Peace, Security, Conflicts and Wars

8/4/2019 Peace, Security, Conflicts and Wars

1/18

INTERNATIONAL

SECURITY, CONFLICTSAND WARS

INTERNATIONAL

SECURITY, CONFLICTSAND WARS


2/18

THEORETICAL

PERSPECTIVES ON WARSAND CONFLICTS

THEORETICAL

PERSPECTIVES ON WARSAND CONFLICTS


3/18

REALISMREALISM Human being is driven by an urgent need to maintain or

extend his power.

Main characteristic of the international system

is the struggle for power, war.

History is the story of the returning classes of great

powers.

What to do; to establish a balance of power

Human being is driven by an urgent need to maintain or

extend his power.

Main characteristic of the international system

is the struggle for power, war.

History is the story of the returning classes of great

powers.

What to do; to establish a balance of power


4/18

Neo-Realism:

A. Defensive Neo-Realism => states do notstrive for a maximum of power; they focus onmaintaining their status quo.

A. Offensive Neo-Realism => states strive fora maximum of power and are constantly tryingto extend their power

Neo-Realism:

A. Defensive Neo-Realism => states do notstrive for a maximum of power; they focus onmaintaining their status quo.

A. Offensive Neo-Realism => states strive fora maximum of power and are constantly tryingto extend their power


5/18

IDEALISM:(Idealists,Internationalists, Liberalists,

Utopians

IDEALISM:(Idealists,Internationalists, Liberalists,

UtopiansThere is basic goodness in people.

Goodness is possible

Good forms of organization arepossible both domestically and

internationallyThere may be bad (conflictual)behaviour but this can be changed by

better organization and education

There is basic goodness in people.

Goodness is possible

Good forms of organization arepossible both domestically and

internationallyThere may be bad (conflictual)behaviour but this can be changed by

better organization and education


6/18

Human beings are capable of learning and

living in harmony with others. The main characteristic of the international

system are cooperation and interdependence

among states. History is a progressive process, war is

obsolete.

What to do: international organizations,laws, adherence to democracy.

Human beings are capable of learning and

living in harmony with others. The main characteristic of the international

system are cooperation and interdependence

among states. History is a progressive process, war is

obsolete.

What to do: international organizations,laws, adherence to democracy.


7/18

PERPETUAL PEACE:PERPETUAL PEACE: In democracies, the citizens decide whether there will be

a war or not. There wont be a war. They are not willingto start such a bad game.

A league/alliance of peace, (international organization)

Right to international hospitality (international free

trade)

In democracies, the citizens decide whether there will be

a war or not. There wont be a war. They are not willingto start such a bad game.

A league/alliance of peace, (international organization)

Right to international hospitality (international free

trade)


8/18

CONFLICT OR

COOPERATION?

CONFLICT OR

COOPERATION?

THE THREE PROMINENT

VISIONS OR PERSPECTIVESON THE PROSPECTS OF

HOW THE WORLD ORDERWOULD LIKE IN THEFUTURE

THE THREE PROMINENT

VISIONS OR PERSPECTIVESON THE PROSPECTS OF

HOW THE WORLD ORDERWOULD LIKE IN THEFUTURE


9/18

Francis Fukuyama in The End of

History and the Last Man

Francis Fukuyama in The End of

History and the Last Man

His main point was that "liberal democracy

remains the only coherent political aspiration

that spans different regions and culturesacross the globe," but he recognized that

illiberal politics and conflict would persist for

some time in the developing world, which

remains "stuck in history."

Manifestation: when the Berlin Wall fell.

His main point was that "liberal democracy

remains the only coherent political aspiration

that spans different regions and culturesacross the globe," but he recognized that

illiberal politics and conflict would persist for

some time in the developing world, which

remains "stuck in history."

Manifestation: when the Berlin Wall fell.


10/18

Fukuyama's vision of the final modern consensuson democracy and capitalism, the globalization of

Western liberalism, and the "homogenization of allhuman societies," driven by technology and wealth.

Fukuyama de-emphasized mainstream liberalism's

focus on materialism and justice by stressing "thestruggle for recognition," the spiritual quest forhuman dignity and equality (or sometimes forsuperiority), as a crucial ingredient in the

transformation.

Fukuyama's vision of the final modern consensuson democracy and capitalism, the globalization of

Western liberalism, and the "homogenization of allhuman societies," driven by technology and wealth.

Fukuyama de-emphasized mainstream liberalism's

focus on materialism and justice by stressing "thestruggle for recognition," the spiritual quest forhuman dignity and equality (or sometimes forsuperiority), as a crucial ingredient in the

transformation.


11/18

Fukuyama captured the drama of the West's

final unification, a momentous consolidation

of liberalism on a grand scale and a world-shaping development even if the Western

model does not prove universal.

Fukuyama captured the drama of the West's

final unification, a momentous consolidation

of liberalism on a grand scale and a world-shaping development even if the Western

model does not prove universal.


12/18

Samuel Huntington in The Clash of

Civilizations

Samuel Huntington in The Clash of

Civilizations

The world was unifying economically and

technologically but not socially. "The forces of

integration in the world are real and are precisely

what are generating counterforces of culturalassertion," he wrote. The West would remain

dominant for some time but was beginning a

gradual decline relative to other civilizations,

especially those in Asia. The biggest cleavage inworld politics would be between the civilizations of

the West and "the rest."

The world was unifying economically and

technologically but not socially. "The forces of

integration in the world are real and are precisely

what are generating counterforces of culturalassertion," he wrote. The West would remain

dominant for some time but was beginning a

gradual decline relative to other civilizations,

especially those in Asia. The biggest cleavage inworld politics would be between the civilizations of

the West and "the rest."


13/18

Huntington's main point was that

modernization is not the same aswesternization. Foreigners' participation in

Western consumer culture does not mean

that they accept Western values, such associal pluralism, the rule of law, the

separation of church and state,

representative government, or individualism.

Huntington's main point was that

modernization is not the same aswesternization. Foreigners' participation in

Western consumer culture does not mean

that they accept Western values, such associal pluralism, the rule of law, the

separation of church and state,

representative government, or individualism.


14/18

Western belief in the universality of Western

culture suffers three problems: it is false; it is

immoral; and it is dangerous." Spreading Westernvalues does not promote peace but provokes

resistance: "If non-Western societies are once

again to be shaped by Western culture, it will

happen only as a result of the expansion,

deployment, and impact of Western power.

Imperialism is the necessary logical consequence

of universalism." The wiser alternative, he argued,is to accept that "the security of the world requires

acceptance of global multiculturality."

Western belief in the universality of Western

culture suffers three problems: it is false; it is

immoral; and it is dangerous." Spreading Westernvalues does not promote peace but provokes

resistance: "If non-Western societies are once

again to be shaped by Western culture, it will

happen only as a result of the expansion,

deployment, and impact of Western power.

Imperialism is the necessary logical consequence

of universalism." The wiser alternative, he argued,is to accept that "the security of the world requires

acceptance of global multiculturality."


15/18

To avoid escalating conflict between

civilizations requires rejecting universalism,

respecting the legitimacy of non-Westerncultures, and, most of all, refraining from

intervention in the conflicts of non-Western

civilizations. Staying out, Huntington wrote,

"is the first requirement of peace."

Manifestation: when 9/11 happened.

To avoid escalating conflict between

civilizations requires rejecting universalism,

respecting the legitimacy of non-Westerncultures, and, most of all, refraining from

intervention in the conflicts of non-Western

civilizations. Staying out, Huntington wrote,

"is the first requirement of peace."

Manifestation: when 9/11 happened.


16/18

Huntington, too, accepted much of realism, since in his view,civilizational struggle is still played out in large part among

the "core states" in each culture. He also agreed that theChina question could not be resolved by Davos-styleliberalism's solution -- engagement through internationalinstitutions -- and instead required the United States to makea clearheaded choice between accepting Chinese

hegemony in Asia and engineering a military coalition toblock it. Huntington also believed deeply in the liberal valuescelebrated as the end of history and argued forstrengthening them within the West; he simply believed theworld has other vibrant histories, too. In the end, with a big

discount for the limitations of any grand theory, Huntington'scombination of radical diagnosis and conservativeprescription is the most trenchant message of the three.

Huntington, too, accepted much of realism, since in his view,civilizational struggle is still played out in large part among

the "core states" in each culture. He also agreed that theChina question could not be resolved by Davos-styleliberalism's solution -- engagement through internationalinstitutions -- and instead required the United States to makea clearheaded choice between accepting Chinese

hegemony in Asia and engineering a military coalition toblock it. Huntington also believed deeply in the liberal valuescelebrated as the end of history and argued forstrengthening them within the West; he simply believed theworld has other vibrant histories, too. In the end, with a big

discount for the limitations of any grand theory, Huntington'scombination of radical diagnosis and conservativeprescription is the most trenchant message of the three.


17/18

John Mearsheimer in The Tragedy

of Great Power Politics

John Mearsheimer in The Tragedy

of Great Power Politics

International life would continue to be the brutalcompetition for power it had always been. Hecharacterized the competition as tragic becausecountries end in conflict not out of malevolence but

despite their desire for peace. In the absence of aworld government to enforce rights, they find itimpossible to trust one another, and simply strivingfor security drives them to seek control of their

environment and thus dominance. If peace is to last,it will have to be fashioned from a stable balance ofpower, not the spread of nice ideas. In short, there isnothing really new about the new world.

International life would continue to be the brutalcompetition for power it had always been. Hecharacterized the competition as tragic becausecountries end in conflict not out of malevolence but

despite their desire for peace. In the absence of aworld government to enforce rights, they find itimpossible to trust one another, and simply strivingfor security drives them to seek control of their

environment and thus dominance. If peace is to last,it will have to be fashioned from a stable balance ofpower, not the spread of nice ideas. In short, there isnothing really new about the new world.


18/18

He claimed the revival of traditional conflicts would

soon make everyone nostalgic for the simplicity

and stability of the Cold War The theory falls out of favor whenever peace

breaks out, but it keeps coming back because

peace never proves permanent. Mearsheimer's

vision is especially telling because it is an extremeversion of realism that does not see any benign

actors in the system and assumes that all great

powers seek hegemony: "There are no status quo

powers . . . save for the occasional hegemon thatwants to maintain its dominating position."

Manifestation: the prospect of full blown of power

of China

He claimed the revival of traditional conflicts would

soon make everyone nostalgic for the simplicity

and stability of the Cold War

The theory falls out of favor whenever peace

breaks out, but it keeps coming back because

peace never proves permanent. Mearsheimer's

vision is especially telling because it is an extremeversion of realism that does not see any benign

actors in the system and assumes that all great

powers seek hegemony: "There are no status quo

powers . . . save for the occasional hegemon thatwants to maintain its dominating position."

Manifestation: the prospect of full blown of power

of China

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Peace, Security, Conflicts and Wars