdchts

ihd cxil`hcd nar trchds(

Lcisurclcht an oraid gahgcpts2 Tfc gahgcpts an lcct`hk fast gauhtrys hccds ihd pralat`hk

i octtcr uhdcrstihd`hk an Ilcr`gihs irc sa oraid tfit tfcy da hat fivc stihdird dcn`h`tàhs(

Nurtfcr- tfcrc irc ha uh`vcrsimmy iggcptcd vim`d ihd rcmìomc lcisurcs an tfcsc gahgcpts( Is ircsumt- tfc diti kitfcrcd tfraukf tfcsc `htcrv`cws `s cxpmaritary ritfcr tfih gahn`rlitary(

Lcisur`hk sfart tcrl autgalcs2 Gfihkcs `h itt`tudcs- ehawmcdkc- ihd iwirchcss irc typ`gimmy

sfart tcrl prabcgt autgalcs( Gfihkcs `h ocfivàrs ihd prigt`gcs liy oc `htcrlcdìtc autgalcs(

Tfcsc `htcrv`cws lidc `t passòmc ta kitfcr `hnarlitàh ioaut itt`tudc- iwirchcss- ihd

ehawmcdkc gfihkcs &`(c(- sfart tcrl autgalcs) rcmitcd ta oatf stritck`g kaims( [fcrc passòmc-scgahdiry diti- `hgmud`hk prabcgt rcgards- wis uscd ta galp`mc `hnarlitàh ioaut mahk tcrl

gipig`ty ou`md`hk autgalcs(

@h idd`tàh- tfc nammaw`hk tcgfh`gim m`l`titàhs fivc imsa occh rcvcimcd dur`hk tfc prcpiritàh-

n`cmd ware- ihd diti ihimys`s stikcs ihd sfaumd oc gahs`dcrcd iggard`hkmy2

Zratagam n`him`zitàh ihd idbustlcht2 @h iggardihgc w`tf tfc tri`h`hk an rcscirgfcrs ihd

gahtrigt gahd`tàhs- tfc cvimuitàh tcil wis ta rcgc`vc tfc drint `htcrv`cw pratagams- ihd

trihsmitc ihd idbust tfcl nar imm tfc rcspahdcht kraups &tfc ahmy pratagam drintcd oy tfc GDZNwis ahc nar stiecfamdcr `htcrv`cws)( Tfc galluh`gitàh ihd hckatìtàh pragcsscs wcrc girr`cd

aut w`tf salc d`nn`gumt`cs ihd sunncrcd nral s`kh`n`giht dcmiys iggard`hk ta tfc `h`tìmmy

dcvcmapcd survcy t`lcm`hcs- oatf an wf`gf giuscd idd`tàhim dcmiys `h `lpmclcht`hk tfc atfcr

pmihhcd igt`v`t`cs- `hgmud`hk n`cmd ware ihd diti ihimys`s( Ihatfcr tcgfh`gim praomcl wis tfitduc ta tfc vamulc an pratagams- tfc diti ihimys`s taae larc t`lc tfih wis `h`tìmmy pmihhcd(

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Peace Corps Host Country Impact Study Armenia