Working hour and success1

Natsune Otsuki

Jan. 29/2015

Work hard and you will be successful; Comparison of different working hours between

different countries and cultural beliefs that support the difference.

Working hour and success2

Abstract

When looking at image of people about American dream, very easily people are likely to find story about a homeless person becoming a multi-million earning entrepreneur. How do people perceive success and how is being successful defined? Success today is defined as “the accomplishment of an aim or purpose” in Oxford English dictionary. However this term can be understood very differently from different individuals as a result of experiencing cultural norms and social situations, and kind of supports people get from government. There is interaction of cultural norm of capitalism that makes up people’s perception of labor. Particularly, media reputation in luxury based image association of living on an American dream really shapes today’s meaning of success in America.

Working hour and success3

The Winner Takes Everything

Kevin O'Leary

says, “This is a great

thing because it inspires

everybody, gets them

motivation to look up to

the 1% and say, ‘I want

to become one of those

people, I’m going to

fight hard to get up to

the top.’ This is fantastic news, and of course I applaud it. What can be wrong with this?”

to the report Oxfam that “The world’s 85 richest people is equal to the 3.5 billion poorest

people.” Does this tell about a country called United States of America in any degree? Does

this idea of capitalism where “winner takes all” attitude tells about who we are in this

society and shapes our belief of work? As you look everywhere in America, we are taught

to work hard and stay ambitious, and it will eventually take us to the road of success.

Working hour and success4

Started from the bottom now we are here

In fact, there are people who “started from the bottom” 1 everywhere in the U.S.

When looking at image of American dream, very easily people are likely to find story about

a homeless person becoming a multimillion earning entrepreneur. For example, Oprah

Winfrey is a very famous entrepreneur who founded Harpo Productions Inc., in 1986. Her

short version of biography which was written in Entrepreneur blog magazine in 2008

describes her difficult childhood and suffering from poverty. She experienced being in a

poor neighborhood, and extreme poverty for herself, also sexual abuse by her teenage

relative and her mother’s boyfriend at the age of nine. She however, overcame her

difficulties as a child to becoming a powerful woman entrepreneur on her own talk show.

Her life story encouraged people who had the same struggles as her to overcome their

problems and become successful. Oprah’s fascinating story certainly influences people to

have the motivation to achieve higher goals. People are willing to work twice as hard to be

successful after hearing an American success story like hers.

American Success Addiction

While the story of Oprah Winfrey is quite impressive, what does it exactly mean for

people to be successful? In the today’s society, success is defined as “the accomplishment

of an aim or purpose” in Oxford English dictionary. However, this term has different

meanings towards different people, as a result of experiencing cultural norms, social

situations, and kind of supports people get from government.

1The lyric from the American hip hop artist Drake. It is named “Started from the bottom” .Whole lyric is about experience of the singer going through his poor time to “the top” in which is drawn as becoming financially wealthy and having a lot of luxuries.

Working hour and success5

Okulicz-Kozaryn (2011), the author of the scholarly article “Europeans Work to

Live and Americans Live to Work” is an assistant professor at the State University of New

Jersey. The article says that Americans tend to work more than Europeans for economic

and cultural reasons. To begin with, American idea of success is more closely drawn with

hard working than European sense of having a successful life. One of the main reasons is

that capitalistic Americans get paid more as they work longer hours while socialistic

Europeans do not depend on their work hours so much in terms of amount of benefit they

get from long hour working. People in European countries typically have better social care

such as health and medical care, and security such as cheap education provided by the

governments. Culturally speaking, Protestant ethic 2 is also seemed to be able to explain the

phenomenon. While Protestant ethic is well remained in the U.S.A., it has been banished in

European culture where people are less careful about status like Americans who have such

thing called American dream. Instead, people in Europe values more leisure. As a result,

Americans prefer to work more while Europeans prefer leisure.

Work Hard, Become Rich

Are all of these American dream related things putting too much pressure on

American people to become “successful”? The answer is yes. The article “Not Enough

Time” from American Economist3 written by Daniel Selim Hamermesh who is a U.S.

economist, teaching at the Foundations of Economics at the University of Texas at Austin,

2 “The Protestant work ethic (or the Puritan work ethic) is a concept in theology, sociology, economics and history which emphasizes hard work, frugality and diligence as a constant display of a person's salvation in the Christian faith, in contrast to the focus upon religious attendance, confession, and ceremonial sacrament in the Catholic tradition. - The phrase was initially coined in 1904–5 by Max Weber in his book The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism.” ( Wikipedia)3 “The American Economist is a refereed journal published by the International Honor Society in Economics”

Working hour and success6

and researching at the National Bureau of Economic Research, and the Institute for the

Future of Labor (IZA).claims that, out of the 10 listed wealthiest world countries namely

Australia, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Japan, Netherland, Sweden, U.K and the

U.S., Japan was listed as the top hardest working country with 2126 annually working

hours of average while the rest of the country did not reach 1900 yet in 1979. Americas’

average hours was 1829 which is still more than Netherlands with 1556 hours, Denmark

with 1636 hours, Sweden with 1530 hours and almost the same hours with the other listed

countries. Today, U.S. is the hardest working country of all countries listed above. The

average number of hours worked in U.S. today is 1790 hours which is 45 hours more than

the crazy hard working country of 1979, Japan. The article categorized work into four

different categories. First, is paid work, second, is house work, third is personal activities

described in socially and biologically, such as, eating, sex, and raising kids, and lastly,

spend time on habits such as, reading books and watching TV. As a result, Americans’

spend most of their time working as in, making money, and less time for house work and

leisure comparing to Germany, Italy, and U.K.

Average number of unused vacation days for

full-time employees

According to analysis of SHRM, “Overall,

61% of organizations report that employees have an

average of 3 or more unused vacation days each

year.” The survey was conducted to randomly selected SHRM member originations with

paid vacation benefit. This bar graph shows how many unused vacation days are reported

Working hour and success7

as existing from organization. The graph was made by three SHRM4contributors,

Alexander Alonso Ph.D, SPHR, vice president, Evren Esen, manager, Survey Research

Center, and Christina Lee, researcher (2013).This graph indicates that clearly Americans

work more than they should.

Image of Success

Why do American people want to work so hard? What is striving for them to choose

working longer than other nations? There is interaction of cultural norm of capitalism that

makes up people’s perception of labor. Particularly, media reputation in luxury based image

association of living on an American dream

really shapes today’s meaning of success. A

lot of things that people interact in daily basis

talk about American dream. A famous movie

called The Wolf of Wall Street is one great

example of great impactful media publication

of what American dream is like. The entire movie implies having a big house, a private

cruse, a helicopter, a very expensive car, a beautiful wife, as objects of experiencing the

American dream. Because such objects were shown in such a famous movie, the message

of having more is good mindset was plant to audience and perhaps entire society in some

degree. Media power is very significant. As a matter of fact, believes of people toward life

satisfaction and measuring success today already tend to be very materialistic. This is not

4 SHRM is the short form of Society of Human Resource Management. The largest society for human resource membership professions founded in 1948, now it contains more than 275,000 members from more than 160 countries.

Working hour and success8

only about the U.S. yet can be about countries with strong capitalism culture, and especially

ones with media that are strongly associated with capitalism. However, is this image of

American dream really working in today’s society? Can relationship between people and

their perception of labor that are affected by American dream contribute to improving

individuals’ well-being to some extent?

Work and Satisfaction

Working hour and success9

This graph from Angus Deaton & Gallup World Poll, ‘Journal of Economic

Perspectives’ (2008) as referred in U.S. government, Maryland, also shows life satisfaction

of U.S.A in the graph is lower than less working as well as less wealthy countries namely

Denmark, Finland ,Norway. The world highest per capita GDP of 39,677.30 USD (2003)

holding country like U.S. is positioning its mean life satiation the same as a country like

Costa Rica whose GDP per capita is less than 10,000 USD.

Redefining satisfaction and success

Moreover the formula “work hard and become successful” here is not working in

terms of looking at success as satisfaction. The two key terms are very similar to each

other, yet images the society associates with these two different words are certainly

different from each other. This can be seen in Google image search where the term

“success” gives people image of something that related to achievement, and challenges.

This child, for example,

doesn’t seem like even

smiling; this face seems

more like expressing

hardship or challenges and

being ready to fight.

Whereas the word

“satisfaction” apparently,

seems to accomplice more with relationship status and sexual image. It for instance says

Working hour and success10

“satisfaction in bed” and also shows some images of couples comfortably lying on a bed

together, and some unclothed woman

that suggest satisfaction in sexual

activities.

Meanwhile, I also find an image that

came along with the word satisfaction

where the image implies that a person

positively express his strong liking

toward his job. Thus for Americans, success seems related to career and work achievement

while satisfaction is more about overall accomplishment for reaching to a fulfilling

expectation point for life subjects like job and relationship. After redefining that success

and satisfaction is different, there should be a couple of questions to ask. They are whether

or not working hard contributes to satisfaction or success.

Gaining satisfaction

Clearly, working too many hours certainly risk life satisfaction while still

mentally engaging strongly to success. It actually hurts mental and physical health of

individuals. For instance, there is a term for death from overwork in Japanese. This word is

now in Oxford English dictionary too. “過労死 - karōsh5” expresses 過-over 労- overwork

or job-related exhaustion 死-death. It is a recognized term in actual medical definition in

Japan. As an example, a 42 year old Japanese man who ended up in suicide after

5 “Karōshi (過労死?), which can be translated literally as "death from overwork" in Japanese, is occupational sudden death. The major medical causes of karōshi deaths are heart attack and stroke due to stress and a starvation diet.” Suicide one’s self also is also recognized as one way of death that caused by karoshi.

Working hour and success11

experiencing harsh hard work. He worked in Sagawa Express Co., Ltd in Nigata branch in

Japan. He was Chief clerk position in the branch and forced to work 100-200 over hours

monthly, and he was receiving power harassment at work from his boss too. He had a great

depression as a result of his work condition and ended himself with suicide because of that.

This explains what karoshi means and enables people to witness some of the features of

Japanese business culture. Regardless of over work leading an individual to death or deep

depression, overworking usually drawn to be associated along with negative consequences

like mental illness, body illness and even death in many developed countries.

On the other hand, Coelho F, an assistant professor at Universidade Estadual Paulista, and

Pereira,C,M, a professor at Universidade de Coimbra (2013), argue that while working

hours do not have a relationship with shaping the existence of social wellbeing, Social

recognition of themselves, particularly sense of belonging to communities ranging from

families to originations, is a part that makes up the relationship of work and social

wellbeing. Shawn Anchor (2012), positive psychologist who studied and taught in Harvard

University for twelve years about happiness, also agrees with Coelho’s point that social

support such from co-workers, friends, family members and a partner are one of the most

significant things about life that gives people a good sense of life satisfaction. He says,

“During my time at Harvard University, I focused on positive psychology, the scientific

study of what makes people thrive. Research in the field has found a strong connection

between an individual's mindset, social support system and well-being” in the article

‘Achieving Happiness despite Everyday Challenges’. Anchor’s point conversely, comes

back to the issue of life satisfaction that if sense of belonging by social support is the most

Working hour and success12

important trait in satisfaction, work essentially consumes time from people to spend with

their families and significant others; who are considered to be their main social supports.

Life satisfaction is also gained by not necessarily only job or habit but self-improvement

activities including job activities. A peer-reviewed scholarly article by Leversen,I.,

Danielsen,G,A., Birkeland,S,M., Samdal,O (2012) talks about helpful psychological factor

that improves peoples’ life satisfaction. The article says that though the research has not

gotten to the point where they can clearly identify kinds of leisure activities people should

do to gain their life satisfaction, leisure activities that contain self-government satisfaction

is significantly and optimistically related to life satisfaction. That being said, in order for an

individual to gain one’s life satisfaction, one is strongly recommended to commit to leisure

activities that promote self-improvement.

Success in capitalism

In contrast, success

and well-being in the

capitalistic society tells

people to strongly commit to

work in order to become

more valuable and

successful rather than spend time with family, friends or personal care activities. Moreover,

the society leads people to measure their level of success materialistically by earning more

and having more stuff. The term Affluenza, for instance, reflects the norm that people

created in the society where success is very quantitate and materialistic by capitalism

Working hour and success13

influences. The word is described by John De Graaf, David Wann and Thomas Naylor a

book (2001) called The All-Consuming Epidemic. As referred in Psychology today internet

magazine that it is “a painful, contagious, socially transmitted condition of overload, debt,

anxiety and waste

resulting from the

dogged pursuit of

more.” According to

John,David and

Thomas, The disease

is only healable by spending less money not more. The term per se is the mixture of

affluence and influenza. It indicates contagious “illness” of capitalism and consumerism

where financial success and resources are used as the biggest contributor for life

satisfaction rate. As a result, the focus of affluenza progressors are on wealth building;

people are consumed by the thought that the more is better, and the more would make

people happier rather than emphasizing on life value added experience like travels,

education and relationship etc. This illness particularly blinds people from actual sources of

happiness.

Working hour and success14

This cartoon is from Chinese newspaper; GROBAL TIMES. It demonstrates this

poor guy wanting to go work from pressure of affluenza disease that includes “overload,

debt, anxiety and waste resulting from the dogged pursuit of more” (Furnham, Ph.D., 2014)

There is also one scene from movie Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps (2010) where

this wealthy Wall Street business guy acted by Josh Brolin demonstrates the affluenza

symptom.

One guy in the movie asks: What’s your number?

Josh Brolin: Excuse me?

One guy: The amount of money you would need to be able to walk away from it all and just

live happily-ever-after. See, I

find that everyone has a

number and it’s usually an

exact number, so what is

yours?

Josh Brolin: … … More. ;)

Gaining Success: Work Hard

Become Rich

Another problematic question here is that, does working hour actually come back to

people? With this object, there is a phrase “fat- cat”. The phrase is defined as “A wealthy

and powerful person, typically one involved in business or politics.” In Oxford dictionaries.

Working hour and success15

It is also defined as whom of those heads of companies who get what it seems extremely

high salaries and bonus and retirement packages by Invespedia

“Fat cats”, an American idiom, are often drawn to be the top one percent who

dictate extreme amount of wealth whereas they are made to seem greedy and selfish like

the images above. “A real-life example of a fat cat would be former Disney CEO, Michael

Eisner. For a period of five years in the late 1990s, Eisner received over $737 million in

compensation, despite the fact that the company's five-year net income shrank an average

of 3.1% each year” (invespedia). Just like Kevin, Eisner is fell into this category: more is

not satisfaction. There was another interview with Kevin on the same TV show series

where Kevin had argument with the claim that wealth should be shared with whole society.

Kevin immediately stopped listening to her and very passionately started his argue that it is

not sharing but stealing. Thus, strong capitalists like Kevin tends to see situation very

Working hour and success16

differently than neutral capitalist whose belief in capitalism is not as strong as a person like

Kevin. Neutral capitalists see that the rich being just selfish by not sharing. While the rich

sees it exactly the opposite that they consider their work therefore do not want to share it to

people who did not have to go through the same hardships as they did. A quote from

billionaire Sam Zell, chairman of Equity Group Investments says

The problem is that the world and this country should not talk about envy

of the 1%. It should talk about emulating the 1%. The 1% work harder. The 1%

are much bigger factors in all forms of our society.

President Obama, in CBS

news interview said that "You guys

(fat cats bankers) are drawing down

$10, $20 million bonuses after

America went through the worst

economic year that it's gone through

in decades, and you guys caused the

problem. And we (people live in America)'ve got ten percent unemployment. Why do you

think people might be a little frustrated?"

Redefining American Dream

Is the system of American dream in the current generation, with significant wealth

gap between the small top 1 percent of nation and the majority of American population still

working? The term American dream is explained in the GVRL (Gale virtual references

library) which is a database of encyclopedias and specialized reference sources. It first

Working hour and success17

came out on 1932 in the book called The Epic of America by James Truslow Adams. The

definition had and has been changing as people are given more economic power on

accessing to more stuff, meaning cars, computers, and good education which became

necessities as oppose to luxury. However, the traditional meaning originally implied the

capacity that people are able to achieve better quality of lifestyle regardless of the level of

social class one is born to belong to. This is what Kevin was talking about. This really

implies “work hard and you will become rich”. However, Dr. Brice, a professor at Highline

College in sociology department, argues that “it is impossible for everyone to be wealthy in

a capitalist system by just working hard. Now, the problem is that some people will

become wealthy but it is really due more to structural and outside circumstances than the

individuals hard work. You should remember the sociological imagination. Also, in a

capitalist society where you end up is largely dictated by where you start. By this I mean

that if you are born with resources then you have more opportunities to transition into

wealth than someone who doesn’t” (Brice, personal communication, January 29, 2015)

Comparison of Three Different Countries in Topic of Satisfaction

The correlation between impact of capitalism and hardworking characteristic of

American people is clear now. Nevertheless, how about Europe namely Denmark; where it

has the highest life satisfaction rate according to Angus Deaton & Gallup World Poll.

Journal of Economic Perspectives (2008) as referred in U.S. government Maryland and,

Japan. By the report from Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development

6(2012), it is said that, in the United States, the average of 39 531USD is earned annually

6 The data that have been used in the website are from including OECD or National Accounts, United Nations Statistics, National Statistics Offices. A couple of observation data are from the Gallup World Poll. This

Working hour and success18

by an average US household, and available after taxes. And yet, 85 996 USD per year

average is made by top 20 percent of citizens while only 10 854 USD a year is available for

bottom 20 percent of the people. Group of people who receive the survey from OECD in

the United States graded average of 7.0 for their life satisfaction in a scale of 0-10. And it is

also reported that American full time workers spend about 14.3 hours per day for their own

personal care including sleeping eating and socializing. Denmark, however, looks different.

The average of 25 172 USD a year is earned by an average household whereas the top 20

percent live on average of 43 644 a year while the bottom 20 percent live on 12 183 USD a

year. Their evaluation of life satisfaction in a scale of 0-10 was 7.6. Full time employees in

Demark spend average of 16.1 hours for personal activities. Japanese net-adjusted income

is very similar to Denmark that it is 25 066 USD a year after tax. The top 20 percent of the

citizen live with 50 150 USD a year while the bottom live with only 8 105 USD a year.

Japanese graded 6.0 as for their life satisfaction rate on a scale of 0-10. And individuals

spend about 14.9 hours for their own personal time.

As a result, the capitalist U.S.A. overall average household have the most money

after tax: 39531 USD. While the other two make approximately 14000 USD less than

America. However, surprisingly, Denmark rank of life satisfaction is still the highest

comparing to the other two: it is .6 higher than the U.S. and 1.6 higher than Japan. One

thing that Denmark does differently than the other two is that the gap of net-adjusted

income for its top 20 percent population and bottom 20 percent are not likely as U.S. and

comparison of quantitative measurements of each countries are helpful to compare satisfaction with broader points of views. Although the providing organization works with government, information source is not fully accurate as it doesn’t have references and academicals proofs on each claims it makes.

Working hour and success19

Japan where U.S the bottom 20 percent differ by 75142 USD average from the top. And the

Japanese bottom differ by 42045 USD average from the top. Top 20 percent of Denmark

differ by 31461USD which is not as dramatically different as US or japan. Denmark also

spend preeminently the highest amount of time on personal caring including sleeping,

eating and other leisure related activities.

Conclusion

This paper was not written for purpose of disagreeing with perception of labor in

capitalism. However, there seem to be misconception in definition of well-being.

Capitalism is potential misguide for people on measure of success and happiness where the

whole society is in the strong norm of the more- is-better attitude. Yet, It is also noticeable

that work hard to become successful mindset is just one part of cultural norm in certain

regions with certain image of success. People should be aware of that a lot of things that

people here in America think it’s the universal truth; for, example working hard to become

successful may be perceived differently in some other cultures. Depending on how people

define success though, there are ways that work better than American way to keep people

happy. America as the leader today of the world, regardless of having our own perception

in which produce the fine gross domestic product as well as keep entire population of the

country relatively happy, America can still learn to do better as far as boosting overall life

satisfaction rate of the entire . Just by accepting the fact that there is a report of many less

GDP earning country answering that their life satisfaction rates are almost as high as United

States or a few is even higher than us, the United states of America. The top GDP earning

country like this should be able to keep its own nation happier than how it is now. And it

Working hour and success20

should be the next problem to discuss is to think about how U.S.A keep people happy

including controlling hours of working time in labor regulation, rebuilding better benefit

packs for employees from hiring corporations, social support and security from the

government, and reforming new type of American dream.

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