Peace Researcher Vol1 Issue08 1985

8/9/2019 Peace Researcher Vol1 Issue08 1985

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RCRearch Joul o the Nz. Nucer Fr ZoneComttee P.O Box 3 Chschurc

NUCLEAR SUBMRNE

o 8 985

COMUN CTONESTED ON THE CE

he accomanyng atice by Robet didge and

Wiam Whste aeges that a civiian eeach stationin the ntactic has been used o a numbe o yeaso miitay eseach on vey ow equency adiocommunications I the mitay use can be ovenbeyond doubt a notsosime tas in the a eacheso the ice the act o mitay eseach woud e aseious indictment o nited States ntactic oeations It woud ove deibeate mecan vioation othe ntactic eaty

In June at the time o the midwinte suydos at McMudo he diecto o the NationaScience Foundation ivision o Poa Pogams DPete Winiss, visited Chistchuch n item n the

oca ess quoted D Winiss as saying tht the Siestation woud be oened this summe hat is thestation havng the LF acity o conce to didgeand hise We wote to D Winiss in ate uneand aed two sime questions Is the Sie acitysticty o civiian eseach? Is the aiity used osbmaine mmniatns?

he esonse ame bac about a month ate omthe head o the inomation section, not om DWiniss Cuiousy the questions wee not answeedwith sime denias as one might exect om aciviian agency whose eutation might be at staehey dodged diect answes and instead said theoowing he S ntactic Pogam is conductedin u omiance with the inies o the

ntactic eaty, and thee is absoutey no eseacho othe activity o a cassiied natue invoved

So we tied again In ugust we wote bac toNSF and eeated the same two questions Weemhasized that we wanted diect answes to hequestions and we aso mentioned the obvious hatjl b (h i n ssed does not meanthat it is not ecy eevant to miitay aicationsWe eceived a twosentence e in which we weeeeed bac to evious coesondence No answeswee othcomng

Ou inteetation o the couse o his nvestigation to date in combination with the oowing aticeis hat thee is much to be conceed about at Sie

he eseach station is suoted by th civian Nationa Science Foundation via Oeation DeeFeeze based at Chistchuch he NSF is tying tavoid answeng dicut questions about an metye aciit simia to that ejected by New Zeaand15 yeas ago

-/ "

- Bob Leord

"\ G

I

\\

H M I ANTRCTCASiple Station S

Critical to developing U .S First Strike Capability


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WSTLE fROM SPCE TO TRGGER TDENT

By Robt Alddg and lliam Whistl

Of the hundreds of human-made satellites spinninabout the earth, over threequarters are for militarypurposes. But the soclled "ciilian spacecraft oten

hae military utility Such may be the case with anexperiment which egan when a mihty roar split thepredawn hours o Aust 3, 1981 Delta rocketlited off from Vandenber Air Base in Califoiacarryin two Dynamic Explorer satellites into orbit ostensibly to monitor auroral processes But aprominent aeropace journal reealed that 'onesatellite also will participate in tests in which anntarctic-based trnsmitter w send a pwerfulsinal into the manetosphere, forcin chanes in thespace enironment that will be detected by the spacecraft oer the equator at the time What is notapparent is that this experiment may be tunin afuture triger er to re Trident misiles fromsubmered submarines The rt strike nature oftheseweapons could make this the sinal that touchesoff World Wr I Let us look closer at what led tothi experime d th miliar ir bhd it

radii they are from the earths center measuredthrouh the equator This manetic eld of the Vanlen radiation belt is now called the manetospherewhich extends out about nine earth radii

Circularly polarized VLF radio waes calledwhistlers will follow the manetic lines whch meetthe earth at the transmitters location) as if they wereduct tubes When broadcas a whistle will traelalon the ux line in to the manetosphere and thenback down to a correspondin point in the oppositehemisphere That is how the nnapoli signal waspicked up at Cape Horn The more extreme north orsouth the radio wae source is locted, the farther outinto space their maetic duct will o

It has been discoered that VLF radio waes(Fi ) traelin in the whistler mode are amplied athousand or more times throu interaction with thespiralin protons in the same manetic duct tube Inaddition inestiators hae found that pulsin VLFtransmitters at n ultra-ow frequency (ULF) rate

Durin the 1950s an interestin phenomenon wasobsered he Naal Communcations Station atnapolis Maryland broadcast a ery low frequency(VLF) radio sinal that was picked up at Cape Howay down in the southern hemisphere Closer atten- 0ti! J other signs transmitted in theVL nd rom one hemspere were receied in theer

Fiure 1Frequency bands:

ULF .ELF

3 3000Frequency (Cycles per Second

VLF,

30000

In 958 a Geiercounter in Explorer, Americasrst tellite discoered the Va len radiation beltcomposed of protons and electrons trapped in adouhnuthaped pattern about the equator Theechared particles are blown n by the solar windwhch reache reatest ntenity durin slar areThs wind is composed of chared particles and ases ionized hydroen and other atoms, or protons which reach hundreds of thousands of dereestemperature and are accelerated to me than amlion miles per hour by the tremendous maneticelds from the sun spots

When the particles, particularly the protons,ske te eaths manetic eld hey are forced into acorkscrew moton about the line of ux eneratinmlions of electron olts which play in importntrole i such eophysica actiities as auroras andcommunications blackouts Bt thee spiralinpn a also the means by which radio waes canbe ampifed and new waes of a different nature canbe enerated

he earths manetic eld is gaphicaly ilustratedas cured northsouth lines of ux throuh spacewhich contact the earth near the poles i 2 llustra

tin)The closer to the poles they touch the farther

out in to space they cue It can therefore bedeteined where ux lines of a ien altitude willmeet the earth Thes imainary lines are identiedby numbers which correspond to the number of earth

that is in the neighborhood of one pulse per second creates a new radio inal in the ULF band of 02to 3 cycles per second This new ULF we is in turnamplied by cclotron resonance with these hih enery protons The spiralin protons most likely toenerate uch a wae are trapped in the radiation belbetween the ltitudes of 26 and apprximately 6earth radii The new ULF wae then traels bothnorth and south alon field lines until it reaches theionosphere a shell of chared particls extendinfrom approximately 60 to about 1250 mles abethe earth While passin throuh the F2 F 1 E and Dlayers of the ionosphere the ULF wae spreads outto coer much f the earths surface FJ F ,Fi F 6)

To inestiate this phenomenon the NationlScience Foundation sponsored Stanford Uniersitysradisciece laboratory in settin up a tansmitter atByrd Station ntarctica in 1965 20-mile lonantenna was laid out on the ice Transissions fromthat location howeer went up oer 7 earth radii andthus missed the concentration of spiralin protonswhich produce the best results The induced ULFwae wa ery weak

In 1969 with the help of the US Nay, thestation was moed to Siple where the trnsmittedwhistlers would trael lon a ux line passin


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_Iited Way

.6 hI 8 9,//waves

" - Fi 2 . -:

Ionohere- starts a aprox 60 mes titude an extensto bot 150 miles altite.

Trae roton bt i Magtohere extens from 2.6arox. 6 earthradii above the ntre of the erth rejecte

Nmbers next to earth's magneti edie inicate teumber of erthraii aoe the enter of the rt ht ec

lne roses te uator,

thrug the c'enterNavy-furnished transmitter was installed and a double superconducting magnetometers placed on the oean(dipole) 13mile long antenna was laid out on a thck oor It is expected that UF waves wll penetrateice sheet The first experiment commenced early in seawater to more than. thousan feet deep1973 and demonstrated a denite relationship Why the Navy interested F when t hopesbetween pulsed VF . signals and generated F

to construct a 7280 cycle per scond extreme low waves In 197 a stroger and more. versatie trans frequency (ELF) transmttg antenna n Micganmtter was fuished y te 'avy Sjple is no the

and WCOn for submarne communication? nemost powerful station in the world capable of trn" reason could be that the EF system has d siffnttg at the ver bottm of the VF band pubc opposton But I addton, F ns of

The S Navys nterest in VFUF interaction one cycle per second or less have much better aterappears to run eeper than loaning equipment and penetratng capabilties At a thousand foot epth itprovdng support forces In 1973 the Naval Research would be ke stenmg to a large truck rather than aabortory used its utler Maine cmmunications whisper An IEEE research eport states that frcenter to broadcast VF whistlers into the magnet receivers at (appoximatel ,foot) dept, whospher Ft results were disappointing but taking

may well be rasonable for foreseeable sumarinenote of Sple s apparent success wit pulsed signas tenology t advantage woud be nely 70the Naval lab changed to that mode More promising decibels .." 2results then occrred but

not as good as Siples Thr ar als imes whn EF ignas hav aecuse of lattudnal location differences dcult me ettg through at all Several hours of

F apparentl appeals to the Navy as a means of early morning null have been periodicaly expriencedcommunicating with submarines After a newly at the Wsconin EF test transmtter These disturgenerated F sgna reaches down to he ionosphere bances

seem to occur for several das followng

t fans out parallel to the earths surface for thousands magnetc storms durng the condtions when VFof miles. During the Cutler, Maine tests there wee hslers have te best chnce of generating ULF

magnetometers (magnetic sensors to pick up U sgns It epected that a nuclear war environment waves) placed in various locations to determine the would create milar problems The above metoned

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4 A WmSTLE FROM SPACE T TRGER TRDENT


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'

600

: 600

D

ig 6

EWER DUCT

Ductn and Stikn the Ea: The fast P Alfven waveis hen ded hOrIontaly he region above the on-sphere's E ayer with little attenation. The wave impeson the ionosphere at arge distanes rom the generatm point ome energy passes throgh the ower ionosphere tobe dced horizontaly between the ionosphere and theearth n striking he oans srfae hs lL wave

penetrate roghy 10 times deeper than the generanVL wave

5

L_______Ocean surfcIN DENSY

BIRC NOTES:

ROBERT ALDRIDGE an aerospace engineer, wasa design specialist on Trident mssiles t LockheedHe resied that position in 1973 in protest toTrident's rst strke capability and is now engaged inpve rsearch aimed at better public understndingof milita programs He i the author of First StreThe Pentagon's Stte for Nulear War (BostonSouth End Press; 1983)

WILLIAM WHISTLER an electrical ngnr andformer desgner of radar and satelite antennas iscurren tly employed by the Unersity of PennslaaHe has written aticles on precision trackng antennadeign and holds two ptent on microwae dicesHe has been actie in resisting the nuclear as raesnce regning fom eneral Electc 198 protest to ther nucar wa-ingcontbuo

THE NAPIER GEODETI SATELLITE TRMINAL (197-19)

New Zeaan's secet

contiution

to impoe IBM accuacy

by Keit Brgess

InoductionIn July 1975 Prime Minister Bill Rowling made a

genera ublic accouncement that the New ZealandGovement had approved a joint project with theUnited States n carrying out a satellite observationprograme. The announcement emphasised themajor urpose of the project - experiments aimed atdemontating the efulne o atellitebornealtmets for measurig the geometry of the oceanurface nd mprong cientific caibration sstemsIt poe o the role of the Nationa Aeronautics andSpace Administration (NASA) and the intended

cientific applications of data to be gathered fromthe experimentsThe nnouncement however made no mention of

the fac that the S Defence Mapping Agency(DMA) wa to play a major art in the programme

and that ciilian taff belonging to that US mlitaragency were t be stationed in New Zeaand for thepurpose of monitoring the experiments.

Nor was an mention made ofthe milita applcation to which data rultng from the expementswould be put including the ue of data for theenhancement f the accuracy of the Poseidon andTrident SLBMs (Submarine Launched BaticMissiles) - approximately a 100t enhancement of

the Trident accuracy representing a sigicantadance in the counterfore capability of the missleToday the New Zealand Ministry of Defence and

Department of Lands and Surey prefer to stresstheir decritions of the joint New Zealand/Unid


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E States project, the value of the data in standardgeodetic and mappg terms The pure ilitary roleof the DMA is ignored, as are the mlitary ses towhich data gathered from he experiments were putNAPR, V.S. SATELLTE DPPLER STAONN 304

he geodetic stellit ermnal kown as te V;Dler station No. 30448 was established Auust1975 at a point just north of the Hawkes Bay Airportat Napier This point is recorded on a Lands andSuvey ofice plan as GEOS3 and GEOS3 No 2referring to two of the epeiments ndetake thereJust prior to the commencement of the prorammeportable telemet equipment to be used for theexperiments arrived under diplomatic pouch Atabout the same time civilian staff employed by theV.S. Defence Mappng Agency arrived to set u theequipment A bulding owned by the New ZealandPost Ofce and close to the site was taken over bythe DMA staff for a peppercrn rental of $1According to information provded by the Depart

mnt of Lands ad Survey and cnfmed by DMA,te station a apir was operated betwee uust175 an January 78 in support of the GEOS3(e oynamics Experimental Ocean SatellitePrect . The same station was occuied by DMApersonne an oerated for the period JuneOctober1978 n port o the SEASAT (Sea Sateteprgramme.

Stationsteketch(spledbyDMJ.

Lands and Survey Department in Christchurch at thetime, Mr RA Innes, the two nne to ten oot towersone a reiver and one a transmitter) to be used hadto be manned whenever the satellites were overheadFor his reason a site near a town was sought and theNapier site selected as the least remote

The ork undertaken at Npier between 1975 and178 was part of a NASA observation programme forM to demonstrate the utility of a satelliteborneradar ltimeter The programme required he locationof Doppler tracing he telemetry equipment atpeciic locations to fill gaps in the existing NASAtrag-and telemtry etworks to provide a wodwide nework he purpose of he Napier termwas to faclitate coverage n the Southen Hemisphere

The satellites used were GEOS3 (9751978) andSEASA T 978

Although, to put things perspective, Napier wasjust-one of frt sites spread er eighte ountris used to cmplete the experiments, it was portantthat at all times the satellites involved remained inthe line of siht' The nearest sites tQ Ne\ Zealandwere positioned at Melbourne and Easter

Island.Te Napier terminl, then, functiondas a "ita -

the experimensThe Napier termal was operated by ivilan saf

of te Unted States DMA Station ocupationreport reveal tat the tw- personnel invoed wer{solely responsile fr perating and overseeing theterminal during the nt lent of te proaeTH DEFENS MAPPIG AGENY

The VS Defense Mapping Agency whch acknow

,_ . ledges its partiipatio n the GES3 andSESAJ experimets at Nape is als-cand ab6its overall

, I tmilitary esponsiblities within the Vited States

Defense establishmen tX . The DMA's annual report for 1984 states that its efforts must be directed toards maintaining and, increasng the accuracy and currency of militar!_'_ _-- _: ' systems and that its work encompasses the develop. Tf'.Ii" f1 ment of new and improved operational weapon- . systems with increased accuracies faster speedsX: longr ranges, better penetration capabilities' ThisI aptly describesthe natur ofthe Msorkand thex integral part it plays in developng the nitedStates offensivenuclear weapon systems The scal 1984 DMA report states also that the

HAv T largest segment of the DMA production effort is"1 dedicated to strateic systems including all. elementsf the TRIAD. DMA is supporting land and offshore" l ( graviy data acquisition efforts for testing andI t ) operational deploment ofthe TRIDENT II) O4 irectr of the DMA, Vice Admiral Shannon D. Cramer J., said at the hearings before the Senaters 1 Committee on apropriations for fiscal 7, in his,_.: -._x - descriptio,n_3 [ sgle major weapons sstem that does not have its

To m,r h;9wy effectivenss pedicated on th skll and expertise of--;:--;---_- the8,000 peoplewthinDMA'.Besdes Napier. two other sites were be ing con- But th most significant revelation i that set of

sidered byNASA immediately afer application had hearings was DMA's request for $2.1 million tobeen made to thNewZealand Government.These rembur theNational AeronauticsandSpace Ad-were the D.S.IR s fel staon at SlopePot near istration (NASA) for increased satelite radarInvercargl,

thouhtto be the most lkely ste at the a!timet data acquisiion handlg anddistribution.

me by Pme Mster Bill Rolg, and alongde 'his includes, he report goes on, an extenon oHgheld Road Co:tenay, Malvern County nea the Geodyncs Experimental Ocean SateteChstchurch. Accordg to the hIefSuveyor ofth (GEOS-3) mssion for an additional sx monhs tQ


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The Napier geodetic satellite teminal in hindsightwas another Mt John or another Omega Obviouslydata gathered from Napier by DMA cannot beretieved, but we can demand with this disclosuremore frankness from our Government and a closeexamination in future of other proposed jointrojects before they go ead

SATELTE OBSVAO" POGAMM 22/388 Pre tatement, Prme Miniter' Office 23rd u 19759 The anai of GOS3 Altietr data n he Taman and

Coral ea, Nover 1977 G Space igtCenter

10 Hearis Senate Committee on Aeronaut and SpaceScience, ca 3 NASA authoriation

Earlier this yer experiments were recommenced 11. Hearngs before Senate Commttee on appropriation,y NSA o duplicate and exnd radar altimeter 77, Part 3 Operation and Maintenanceexperiments orignally undertakenwithin the GEOS-3 12. Cisurch StaIl l th of August 1975 Trackng Sieand SEASAT pogrammes. A recently released report rejof the VS. Defense Marketing Serice (DMS) says thenew experiments are part o an ongoig and extensiveeffort required to reduce all error sources restrictngthe accurac of Submarine Launched BallisticMisiles This time arund ustralia has beeninvolved again having been ased o provide an Orionairra for surveillance urposes The Governmentthere has consened to the reuest although there has been open public debate n pariament on the natureof the project

Whether New Zeland would ave been' aske toprvide assistance if the current rft over the nuclearwarshi ban ad not developed i open to questionThe experiments are exected to ave completed thedata acquisition stage y April 1986 so that there islittle chance that New Zealad gt e ted orwould consent to become involved

However such experments are execte to be on-going in order to rene, and refie again, data tatwould enance ICBM and SLBM accuracy PeceRece will monitor future experiments Inparticular we will be looking for announcementsabut the planned future use of ortable geodetic

st n n Ne Zealand1 The portable telemet uipment u at the Napieratelite terminal wa comprid of a telemetr recever andrecrder a goceiver ad antennThe ece wa a Doppl

radio tracking dvce The Dopper aki and tlemtrpment operate a completely pae mode e. opler qupment ten to a precie ociator ignal frte GEOS- nd SASA atelite a compare t agaian nternal oclator of he ame frquenc a the telit

boe ocatorThe dference in frequenc rereent heDoppler hft which would have been recorded on paper tapeand tranmitted to the applied phic laborator of JohnHopkn Univerit At he laborato thee data would hae mbed th te daa from a man a 40 Dtrag taon locatd in eighteen different countrie to

pruc prece poiion ordnae f th ete2 The SASAI as had on oard a pree radar atimeterwit ignifintl better performance than previou itrumntORC1 Letter from New Zealand Mitr of Defence to eac

Reechr 2th Augut, 1985Letter from New Zealand Department of Land andSure to eace Rercher 4th of Apr 1985

2 Letter from the United State Deene Mapping Agencand accompann mater 25h A1985.

3 SP Yeboo 19844 Aviaton Week and Space Thnol Dec 12th 1977

Jul 3rd 1978 Oct l l th 1978 Ju 10 1978 Apri7th 1975 Apr 28th 1975

5 Atronauticand Aeronautic, Vol16 No6, June 1978.6 Defene Mappng Agenc Annual eprt ica 84.

7 New Zeaand MoD Memo from JF oberton Secretato the Secretar of oren Afar on TA

13 Unted State Defene Maketng Srv repor onGodeticGeophical Satellite June 1985

Tasmani.et liktMy

DmoratCANBE. - T utallan Dmrat havclaImd at Autrala belplng t a lUwch ik Ih bCOlrQven1

sil ' b Dmocrt okman o nuclariue, Senator ndyterday ballngd eefence Mtr, rBezle to demi purpo 01 t Qa lll - buS ed o amana - l toncrea te accurc oumarn18unc4 nuclr mU

Mr Bale announcdl8$t wek tat Autralawould ot !lg by pa Orlon orrolor t xt fotngc wl cc% tb rfor mace 01 t e US

navy's Gt ,tellit.Th alrcrat wll iyrmSle in Victoria ovr anrea sut of Tmniand isradig otwave

height. wlndspeed ndgravittional fied wbchecked aginst 1_m $telile

ntr Se d:"e li to collc grtlnldata ab he Erbwhicb will Increas tbccuracy of sUbmarDlunced bstic m

le, n prcular trldt ml TbTridnt 1 imerly toavyversln01tbe\1-

d"X . da collct

from t Trdent mile t wi al l or IbeMX," Sn-or Q d

Documents

Peace Researcher Vol1 Issue08 1985