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PEKING 50 December 10, 1965

Japanese Militarism on fyfc The Road Back

A factual survey

Health Work Serves the Peasants

Young Spare-Time Writers Meet

" L e t Us Join Together to Resist U.S. Imperialism"

— Bertrand Russell

W E E K L Y M A G A Z I N E O F C H I N E S E N E W S AND V I E W S

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A WEEKLY MAGAZINE OF CHINESE NEWS AND VIEWS

December 10, 1965 "Vol. V I I I No. 50

C O N T E N T S

T H E W E E K 3

A R T I C L E S & D O C U M E N T S

Japanese M i l i t a r i s m on the

Road Back

— Jen K u - p i n g 5

A i d i t •— Outs tand ing Helms­

m a n of Indonesian C P . 8

B e r t r a n d Russell's Reply to

Premier Chou En- l a i 9

"Le t Us J o i n Together to Re­sist U.S. I m p e r i a l i s m " 9

/ Hea l th W o r k Serv ing the

Peasants 12

Y o u n g Spare-Time W r i t e r s

Meet

•—-Our Correspondent 16

B u i l d i n g U p Kiangsi ' s M o u n ­t a i n Areas

— Chiang C h i h 17

R O U N D T H E W O R L D 19

C I N E M A , SPOUTS, M E D I C A L

SCIENCE 22

Published every Friday by PEKING REVIEW Pai Wan Chuang, Peking (37), .China

Post Office Registration No. 2-922 Cable Address: Peking 2910

Printed "En the People's - Republic of China

National Conference on

Capital Construction

Experiences gained i n capi ta l con­s t ruc t ion i n the . past year were summed up and arrangements fo r the coming year as w e l l as fo r the who le p e r i o d of the T h i r d F ive-Year P lan were made at a recent na t iona l con­ference i n Pek ing . Capi ta l invest­ment b y the state i n 1965 was ex­pected to be over 20 per cent more t ha n tha t of last year, w h i l e a greater number of b i g and medium-sized capi ta l construct ion projects w o u l d be completed and. i n f u l l or p a r t i a l operat ion th is year t h an i n any other year i n h is tory . These successes were a t t r ibu ted to the deepening of the socialist education movement , the s t rengthening of po l i t i c a l w o r k , the amendments to the regulat ions and the r evo lu t iona ry enthusiasm of the workers .

As a resul t of the r evo lu t i on i n de­signing, a number of advanced ixnits of the Taching O i l f i e l d type had emerged a l l over the count ry ; and there had been greater eff iciency: i n most cases the t ime needed for designing had been cut by half. Stressing tha t great tasks faced con­s t ruc t ion worke r s i n 1966, the f i r s t year of the T h i r d F ive-Year Plan, the conference called fo r cont inued efforts to speed the progress of con­s t ruct ion, adopt and develop new techniques, constant ly improve the qua l i t y of engineering w o r k , raise labour p r o d u c t i v i t y and reduce costs, and practise economy i n the use of capi ta l funds i n every possible way . A l l th is , i t added, "is a imed at achiev­i n g , i n an a l l - round w a y greater, faster, better, and more economical results and b u i l d i n g China i n t o a s t rong socialist coun t ry w i t h a modern agr icul ture , modern indus t ry , modern na t iona l defence and modern

'science and technology w i t h i n a not -too l ong h is tor ica l period.'-'

Great impor tance was attached to t r a i n i n g po l i t i ca l ly conscious and sk i l l ed construct ion workers , i m p r o v ­i n g the management system and car­r y i n g f o r w a r d the movement for technical innovat ions and technical r evo lu t ion . The conference called on the worker s on the capital construc­t i o n f ro n t to continue to h o l d h i g h the red banner of Mao Tse-tung's t h i n k i n g and the r ed banner of the Party 's general l i ne fo r b u i l d i n g socialism to guide the i r w o r k and to b r i n g about r evo lu t iona ry changes i n a l l fields of capital construction.

D u r i n g the conference, a l l the par­t ic ipants heard i m p o r t a n t reports b y Premier Chou E n - l a i and Vice -Premier Chen Y i .

Sino-Viefcnamese Economic Documents Signed

A n agreement on loans to the Democrat ic Republic of V i e t N a m b y the People's Republic of China and a pro tocol on the m u t u a l supply of commodit ies and payments for 1966 were signed on December 5 i n Peking .

Premier Chou En- l a i at tended the s igning ceremony.

Vice-Premier Hsieh F u - c h i h and Vietnamese Vice-Premier Le T h a n h N g h i , w h o headed the Vietnamese government economic delegation, signed the agreement on behalf of t he i r respective governments.

The Vietnamese Vice-Premier was the guest of honour at a banquet g iven by Premie r Chou En- l a i on December 1.

I n Hano i , a protocol o f the F i f t h Conference of the Execut ive Organ­iza t ion fo r Ch ina -Vie t N a m Scien­t i f i c and Technical Co-operat ion was signed on December 3. The 'Chinese

December 10, 1965 3

scientific and technical co-operation delegation led b y W u Heng, V i c e -M i n i s t e r i n charge of the Scientif ic and Technological Commission, was received b y Vietnamese Premier P h a m V a n D o n g on December 4.

Prince Sihanouk's Messages to Chinese Leaders

Cha i rman Mao Tse- tung received a message dated December 1 f r o m Cambodian Head of State Prince N o r o d o m Sihanouk. The message thanked Cha i rman Mao for his best wishes to Prince Sihanouk w h e n he received Lieutenant -Genera l L o n N o l , head of the Cambodian Roya l M i l i t a r y Delegat ion. The Cambo­dian leader expressed confidence tha t " the u n i t y between the Ca m­bodian and Chinese peoples i n the i r uncompromis ing struggle against the U.S. imper ia l is ts and the i r lackeys is unbreakable."

Premier Chou En- la i ' also received a message f r o m Prince Sihanouk t h a n k i n g the Chinese Government for i ts m i l i t a r y a id to Cambodia. Dated November 29, the message 'said tha t the -.agreed , m i l i t a r y a id " w i l l g rea t ly - s t rengthen our defence po ten t ia l and enable us to cope w i t h the U.S. imper ia l i s t aggressors." I t added tha t " w i t h such concrete aid, w e w i l l surely be "able to defeat the 'enemy endangering peace and p r o ­gress i n our country , no mat te r w h a t tests we shall have to face."

I n his message • to Lo Jui -ching , Chief of the General Staff of the Chinese People's L ibe ra t ion A r m y , Pr ince S ihanouk . also expressed his thanks fo r China's m i l i t a r y a id to Cambodia. The message said: "As comrades i n combat, we w i l l f i g h t shoulder to shoulder w i t h our C h i ­nese' brothers fo r the f i n a l l i be ra t ion of As ia f r o m the claws of the i m p e ­rial is ts and neo-colonialists."

Ceyionese C P . Leader Arrives fn Peking

• N . Sanmugathasan, Member of the Po l i t i ca l Bureau and of the Secreta-

4

r i a t of the Cen t ra l Commit tee of the Communis t P a r t y of Ceylon, a r r i ved i n Pek ing on December 5. A c c o m ­panied b y his w i f e and daughter, the Ceylonese C. P. leader has come for a rest and to v i s i t China.

A m o n g those we lcoming the guests at the a i rpo r t were Peng Chen, Member of the Po l i t i c a l Bureau and of the Secretariat of the Cen t ra l Commit tee of the Chinese C o m m u ­nis t Par ty , and his w i f e . .

Premier Chou Visits French Exhibition

. P remier Chou E n - l a i v i s i t ed the French I n d u s t r i a l E x h i b i t i o n i n Pe­k i n g on the evening of December 2. He la ter had a f r i e n d l y conversation w i t h Luc ien Paye, French govern­ment representative responsible fo r •the e x h i b i t i o n and Ambassador to China ; A n d r e Grandpierre , President of the French Na t i o n a l Centre for Fore ign Trade ; Jean Chauvel , repre­sentative of the French Fore ign Min i s t e r ; and other leading members of the exhib i t ion ' s staff.

P remier Chou received Jean Chauvel t w o days ear l ier and h ad a f r i end ly t a l k w i t h h i m .

Strong Protest Against New U . S . Piracy

• U.S. m i l i t a r y aircraft , i n the la t t e r h a l f o f November, repeatedly at­tacked Chinese f i sh ing boats on the h igh seas, k i l l i n g and w o u n d i n g C h i ­nese f ishermen. A s t rong protest against these atrocities was voiced b y the Chinese depar tment con­cerned.

O n November 18, three Chinese f i sh ing boats of the X i a n t i e n Peo­ple's Commune i n Peiha i i n the K w a n g s i Chuang Autonomous Re­gion were at tacked b y a U.S. m i l i ­t a r y j e t while" f i sh ing on the h i g h seas i n the G u l f of Bac Bo. One f i sherman was k i l l e d and s ix were wounded .

Seven days later , t w o U.S. m i l i t a r y a i rcraf t barbarously at tacked a f i s h ­i n g boat of the D i j i a o People's

Commune i n the same waters, k i l l ­i n g one f i sherman and w o u n d i n g another.

A n off ic ia l of the depar tment con­cerned w a r n e d the U.S. imper ia l i s t s t ha t they mus t stop t he i r p i racy i m ­mediately. He added: " K i l l i n g demands r e t r i b u t i o n . Accounts w i l l be settled."

I n an ar t ic le on December 2, Renmin Ribao's Commenta tor also w a r n e d the U.S. Imperia l is ts tha t they mus t bear f u l l respons ib i l i ty fo r the i r crimes and pay the i r b lood debts.

Commenta tor poin ted out t ha t the repeated "cold-blooded murde r s " re­cent ly commi t t ed b y U.S. m i l i t a r y a i rcraf t were "not isolated inc idents" b u t "deliberate, f l agran t provocations by the Johnson A d m i n i s t r a t i o n against the Chinese people." Bu t , Commenta tor continued, "each t ime we expose and condemn U.S. i m ­per ia l i sm for such crimes, Wash ing­t o n i n v a r i a b l y denies them. This i n ­dicates-that the Johnson A d m i n i s t r a ­t i o n dare no t take the responsibi l i ty for i ts actions and is a f ra id of the grave consequences resu l t ing f r o m i ts w a r provocations against China ." Commenta tor added: " C o n t i n u i n g to ca r ry ou t v ic ious actions w h i l e deny­i n g i ts crimes — this more clearly t h a n ever exposes the deceitful and ferocious na ture of U.S. impe r i a l i sm . "

Li Tsung-jen Gives Banquet

L i Tsung-jen, act ing _ president of the former K u o m i n t a n g regime, gave a banquet on December 2 i n honour of leaders of the Chinese C o m m u ­nis t Par ty , the state and the - demo­crat ic parties, t h a n k i n g t h e m for the w a r m welcome he had received since r e t u r n i n g f r o m abroad more than four months ago. A m o n g those present were Chou En- la i , Chu Teh and leaders of the democratic parties.

L i Tsung-jen, i n his speech at the banquet, said tha t the welcome and hosp i ta l i ty g iven h i m b y leaders of

(Continued on p . 11.)

Peking Review, No. 50

U.S. Global Strategy

Japanese Militarism on the Road Back

by Jen Ku-ping

TAGGED on b y U.S. imper i a l i sm, t h e Sato govern-.-*- J men t o f Japan recent ly forced the House of Rep­resentatives to r a t i f y the "Japan-South Korea Trea ty . " This is a serious step i n Washington's a t tempt to use Japanese m i l i t a r i s m to expand the U.S. w a r of aggres­sion i n Asia, and also a danger s ignal t ha t the Japanese m i l i t a r i s t forces are manoeuvr ing for a come-back under the aegis of U.S. imper i a l i sm.

I n the 20 years since the end of W o r l d W a r I I , the Japanese mi l i t a r i s t s , w i t h the help of U.S. imper ia l i sm, have been t r y i n g to regain t he i r lost pos i t ion so as to realize the i r o ld dream of a "greater East As ia co-pros­p e r i t y sphere." Backed b y U.S. imper i a l i sm, they have done a l l they could to expand Japan's m i l i t a r y power, clamp d o w n harsher fascist ru le and enlarge the econom­ic base of m i l i t a r i s m . Coupled w i t h these efforts for r ecap tu r ing t he i r lost power , they have been busy seek­i n g ways and means to expand Japanese influence abroad. M o r e and more facts have shown tha t Japanese m i l i t a r i s m , . w h i c h is be ing r ev ived at an accelerated speed, has become v e r y arrogant . This n a t u r a l l y stirs t he . people of Japan, China and the rest of Asia and a l l t he peace-loving people to great i nd igna t i on and makes t h e m keep a sharp look-out .

An Offspring of U.S. Global Strategy

The process of the r e v i v a l of Japanese m i l i t a r i s m under the w i n g of the U n i t e d States is a g radua l one. A n of fspr ing of postwar U.S. imper ia l i s t g loba l strategy for w o r l d dominat ion , Japanese m i l i t a r i s m is r ev ived to serve Washington 's aggressive designs. The process is be ing quickened i n keeping u p w i t h the tempo w i t h w h i c h Washington has pursued i ts o w n policies of ag­gression and war .

T a k i n g advantage of i t s u n i l a t e r a l occupation of Japan, the U n i t e d States f r o m the onset has adopted the po l icy of m a k i n g Japan a colony and m i l i t a r y base i n disregard of such in te rna t iona l agreements as the Cairo Declarat ion, the Potsdam Proc lamat ion and t he po l icy decision of the Far Eastern Commission i n order to f u l f i l i ts plans fo r w o r l d hegemony. I t has gone out of i t s w a y to preserve and n u r t u r e the Japanese aggressive forces to make t h e m a too l f o r i t s aggression i n Asia .

U.S. occupation authori t ies have re tu rned a l l the 850 factories w h i c h had been i n v o l v e d i n arms p ro ­duct ion •—• and w h i c h should have been dismant led as w a r reparat ions — to Japanese monopoly capitalists. They have granted t h e m large amounts of " a i d " to help

t h e m restore p roduc t ion . They have also freed thousands of w a r cr iminals who should have been punished, and restored to more than 200,000. Japanese m i l i t a r i s t elements the r i g h t to take pub l ic office, and a l lowed qui te a n u m b e r of i m p o r t a n t ones to h o l d major m i l i t a r y and po l i t i ca l power . Th i s l a i d a p r e l i m ­ina ry founda t ion for Washington's la ter efforts to step up the r e v i v a l of Japanese m i l i t a r i s m .

Centre of U.S. N e t w o r k of M i l i t a r y Aggression. Or ig ina l ly , U.S. Imper i a l i sm w o u l d have l i k e d to t u r n China in to i t s biggest base f o r domina t i ng Asia. The great v i c t o r y of the Chinese people's r evo lu t ion , h o w ­ever, smashed Washington's dream. A n d so special i m ­portance is attached to Japan's strategic posi t ion. Washington is go ing a l l out to convert t ha t coun t ry in to a centre and a br idgehead of its n e t w o r k of m i l i t a r y aggression i n the Fa r East and has w o r k e d over t ime to rev ive Japanese m i l i t a r i s m i n prepara t ion fo r an ag­gressive w a r against China.

F o l l o w i n g i t s War of aggression against Korea , U.S. i m p e r i a l i s m has openly embarked on the road of r e ­a r m i n g Japan. W h i l e fever ishly s t rengthening i ts m i l i ­t a r y bases there, the U n i t e d States has granted huge amounts of " a i d " -to r e a r m Japan- as q u i c k l y as -pos­sible. Between 1951 and 1959, m i l i t a r y -aid to Japan amounted to U.S. $1,200 m i l l i o n , accounting. f o r about 80 per cent of the t o t a l equipment of the Japanese a rmy. Former premier Shigeru Yoshida admi t t ed t h a t to r e a r m Japan the U n i t e d States. had made the " m a x i m u m efforts ." . . .

No react ionary force on ear th can reverse the course of h is tory . Developments i n As ia and i n other parts of the w o r l d are becoming increasingly u n ­favourable to U.S. imper i a l i sm. The g r o w i n g s t rength of such socialist countries as China, Korea and V i e t N a m , the r i s i n g s to rm of t he As ian people's pa t r io t ic ant i -U.S. struggle, repeated set-backs for U.S. i m p e r i a l ­i s m i n its policies of aggression and w a r - — a l l th is has made the la t t e r a l l t he more eager to hasten the r ev iva l of Japan's m i l i t a r i s t forces as an accomplice i n its ag­gression i n Asia .

B r o u g h t I n t o U.S. System o f Nuclear Strategy. I n January 1960, U.S. i m p e r i a l i s m signed a .new t rea ty of m i l i t a r y all iance w i t h Japan, w h i c h was thus openly b rought in to the A m e r i c a n system of nuclear strategy and converted i n t o a U.S. base f o r nuclear w a r .

December 10, 1965 5

T h r o u g h th is alliance, U.S. i m p e r i a l i s m no t only wants Japan to car ry out nuclear armament , b u t also to under take to f i g h t " j o i n t w a r operations" w i t h the Un i t ed States. Thus, Japanese troops may be dis­patched at any t i m e to take pa r t i n i t s w a r of aggres­sion i n Asia . Wash ing ton also wants to use the U.S.­Japan m i l i t a r y alliance to r i g up a "Northeast Asia m i l i t a r y al l iance" w i t h Japan as the core. B y l i n k i n g i t w i t h the aggressive SEATO bloc, Washington can then have t w i n p i l la rs i n As ia fo r l aunch ing wars of aggression.

I n the last f ew years, U.S. impe r i a l i sm has made the u tmos t efforts to urge the Japanese Government to f u l f i l i ts commi tmen t i n the aggressive Japan-U.S. m i l i t a r y all iance and to continue arms" expansion. The emphasis has been p u t on equ ipp ing Japanese troops w i t h missiles and other latest-type weapons i n order to dovetai l th is w i t h U.S. m i l i t a r y dispositions i n Asia .

The U.S. react ionary po l icy of r e v i v i n g Japanese m i l i t a r i s m is i n accord w i t h the needs of Japanese monopoly capitalists. Defeated d u r i n g W o r l d W a r I I , they v a i n l y hope to take the o ld road Germany took after W o r l d W a r I . W i t h U.S. backing, they have made •great efforts to develop a w a r economy and step up rearmament i n order to make Japan a m i l i t a r i s t state w i t h a s t rong economic foundat ion , thus fac i l i t a t ing the recovery of i ts lost posi t ion. This is h o w the Japa­nese reactionaries have ganged u p w i t h U.S. i m p e r i a l ­i s m i n pushing the coun t ry on to the road of m i l i t a r i s m .

Arming For War

Encouraged and supported b y U.S. imper i a l i sm, the Japanese m i l i t a r i s t forces have grea t ly increased the pace o f arms expansion fo r war . They have b u i l t . a "crack" armed force, consisting mos t ly of officers and non-commissioned officers, Which can be q u i c k l y ex­panded w h e n necessary.

Japan n o w has a t o t a l of more t han 270,000 men in the a rmy, navy and a i r force, w i t h 1,100 planes and

• vessels t o t a l l i ng 122,000 tons. Japanese m i l i t a r y s t rength has reached the level a t ta ined w h e n the m i l i ­tarists invaded northeast China on September 18, 1931.

I n v i e w of the s i tua t ion at home and abroad, the Japanese people's opposi t ion i n par t icu lar , the U.S.­Japanese reactionaries have to disguise the expansion of the armed forces. The i r present a i m is no t to increase the number of Japanese troops on a v e r y large scale b u t to p u t emphasis on the ra i s ing of qua l i ty . The p r inc ip le to be fo l lowed is to t u r n t h e m in to a "crack u n i t . " Japan's present "Self-Defence Forces" are, to a l l in tents and purposes, an armed force of m i l i t a r y cadres. O f f i ­cers and non-commissioned officers make up 42 per cent of the t o t a l s t rength, and the ra t io w i l l have reached 50 per cent b y n e x t year. Once a w a r breaks out, th is force can be r a p i d l y expanded in to a huge ag­gressive a rmy.

F i r e Power and M a n o e u v r a b i l i t y Strengthened. B y f o l l o w i n g the p r i nc ip l e of b u i l d i n g a "crack" a rmy, the

U.S.-Japanese reactionaries pay special a t t en t ion to speedier modern iza t ion of the a rmy, w i t h the emphasis p u t on s t rengthening f i re power and manoeuvrab i l i ty , and the troops are equipped w i t h the la test- type weap­ons. A t . present, the f i r e power at the d iv i s ion l eve l is f ive t imes a n d manoeuvrab i l i t y is eight t imes as great as w h a t they were before W o r l d W a r I I . The Japanese author i t ies are also act ively p repa r ing fo r nuclear arma­ment . The entire Japanese armed forces are i n the process of being equipped w i t h rockets and missiles.

I n r ebu i l d i ng and expanding these forces, the U.S.-Japanese reactionaries have t r i e d to make people believe t h a t they are "self-defensive" i n nature. A t ' f i r s t they called t h e m "Police Reserve Forces," and t hen named t h e m "Self-Defence Forces." Whatever the name, the i r increasingly obvious aggressive na ture cannot be con­cealed.

Staffed W i t h O ld - T ime Fascist Officers. A b o v e a l l , the command of the present Japanese armed forces is i n the hands of the " Y o u n g T u r k s " of the o ld i m p e r i a l A r m y . The o ld - t ime fascist m i l i t a r y m e n make up a substant ial po r t i on of the officers i n the "Self-Defence Forces." They account for 81.2 per cent o f the l i eu ten ­ant-generals; 80.7 per cent of the major-generals ; 79.3 per cent of the colonels; 66.9 per cent o f the l ieu tenant -colonels, and 48 per cent of the majors.

Tra ined For F i g h t i n g Abroad . Moreover , Japanese armed forces are be ing t r a ined t o f i t t h e m fo r f i g h t i n g abroad. Japan's "Defence Agency" . has summed up the Amer ican troops' experience i n the i r w a r of aggression i n Korea and inc luded these i n m i l i t a r y textbooks. Japanese officers and men are obliged to s tudy t hem carefully. Japanese soldiers have been issued a ,so-called "Out l ine of Occupat ion Regulat ions," and an "Out l ine of Regulations Concerning the C o n t r o l of Prisoners of War . " Special courses such as " G u e r r i l l a War fa re , " "Special War fa re , " and "Chemical W a r f a r e " are taught i n m i l i t a r y schools and colleges, and troops are t r a ined fo r m o u n t a i n and jung le war fa re . M i l i t a r y exercises have become more f requent and include forced landings i n enemy t e r r i t o r y , a i r -drops beh ind enemy lines, gue r r i l l a war fa re and an t i -gue r r i l l a w a r ­fare. A number of manoeuvres have also been carr ied out i n the contingency o f a nuclear war . A l l th is reveals t ha t the Japanese mi l i t a r i s t s are p repa r ing fo r var ious types of aggressive wars .

The aggressive nature of t he Japanese armed forces are pa r t i cu l a r ly apparent f r o m the fact t ha t m i l i t a r y alliance w i t h the U n i t e d States has b rough t t h e m in to the system of j o i n t Japan-U.S. m i l i t a r y operations and thus they have become an i m p o r t a n t component pa r t of U.S. As i an strategy. Large-scale m i l i t a r y exercises b y Japanese troops have been he ld together w i t h A m e r i ­can t roops to ensure concerted action between bo th i n fu tu re aggressive wars .

The pace of Japan's arms drive- i n p repara t ion fo r w a r has been quickened since the Sato government

5 Peking Review, No. 50

came to power. The second f ive-year p rogramme for armaments expansion, w h i c h was scheduled to be com­pleted i n 1966, is to be f u l f i l l e d th i s year. O n an even larger scale, t he t h i r d one w i l l be p u t in to effect nex t year. The Japanese press has revealed t h a t d u r i n g the per iod of the t h i r d f ive-year programme, m i l i t a r y ex­pendi tures w i l l almost double the f igure of the second to reach 2,000,000 m i l l i o n yen, and are close to the t o t a l for the 15 years since the "Self-Defence Forces" came in to being. To meet the need of stepped-up arms ex­pansion, the quest ion of "perfect ing the system of na­t i o n a l defence" has been placed o n the agenda. Japa­nese r u l i n g circles are n o w considering the question of elevat ing the "Defence Agency" to a "Depar tment of Na t iona l Defence." Plans to reorganize and s trengthen the "Counc i l of Na t iona l Defence" so as to give this or­ganizat ion an even greater role are also under way .

Expansion of Japanese Monopoly Capital

The economic foundat ion of Japanese m i l i t a r i s m is monopoly capi tal . I n the 20 years since the end ' of W o r l d W a r I I , the la t ter , backed b y the U n i t e d States, has no t on ly recovered, b u t has also been r ap id ly devel­oped and reinforced. As a result of var ious regroup­ings, some of the b i g Japanese f inanc ia l magnates w h o had supported Japanese m i l i t a r i s m before the w a r r emain i n con t ro l of the nation's economy, and the i r capital is n o w even more centralized. They cont ro l a large p o r t i o n of i ndus t ry and an ove rwhe lming section of finance, and i n the r u r a l economy they have seized the posi t ion w h i c h was occupied b y the feudal landlords before the war . They have, moreover, g rea t ly t igh tened the i r g r ip on the state apparatus, and inf luenced Japan's po l i t i ca l , m i l i t a r y , economic and fore ign policies i n d i f ferent ways .

To increase t he i r i n t e rna t iona l competi t ive capa­b i l i t y and l a y a sol id economic founda t ion fo r subse­quent m i l i t a r y expansion abroad, the monopoly capitalist groups have been fever ishly expanding i n ­dus t r i a l p roduc t ion . W i t h the help of U.S. capital and technology and as a resul t of harsher exp lo i t a t ion of the l abour ing people, the extent o f Japan's i ndus t r i a l p roduc t ion has f a r exceeded tha t of p r e -war years. Japan's i n d u s t r i a l capacity i n 1964 was already f ive t imes as great as w h a t i t was i n the p re -war per iod (1934-36). Steel output amounted to 39.78 m i l l i o n tons, nine t imes as m a n y as the p re -war f igure .

M i l i t a r i z a t i o n of the Economy. U.S.-Japanese reac­t ionaries have done a l l they could to make people believe tha t Japan's economy is a peace-time economy. This is sheer nonsense. The cont inued expansion of the m u n i t i o n s i ndus t ry and the steady increase i n the p ropor t ion of the heavy and chemical industries, w h i c h are closely re la ted to arms product ion , i n the i n d u s t r y as a whole , indicate the g r o w i n g m a r k e d t r e n d of the m i l i t a r i z a t i o n of the economy.

Japan's m u n i t i o n s i ndus t ry has been developing fast i n recent years, p rompted b y t he slogans "Le t

Japan make i ts o w n arms!" and "Boost the expor t of mun i t ions ! " I t is repor ted tha t there are 90 companies i n Japan making-guns , tanks, nava l vessels, aeroplanes, guided missiles, electronic equ ipment and other weap­ons. The m u n i t i o n s i ndus t ry now no t on ly provides Japanese troops w i t h arms and other equipment , bu t i t has also supplied mun i t i ons to U.S. troops and the troops of the la t ter ' s As ian satellites. Japan is a U.S. arsenal i n Asia .

Po ten t i a l i ty fo r W a r . Of far greater impor tance is the fact t ha t there is a huge w a r po ten t ia l i n Japanese indus t ry i n as m u c h as Japan has to a -large extent adopted the pol icy of developing i t " fo r peaceful pu r ­poses as w e l l as f o r wa r . " Heavy and chemical i n ­dustries make u p 65 per cent of Japan's t o t a l indus t ry . This makes i t possible fo r t h e m to be switched at any t i m e to large-scale p roduc t ion of arms and w a r equip­ment. I n the i r "ten-year economic p lan , " the Japanese monopoly capitalist groups are also p l ann ing to raise th is p r o p o r t i o n to 73 per cent b y 1970. To ob t a in an even faster development of the economy, the Jap­anese Government ear ly this year d rew up an i n t e r m e d i ­ate f ive-year p l a n (1964-68) under w h i c h targets o r ig ina l ly scheduled to be me t i n 1970 are to be f u l f i l l e d i n 1968. Th is being the case, Japan's economic po ten t i ­alities fo r w a r m u s t no t be underest imated, a l though arms p roduc t ion so fa r has not yet taken up an i m ­pressive p ropor t i on of the economy.

Economic Expansion Overseas. Before W o r l d W a r I I , the Japanese monopoly capitalists had t h e i r colonies and spheres of economic influence. I n the postwar period," w i t h the recovery and expansion of the i r strength, they have aga in - t h rus t t h e i r tentacles abroad, t r y i n g b y every means to b u i l d spheres of influence for economic expansion. B y the end of 1964, capi ta l ex­ports b y the monopolists had reached U.S. $2,104 m i l l i o n , w i t h direct investments accounting fo r U.S. $646 m i l l i o n , and expor t credits, U.S. $1,458 m i l l i o n . These investments have been made i n Southeast Asia , the M i d d l e and Near East, and L a t i n Amer ica .

The expansion of monopoly capi ta l is centred i n Southeast As ia w h i c h i t regards as "Japan's l i f e l i ne . " This is because the ove rwhe lming par t of such i m p o r t a n t materials as i r o n ore, bauxi te , rubber, t i n , mica, rice, scrap i r o n and crude o i l , w h i c h Japan needs, comes f r o m Southeast Asia . No t l ong ago, the Sato govern­men t announced tha t i t w o u l d i n the fu tu re appropriate U.S. $400 m i l l i o n every year as "emergency a id" to south V i e t Nam, Laos, and south Korea . I t also decided tha t south Korea and the Chiang Kai -shek clique i n T a i w a n w o u l d f i r s t be g ran ted U.S. $950 m i l l i o n i n loans, so as to f o r m a "common m a r k e t " of Japan, south Korea and the Chiang Kai -shek clique, w h i c h i s to be made a founda t ion fo r fu r the r Japanese expansion abroad. A t the same t ime , the Sato government has been busy i n "Malays ia ," the Phi l ippines , and Tha i l and i n an a t tempt t o b u i l d a so-called " Y e n economic sphere." Since the Johnson A d m i n i s t r a t i o n p u t f o r ­w a r d i t s so-called "Southeast - As ia development- p ro -

December 10, 1965 7

jects," the Sato government has been eager to seize the oppo r tun i t y to propose tha t a "conference of minis ters of As i an countr ies" be he ld i n T o k y o th i s year w i t h the par t i c ipa t ion of B u r m a , T h a i l a n d and the Phi l ippines and other countries and regions, i n order to induce the Southeast As ian countries to accept Japan's " a i d " and "loans," and thus pave the w a y for Japanese neo­colonial ism.

Aidit—Oufstandi Indones

Why Indonesian Right-Wing Fo

T N D O N E S I A N R i g h t - w i n g papers have been spreading var ious r u m o u r s recent ly concerning t h e . whe re ­

abouts of Comrade D . N . A i d i t , Cha i rman of the Com­m u n i s t Pa r ty of Indonesia, and Western and; Japanese propaganda machines have g iven extensive currency to them. -

The Indonesian w e e k l y Suara Minggu. on November 28 concocted the s tory t h a t A i d i t and Njo to a t tempted t o escape f r o m Indonesia i n a submarine belonging to a fo re ign count ry . I t a t tacked China b y ins inua t ion , al leging tha t the submarine belonged to "a count ry w h i c h is ostensibly f r i end ly towards Indonesia, b u t w h i c h i n actual fact supports the Communis t P a r t y of Indonesia." I n re lay ing th i s r u m o u r A F P reported, on the same day, t ha t "observers bel ieved the descript ion f i t t e d on ly People's China."

I n spreading this barefaced lie, the Indonesian Right-wing forces obviously aim to worsen relat ions between China and Indonesia.

A n o t h e r r u m o u r was spread on November 29 by the an t i -communis t Nusa Putera, organ of the Indonesian Is lamic U n i o n Par ty , to the effect t h a t Cha i rman A i d i t was k i l l e d b y Indonesian troops on November 27 d u r i n g the i r r a i d on the M e r a p i M o u n t a i n i n Cent ra l Java. U P I , Reuter and A F P te le typed this r u m o u r a round the w o r l d on November 29 or 30. .

A n A P dispatch f r o m Tokyo on December 1 quoted "a h i g h l y placed A m e r i c a n w i t h access to o f f i c i a l i n f o r ­m a t i o n " as saying tha t A i d i t was slain b y Indonesian government forces i n a r a id . Th i s h i g h l y placed A m e r ­ican, w h o refused to be iden t i f ied , added i n a l l serious­ness tha t his source was " o f f i c i a l " and no t the paper Nusa Putera.

The Japanese papers Asahi Shimbun, Japan Times and Sankei Shim-bun, on November 29 • and 30, also spread a r u m o u r t h a t A i d i t was dead.' They " repor ted" tha t he had been shot and k i l l e d on October 22 w h i l e t r y i n g to escape f r o m a p r i son i n Solo, Cen t ra l Java. As soon as th is r u m o u r appeared, A P , U P I , Reuter, A F P

"Make s t rength the mains tay and the economy the he ra ld" is the slogan of Japanese r u l i n g circles. This shows tha t the economic expansion of Japan's monopo ly capi ta l is closely t i e d to the r e v i v a l of m i l i t a r i s m . I n ­tensif ied economic expansion is n o w p r o m o t i n g the speeded-up r e v i v a l of Japanese m i l i t a r i s m .

(To be continued.)

ng Helmsman of ian CP. rces Spread Rumours Abou t Him

and broadcasting stations i n Japan competed w i t h each other i n sending i t . out.

These rumours were spread at almost the same t i m e ; . b u t they contradicted each other and were f u l l of inconsistencies. One said t h a t Cha i rman A i d i t was s t i l l al ive w h i l e another repor ted h i m dead. Indonesian R i g h t - w i n g papers were the source of a l l of t hem. I n spreading the s tory of A i d i t ' s death, the Indonesian R i g h t - w i n g , papers gave the date as November- 27 and the place as a' m o u n t a i n "area i n Cent ra l - Java ; w h i l e Japanese newspapers gave the date as October 22, a difference of more t han a m o n t h , and t he place as a c i t y i n Cen t ra l Java.

These rumour s were so preposterous and fantastic tha t the Indonesian a r m y authori t ies could only make ambiguous remarks about t h e m and dared not ve r i fy t hem. A s repor ted b y Reuter, Sunarjo, the spokesman of the Indonesian Supreme Opera t ional Command, i n d i ­cated on November 29 t h a t "he had n o t received any reports about M r . A i d i t b e ing ' dead nor d i d he k n o w i f he had been captured." Th is i n fact acknowledges tha t these reports were completely fabricated.

The Indonesian R i g h t - w i n g papers and the Japanese papers ev iden t ly had u l t e r io r mot ives i n fabr ica t ing these rumours and so had the Western news agencies i n spreading them. B y the i r ant i -communis t , anti-Chinese and ant i -popular acts, the Indonesian R i g h t - w i n g forces have aroused increasing dissatisfaction, so they have to resort to such despicable means as r um our -m onge r ing to t h r o w dust i n the ' eyes of the pub l i c and create confusion. They concentrated the i r efforts on concoct­i n g rumours about C h a i r m a n Aidit because he is the outs tanding helmsman of the Communis t Pa r ty of Indonesia, because he w o r k s unswerv ing ly to safeguard the interests of the Indonesian people, f ights resolutely against U.S.-led imper ia l i sm, colonial ism and neo-colo-n ia l i sm as wel l as against modern rev is ionism and modem dogmatism, and, for these reasons, enjoys high prestige both at home and abroad.

8 Peking Review, No. 50

Bertrand Russell's Reply to Premier Chou En-lai

T D E R T R A N D RUSSELL, the renowned B r i t i s h phi loso-pher, sent a le t te r to Premier Chou En- l a i on N o ­

vember 30 i n r ep ly to the Premier 's l e t t e r of October 22 (see Peking Review, No. 45, p. 16).

I n his rep ly , Russell voiced his wholehear ted support for the s truggle against U.S. i m p e r i a l i s m waged b y the peoples of Asia , A f r i c a and L a t i n Amer ica . He noted tha t "resistance to the efforts of the U n i t e d States to obta in w o r l d domina t ion is central to the ereation of a las t ing w o r l d peace."

Russell's r ep ly reads:

Dear Premier Chou,

I am gra tefu l to y o u for y o u r le t ter of October 22. As y o u k n o w , I am v e r y deeply concerned to make k n o w n the na ture of the w a r at present being waged b y the U n i t e d States against the people of V i e t N a m . A m e r i c a n po l icy is progressing more and more towards economic and po l i t i ca l cont ro l , usua l ly obtained b y the most atrocious means, of countries w h i c h she considers necessary for her o w n economic wel l -be ing .

We have sought, b y a l l the means at our disposal, to publ ic ize the m a n y atrocities practised b y the U n i t e d States i n the name of " l ibe ra t ion ." I am heartened by the support w h i c h the people o f China are g i v i n g to the Vietnamese i n the i r hard- fought struggle fo r

l i be ra t ion and independence. I t is also clear tha t the peoples of L a t i n Amer ica , As ia and A f r i c a must s i m i l a r l y resist the impos i t i on of such cruel ty .

For m y par t I wholehear tedly suppor t the i r s truggle and share you r v i e w tha t resistance to the efforts of the U n i t e d States to obta in w o r l d domina t ion is cen­t r a l to the creat ion of a las t ing w o r l d peace.

This struggle is p roduc ing a g r o w i n g movement i n the U n i t e d States against the cruel and aggressive policies of U n i t e d States imper i a l i sm. I t is arousing the peoples of the w o r l d to a new consciousness, w h i c h is the greatest hope for a change i n the U n i t e d States, based on the defeat and e l imina t ion of such policies b y the people of Amer i ca themselves.

Please accept m y most sincere congratulat ions to the people and Government of China fo r t he i r un ique and remarkable accomplishments d u r i n g the last 1& years.

Y o u have m y unswerv ing support for any actions leading to the easing of the threa t of w o r l d domina­t i o n , and, thereby, to our common pur su i t of w o r l d peace.

W i t h w a r m regards,

Your s sincerely, Bertrand Russell

Bertrand Russell:

•••"Let Us Join Together to Resist U.S. Imperialism"

• U.S. imperialism is the main source of exploitation and oppression in the world and the main enemy today of the well-being of the people of the world.

• Appeal to the people of the world to unite to combat U.S. imperialism.

• If the Soviet Government seeks to gain favour with the United States by mini­mizing, or even opposing, the struggle for national liberation and socialism, neither peace nor justice will be achieved.

T N a message of greetings to the coming So l ida r i ty - Conference o f the Peoples of Af r i ca , As ia and L a t i n

Amer ica , B r i t i s h .philosopher Ber t rand- Russell -said on November 26: . . . . -

" I n the present phase of w o r l d h i s to ry A m e r i c a n impe r i a l i sm has come to be the m a i n source of e x p l o i ­

t a t i o n -and -oppression - i n • the -wor ld . .The U n i t e d . States owns and controls near ly 60 per cent of the wor ld ' s

•December 10, 1965 9

na tu ra l resources, b u t contains only 6 per cent of the wor ld ' s popu la t ion . This is the basic reason for the s ta rva t ion l eve l of existence experienced b y near ly t w o -th i rds of the people of the w o r l d . To protect th is cruel system of p lunder , the U n i t e d States has created an unpara l le led w a r machine.

" I n the course of h i s to ry there have been many cruel and rapacious empires and systems of imper ia l i s t exp lo i ta t ion , b u t none before have had the power at the disposal of U n i t e d States imperial is ts . Three thousand and three hundred U.S. m i l i t a r y bases are spread over the globe to prevent the v i c t i m s . o f exp lo i ­t a t i on f r o m resis t ing the domina t ion of U n i t e d States capi tal ism over the w e a l t h of the i r coun t ry a n d the fate of t h e i r people. D u r i n g the past three years alone, paratroop in tervent ions , m a r i n e landings, assassinations, coups d'etat and the cor rup t b r i b e r y of pub l ic figures have comprised the m a i n outl ines o f U n i t e d States' pol icy i n the w o r l d . . . . I t m u s t be noted tha t U.S. capi ta l ism has r equ i red w a r p roduc t ion of such m a g n i ­tude t h a t i t constitutes more "than 50 per cent of a l l economic ac t i v i t y i n the U n i t e d States. Seventy-seven cents o f every 100 spent b y the U.S. G o v e r n m e n t are fo r m i l i t a r y expendi ture . B i l l i o n s o f dol lars of con­tracts are suppl ied "to the mi l i t a ry ' b y large i ndus t ry annual ly , and the leading m i l i t a r y f igures are on the boards of directors o f the companies supp ly ing the con­tracts . Th i s system o f rapacious exp lo i t a t i on is the m a i n enemy today of the we l l -be ing of the people, of the w o r l d . . . . A n y o n e conversant w i t h the facts today mus t acknowledge tha t the cold w a r and the arms race are the responsib i l i ty of the U n i t e d States."

T T E w e n t on to cite the cases of U.S. i n t e rven t ion and aggression i n Asia , A f r i c a and L a t i n Amer ica . He

recalled the m i l i t a r y coups d'etat engineered b y the U n i t e d States i n Braz i l , Argen t ina , Ecuador, Bo l iv i a , Guatemala and Honduras and condemned w h a t the U.S. a d m i n i s t r a t i o n had done against .the Domin ican Republic. "For decades," he said, "the U n i t e d States armed and supported one of the most barbar ic and savage ru le r s i n mode rn t imes, namely, T r u j i l l o . W h e n T r u j i l l o no longer served the i r interests, t h ey a l lowed _ h i m to suffer the fate of Ngo D i n h D i e m , b u t the U n i t e d States r ema ined the enemy of the people of the D o m i n i ­can Republic, as can be seen b y the ar rogant m i l i t a r y i n t e rven t i o n to crush the brave r evo lu t ion of A p r i l 1965. The fact t ha t th is naked aggression is condoned b y the Un i t ed Nations, and the ab i l i t y of the U n i t e d States to escape expuls ion f r o m the U n i t e d Nat ions • for i ts gross v i o l a t i o n of the Char ter demonstrates tha t the U n i t e d Nat ions has become a t oo l of A m e r i c a n aggres­sion o f the k i n d displayed i n the D o m i n i c a n Republic . A l l m y sympathy lies w i t h the struggle of t he people of the D o m i n i c a n Republ ic w h i c h continues at th i s ve ry moment . ' •• ' '• - • • '• • - ••

" I n the Congo, mercenary troops, ac t ing for Belgian and A m e r i c a n interests and shamelessly supported by the B r i t i s h Government , have k i l l e d ind i sc r imina te ly every l i v i n g vil lager" i n the p a t h o f the advancing mer ­cenary armies. The dregs of A m e r i c a n m i l i t a r i s m have been used fo r t h i s purpose: the mercenary soldiery of Sou th A f r i c a and o f the Cuban counter - revolu t ion . I n the M i d d l e East, U n i t e d States and European o i l i n ­terests - force pove r ty and t y r a n n y on -the people. B r i t i s h imper ia l i sm, r e l y i n g on the m i l i t a r y and f i n a n ­cial power of the U n i t e d States, is shower ing the peo­ple of A d e n w i t h n a p a l m and h i g h explosives i n an a t tempt to suppress the popular movement . I n south­e rn Af r i ca , incalculable riches are t aken out of the copper bel t of Rhodesia and o f Sou th A f r i c a and the fascist states o f Salazar and V e r w o e r d surv ive t h rough N A T O arms. I n Southeast Asia, 50,000 troops p rop up the puppet state of Malaysia, and R i g h t - w i n g generals, w i t h U n i t e d States' money, have taken cont ro l of I n ­donesia. Th roughou t the Sou th China Sea, every pa t r io t i c and radica l force is gaoled and persecuted by the imper ia l i s t powers. The U n i t e d States boasts of i t s in t r igues i n the Maghreb . I t brazenly publishes i ts plans, to . subver t a l l nat ional is t governments. . The. Cen­t r a l Intel l igence Agency, w h i c h is only: one of n ine such agencies i n the U n i t e d States, mainta ins a budget 15 t imes as m u c h as a l l d ip lomat ic a c t i v i t y of the Un i t ed States Government ." : • . . . ' . .

rpURNING to the appa l l ing crimes w h i c h the U n i t e d States has commi t t ed and is s t i l l c o m m i t t i n g i n south

V i e t N a m , B e r t r a n d Russell said tha t the U n i t e d States "is a p reda tory impe r i a l i sm and nowhere has i t been more cruel and reckless t han i n V i e t N a m . ; . and s t i l l the people of V i e t N a m resist, after 25 years of struggle against three great i ndus t r i a l powers. The people of V i e t N a m are heroic,- and the i r s truggle is epic; a s t i r r i n g and permanent reminder of the i n ­credible sp i r i t of w h i c h m e n are capable w h e n they are dedicated to a noble ideal . L e t us salute the people of V i e t N a m . "

He thus came to the conclusion t h a t the real threat to w o r l d peace stems f r o m the immense w a r machine of the U n i t e d States. The 3,300 bases, spread over f ive continents and backed b y the immense w a r p roduc t ion machine of the U n i t e d States, const i tuted a system of w o r l d - w i d e oppression. They were the rea l th rea t to peace and rea l source of danger of 'a w o r l d nuclear war , he added.

_ O n the s t r eng th .o f h is o w n experience and under­standing, the B r i t i s h philosopher emphasized tha t w o r l d peace could n o t be gained b y "request ing" U.S. i m ­per ia l i sm to behave better, b u t i t m u s t be w o n b y the -united s truggle of the people of the w o r l d against U.S. imper i a l i sm. • :

10 Peking Review,. No, 50

The So l ida r i t y Conference of the Peoples of Af r i ca , As ia a n d L a t i n Amer ica , he said, "must consider fear­lessly the means of des t roying th i s imper i a l i sm and of achieving w o r l d peace. I have supported peaceful co­existence, o u t . of the convic t ion t h a t conf l ic t i n a nuclear age can on ly be disastrous. This convic t ion was based on the hope tha t the U n i t e d States could be persuaded to come to an agreement w i t h the socialist and communis t countries. . I t is n o w .painful ly clear tha t U.S. impe r i a l i sm cannot be persuaded to end i ts aggression, its exp lo i t a t ion . and . i t s . c ruel ty . I n every par t o f the w o r l d the source of w a r and o f suf fe r ing lies at the door of U.S. imper ia l i sm. Wherever there is hunger, wherever there is exp lo i ta t ive t y r an n y , wherever people are t o r t u r e d and the masses lef t to r o t under the we igh t of disease and s tarvat ion, the force w h i c h holds d o w n the people stems f r o m Washingr-ton . Peaceful coexistence, therefore, cannot be achieved by request ing U.S. impe r i a l i sm to behave better. Peace cannot be realized by p lac ing hopes on the good­w i l l of those whose power depends on the cont inua t ion of such exp lo i t a t i on and on the ever-increasing scale of m i l i t a r y , p roduc t ion . " . . .

He ' s a id : "War a n d oppression have a long h i s to ry i n h u m a n affairs. T h e y cannot be overcome except t h r o u g h struggle. . A . w o r l d free of exp lo i t a t i on and fore ign domina t ion , a w o r l d of we l l -be ing fo r the masses of people of a l l continents, a w o r l d - o f peace and of f r a t e rn i ty , has to be fough t for . This- is the lesson U.S. impe r i a l i sm teaches us. I t is no t a palatable lesson, b u t n o t h i n g w i l l be accomplished b y ignor ing i t "

He said: "The popular struggle of oppressed peo­ple w i l l remove the resources f r o m the con t ro l of U.S. imper i a l i sm and, i n so doing, s t rengthen the people of the U n i t e d States itself, w h o are s t r i v i n g f i r s t to under ­

stand and second to overcome the cruel rulers w h o have usurped t h e i r r e v o l u t i o n and the i r government ." He added tha t the A m e r i c a n people " w i l l , one day, p lay the decisive role i n des t roying U.S. i m p e r i a l i s m and creat ing the condit ions of a l as t ing peace." He cr i t ic ized "tenuous and i m m o r a l acquiescence i n U.S. domina t ion , w h i c h can nei ther w o r k no r be tolerated by humane man . "

H e said: " I f the Soviet U n i o n , i n i t s desire for peace, w h i c h is commendable, seeks to ga in favour w i t h the U n i t e d States b y m i n i m i z i n g , or even opposing, the - s truggle for na t iona l l ibe ra t ion and socialism, nei ther peace nor just ice w i l l be achieved. U.S. i m ­per ia l i sm has p rov ided us w i t h a l l the evidence to w h i c h we are en t i t l ed as to i t s na tu re an d i ts practice. The peoples, of the w o r l d bear witness to i t . "

I n conclusion, B e r t r a n d Russell appealed to the people o f the who le w o r l d to un i t e to combat U.S. imper i a l i sm, as th i s was the on ly w a y to p revent the U n i t e d States f r o m unleashing a nuclear war . "The danger of nuclear -war," he said, " w i l l no t be aver ted t h r o u g h fear of U n i t e d States' power . O n the contrary, the more isolated the. wie lders o f power i n the U n i t e d States. become, i n the face of w o r l d r e j ec t ion o f t he i r values and resistance to the i r acts,; the more l i k e l y we are to succeed i n a v o i d i n g a nuclear holocaust. I t is the i l l u s i on on the pa r t of U.S. impe r i a l i sm tha t i t can accomplish an a i m a n d defeat people b y the use of such weapons t h a t constitutes today the m a i n source of nuclear danger. B u t w h e n the people of Peru, Guatemala, Venezuela, Colombia, V i e t N a m , Tha i l and , the Congo, the Cameroons, the U n i t e d States, B r i t a i n — a l l the people •— demonstrate and struggle and resist, nuclear power is of no ava i l . I t w i l l destroy i t s user. Le t us j o i n together to resist U.S. i m p e r i a l i s m . "

THE WEEK

(Continued from p. 4.)

the Chinese Communis t P a r t y and the state "are an honour such as I have never k n o w n before." G i v i n g impressions- of his t ou r of var ious parts of the country , he said: " I feel deeply tha t the who le coun t ry and people are of one m i n d . U n i t e d under the wise leadership of the C h i ­nese Communis t Par ty ' s Cen t ra l Commit tee and C h a i r m a n _Mao Tse-tung , and as impregnable as a w a l l of bronze, they are perfec t ly capable of f u l f i l l i n g the great dua l task of combat ing i m p e r i a l i s m and rev i s ion­i sm." He spoke of the r a p i d develop­

m e n t i n the nation's economic con­s t ruc t ion and said: " I can s t i l l remember D r . Sun Yat-sen's predic­t i o n at a mee t ing i n Tokyo i n 1905 tha t China w o u l d def in i te ly catch up w i t h the West. N o w this has come t rue . " He expressed the deep con­v i c t i o n tha t the people w o u l d b u i l d China in to a modern and s trong so­cial is t coun t ry i n the no t dis tant fu tu re .

Condemning U.S. impe r i a l i sm ' fo r the cont inued occupation of China's province of T a i w a n and i ts scheme to l aunch a w a r of aggression against China, L i Tsung- jen said: "U.S. i m ­per ia l i sm . is no t on ly the sworn enemy of the Chinese people b u t of

a l l peace-loving peoples t h roughou t the w o r l d . " Quo t ing Premier Chou En-lai 's statement of a f ew days ear­l i e r tha t "opposi t ion or non-opposi­t i o n to U.S. i m p e r i a l i s m is the m a i n yards t i ck for tes t ing a l l po l i t i ca l forces i n the contemporary w o r l d , " L i Tsung- jen added: "This is also applicable to a l l i nd iv idua l s and to the T a i w a n authori t ies . For m y part , I am f i r m l y de te rmined to car ry out the statement I issued upon m y r e t u r n to the country , and I w i l l f i gh t to the end against U.S. i m p e ­r i a l i sm . " He advised the . T a i w a n authori t ies to shake off U.S. control , r e t u r n to the embrace of the mother ­l and and b r i n g about the f i n a l r e ­un i f i ca t ion of the count ry .

December 10,-1965 11

Policy Guide

Health Work Serving the Peasants China's health and medical services are now giving special atten­

tion to the rural areas. CHANG KAI, a Vice-Minister of Public

Health, answers why and how.

Q. China's medical and heal th w o r k is t u r n i n g i ts .main a t ten t ion to the r u r a l areas. W h y is this?

A . Before answering tha t question, I w o u l d l i k e to say a few words b y w a y of explanat ion. F i r s t of a l l , the fundamenta l l ine , i n hea l th Work i n People's China is to serve the workers , peasants and soldiers, tha t is, the o v e r w h e l m i n g m a j o r i t y . of • our popula t ion . . I m p l e ­m e n t i n g this l ine, w e have done a ve ry grea t -dea l i n hea l th w o r k i n general i n the past 16 years. Progress i n r u r a l hea l th w o r k is also considerable. The number of medical and hea l th ins t i tu t ions i n the countryside has m u l t i p l i e d several t imes. There has also been a b i g i m ­provement i n standards of t rea tment and equipment . .

Such being the case, w h y have the Cen t ra l C o m ­mi t t ee of the Chinese Communis t P a r t y and Cha i rman Mao several t imes ins t ruc ted us to p u t the m a i n em­phasis on r u r a l hea l th w o r k ?

This Is because at the present t ime, the socialist education movement i n the countryside is developing i n depth. There is a new upsurge i n ag r i cu l t u r a l p roduc­t i o n . The cu l tu ra l r e v o l u t i o n i n the countryside, too, is developing i n depth. Hea l th w o r k must keep' pace w i t h th is s i tua t ion i n order to serve the socialist r e vo l u ­t i o n and socialist construct ion better and protect the heal th of the peasants. -

Compared w i t h p re - l ibera t ion times, China's r u r a l heal th service has made remarkable advances. However , compared w i t h , condit ions i n our u r b a n centres, progress is s t i l l m u c h too slow. This Is" s t i l l a weak spot i n our hea l th w o r k as a whole . Over 80 per cent o f China's popula t ion are peasants. Clear ly the r u r a l areas must c la im the m a i n a t ten t ion of our hea l th w o r k . To pe rmi t backward conditions to persist there fo r l ong is incom­pat ib le w i t h the na ture of a people's heal th service.

. Moreover , the general pol icy fo r developing our na t iona l economy is to take agr icu l tu re as the founda t ion and i n d u s t r y as the lead ing factor. We shall be able to make our .hea l th w o r k .serve the economic base of our socialist .society bet ter on ly by m a k i n g i t conform to th is overa l l pol icy .

- : : " I t is o f the u tmost impor tance tha t -we should, stress the r u r a l . areas i n our hea l th w o r k . F r o m a prac t ica l

po in t of v i ew , s t rengthening r u r a l hea l th w o r k means to meet the medical"service needs of the peasants, to i m p r o v e r u r a l hea l th conditions and p rov ide the ma te r i a l conditions needed for the b u i l d i n g of new, socialist v i l ­lages. F r o m the l o n g - t e r m v i e w , i t is to g radua l ly d i m i n i s h the differences between t o w n and count ry , between i n d u s t r y and agr icu l tu re and between men ta l and ma nua l : l a bou r ; prevent the g r o w t h of rev i s ion ism and car ry the socialist r e v o l u t i o n t h r o u g h to the end.

Unders tanding the great significance of w o r k i n the countryside, China's hea l th and medica l worke r s

- have eagerly set about t he i r new task.

Q. W h a t immedia te , concrete "steps have been t aken to ca r ry out th is task? . . .

A. B r i e f l y , these may "be summarized under t w o heads: One is mob i l i za t ion of the exis t ing medical forces and facil i t ies to serve the peasant masses better. This includes arrangements fo r u r b a n doctors and heal th worker s to go d o w n to the countryside on a ro ta -• t i o n basis to re inforce the r u r a l hea l th service, and r e ­f o r m heal th service i n the cities to make t h e m more w i d e l y avai lable to the worker s and peasants. O n the other hand, r u r a l hea l th w o r k is being v igorous ly ex­panded; large numbers of r u r a l heal th worke r s are being t r a ined and steps are being taken to improve r u r a l hea l th organizations and the w o r k i n g style of the i r staffs.

A l l th is involves a great deal of effort . These aims could no t possibly be achieved b y adher ing to rou t ine ways of w o r k . Revolu t ionary measures are called for . W h a t is happening n o w amounts to a r evo lu t i on on the hea l th f ron t .

Q. W i l l y o u describe more concretely h o w the exist­i n g medical forces and faci l i t ies are be ing mobi l i zed i n the service of the peasants?

A . Since early th i s year, hea l th and medical worke r s i n the b i g and medium-sized cities-and coun ty towns-have organized mobi le teams -to t o u r the r u r a l people's com-

- munes. -This: is - an : i m p o r t a n t - way - of - -making- the- service of u rban hea l th worke r s more readi ly available t o - the vil lagers.- Of course, since l i b e r a t i o n , - i t is n o t h i n g new

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eai level o f personnel , i n the commune clinics, an d county hospitals. -

M a n y u r b a n hospitals and medica l colleges have set up permanent bases i n r u r a l counties, distr icts or people's communes to help develop a l l - round hea l th w o r k .

A n o t h e r way. i n w h i c h c i ty doctors and hea l th worke r s . are s e r v i n g . the peasants is b y . going to settle d o w n pe rmanen t ly i n the countryside. This is an effective w a y of s t rengthening hea l th organizations at the grass-roots.

.The Par ty ' s educational p o l i c y , is t h a t education mus t serve the pol i t ics of the p ro le ta r ia t and be in tegra ted w i t h p roduc t ive labour . We are -glad to see w h a t f ine results th is po l i cy is n o w g i v ­i n g . W h e n w e cal l on doctors and hea l th wo r k e r s to settle i n the co.un-

- t ryside, there is no lack of volunteers ready to dedicate. t he i r efforts to the needs of the peasants. ,

A mobile hospital of Chingyuan County, Shansi Province, on its rounds

for u r b a n medica l worke r s to tou r the countryside. Hea l th worke r s i n m a n y of our cities have taken i t as the i r d u t y to go d o w n to the countryside i n the busy f a r m i n g seasons. Others made regular - and more f r e ­quent v is i t s and longer stays d u r i n g the great dr ives t o w i p e out schistosomiasis and mala r ia i n places where these diseases were prevalent . B u t this is the f i r s t t i m e tha t they have organized the i r tours on such a b i g scale to cover 'such vast areas and to i nvo lve such large n u m ­bers of hea l th and medica l worke r s at a l l levels, f r o m

"leading specialists to o r d i n a r y pract i t ioners , students and nurses.

. . Incomplete statistics show tha t some .30,000 heal th and medical worker s w e n t d o w n to the countryside i n the f i r s t ha l f of th is year. Even more w e n t out i n this second half . Leading these mobi l e teams are many noted specialists such as D r . H u a n g Chia-ssu, surgeon, and D r : L i n Chiao-chih ( K h a - t i L i m ) , gynaecologist and obstetr ician, President and Vice-President respectively of the Chinese Academy of Medica l Science, H u Chuan-kuei , sk in specialist and Dean of Pek ing Medica l College, and Cheng Men-hsueh, Dean of the Shanghai College of T r a d i t i o n a l Medic ine and a noted specialist i n his profession. O n these coun t ry tours , our doctors and heal th worke r s f r o m the cities, i n add i t ion to g i v i n g t reatment , help the p roduc t ion teams to t r a i n the i r own heal th worker s a n d the p roduc t ion brigades, . their o w n pa r t - t ime physicians- They also help to guide t he local mass hea l th movement ; do research w o r k i n connection

i w i t h . the- p reven t ion and. - t r ea tmen t . of--diseases,--..eom--. m o n l y found i n the places, they v i s i t ; and b y opening shor t courses..or g iv ing • lectures , .help -raise the . t echni -

W e have called fo r fu l l e r use of exis t ing hea l th faci l i t ies i n cities b i g an d smal l . Here i t is i m p o r t a n t fo r

hospitals i n the cities and county towns to i m p r o v e the i r service fo r the peasants. This calls fo r a r e f o r m of hos­p i t a l rules and regulat ions w h i c h are i r r a t i o n a l and i n ­convenience patients, especially those f r o m r u r a l areas. I t is up to our hea l th worke r s to decide w h a t exactly has to be done.- They are n o w s tudy ing th is question concretely and some good experience has been gained.

• In the interests o f patients f r o m the countryside, the Central . Hosp i ta l of Wenteng County , Shantung Province, f o r example, keeps i ts out -pa t ien t depar tment open on holidays, d u r i n g the noon l u n c h break and at n i g h t ; i t gives p r i o r i t y to those w h o l i ve f a r away. E v e r y t h i n g is done to save patients unnecessary ex­pense and t roub le ; i t takes care, fo r instance, t ha t m e d ­icines prescribed are the most efficacious at the price. N a t u r a l l y its peasant patients are w e l l pleased w i t h th is a t t i tude.

Q. W i l l i t become regular practice fo r c i ty doctors and hea l th xyorkers to take pa r t i n these tours of du ty i n the countryside?

A . I t is most i m p o r t a n t fo r t h e m to go d o w n to the countryside, because this contr ibutes to pro tec t ion of the hea l th of the peasants, and helps r u r a l hea l th w o r k and ag r i cu l tu ra l p roduc t ion . I t is also an effective w a y of r evo lu t ion iz ing intel lectuals and enabling t hem to iden t i fy themselves more closely w i t h the l a b o u r i n g masses- Doctors .and. other, heal t lu .and.medical w o r k e r s . have described the great benefits they have der ived

- -f rom-these-Iongwisit-sj-bot-h ideologieal -and-.professional., Before, they k n e w v e r y l i t t l e about the countryside and .consequently .were no t deeply concerned w i t h the

-December'10,-1-965 .13

peasants. . B u t d u r i n g t h e i r vis i ts , , they realized the urgent needs of the . peasants f o r hea l th and medical service, and came to k n o w , the i r noble qual i t ies—-thei r diligence, ha rd -work ing , spi r i t , uprightness, and -sincerity — and, the incalculable con t r i bu t i on they m a k e to the state and people. A l l th is has g iven t h e m a much clearer idea of the need to serve the peasants. Techn i ­cally, these tours of d u t y i n the "countryside have also benefi ted -them" i n m a n y ways. I t has b rough t t h e m nearer the goal o f being b o t h "specialized and versatile. ' 1

M a n y . doctors and heal th ' worke r s ; have therefore voiced the op in ion tha t such tou r s .o f d u t y i n the coun­t rys ide should become a regular,, l ong - t e rm practice for a l l . ; . . ; • ' .

Q. W h a t is be ing done to. t r a i n more r u r a l hea l th and medica l workers?

A . We do not have near ly enough doctors and other hea l th and medical 'workers ' t o ; m e e t - t h e need "of the peasant masses fo r hea l th and .medical service so we must f i n d ways and means of t r a i n i n g more and' bet­ter qua l i f i ed r u r a l hea l th w o r k e r s i n the shortest pos­sible t ime . This means that , on t he one hand, we mus t cont inue our efforts to i m p r o v e ex i s t ing 5-year or 6-year medical colleges, and, at t h e same t ime , give medica l t r a i n i n g i n a v a r i e t y of ways to t r a i n hea l th , w o r k e r s fo r the p roduc t ion teams and p a r t - t i m e doctors for the p roduc t ion brigades. O u r medica l schools are organiz ing short courses to t r a i n doctors f o r r u r a l com­mune clinics.

T r a i n i n g fo r such hea l th worke r s general ly goes as fo l lows : p roduc t ion teams choose f r o m among the i r educated members sui table you ths w h o are p o l i t i c a l l y progressive and w h o show a love fo r m a n u a l labour . These they send to special t w o or three months ' t r a i n i n g classes where s tudy is combined w i t h practice. They

l ea rn to t rea t m i n o r in jur ies and ai lments, e lementary techniques of acupuncture and cautery, f i r s t aid, and the p reven t ion of diseases. Back i n t he i r teams, w h i l e t a k i n g f a r m w o r k as the i r m a i n occupation, they use th i s knowledge to serve the i r f e l low vi l lagers . They get help and guidance f r o m the commune clinics or mob i l e medica l teams and a t tend fu r the r yea r ly courses i n special "slack season" classes.

This year, a l l mob i l e medica l teams took the t r a i n i n g of such hea l th worke r s as p a r t of t h e i r w o r k . F r o m January to June alone, they t r a ined m ore than 200,000 people.

Pa rM; ime doctors take longer to t r a i n . Trainees, after t w o to three years ' s tudy, are expected to k n o w h o w to prevent and t rea t diseases common to the r u r a l areas. They s tudy d u r i n g the slack seasons and r e t u r n home fo r f a r m w o r k d u r i n g the busy seasons of harves t ing and sowing. I n most places, such w o r k -s tudy schools are set up i n county hospitals. Sometimes, w o r k - s t u d y ag r i cu l t u r a l m i d d l e schools r u n special medical classes.

This me thod of medica l education is ve ry new to us, so w e shal l t r y to improve i t on the basis of sum­m i n g up our experience f r o m t i m e to t ime . Some i n i t i a l results are encouraging. Fo r instance, the medica lc lass r u n b y the mob i l e teams of the Chinese Academy of Medica l Science was set up i n an ag r i cu l t u r a l m idd l e school i n H s i a n g y i n County , H u n a n Province, w h e n the teams were there ear ly t h i s year. I t is p lanned tha t i n t w o years ' t ime , students . w i l l be able to t rea t some 80 diseases, k n o w w h a t measures to take to prevent them, and also master 30 basic operat ive techniques. These students were a l ready able to t rea t m i n o r i n -jur ies and diseases when , after a pe r iod of study, they w e n t home to do f a r m w o r k for the busy season. Since

these r u r a l hea l th worke r s and > p a r t - t i m e doctors w o r k and l i v e i n the vil lages, they can give t i m e l y t r ea tment fo r o r d i n a r y i l l ­nesses. B y arres t ing illnesses at an ear ly stage, they hasten recovery, shorten the t i m e patients are away f r o m w o r k and save t h e m expense. Pa r t - t ime doctors are v e r y m u c h welcomed b y the peasants.

- W e have also set up 3-year courses i n some medica l colleges to t r a i n doctors fo r the r u r a l communes. N o t a f ew medica l colleges or schools have established branches i n the countryside w h i c h r ec ru i t students f r o m the people's communes o n the unders tanding tha t upon gradua t ion they w i l l go back to w o r k where they came f r o m . I n add i t ion , f r o m n o w o n most o f the graduates f r o m c i ty medica l ins t i tu tes and schools w i l l be assigned to posts i n the r u r a l

Associate-Professor Tu Kuo-ching of Chungshan Medical College giving a lecture to rural health workers in a village

of Chungshan County, Kwangtung Province

We reckon that in no t too l ong a t ime , w e sha l l have at least one peasant hea l th Worker i n every p roduc t ion team,"one pa r t -t i m e doctor in every p r o d u c t i o n brigade,

14 Peking Review, Wo.'50

and • a f a i r l y we l l - equ ipped c l in ic p lus competent doctors i n every r u r a l commune. : A t t he same t ime , we shal l raise scientific and technical standards i n our county hospitals. A l l th is w i l l p u t ou r r u r a l heal th service n e t w o r k on a sounder basis and p rov ide bet ter heal th and medica l service f o r our 500 m i l l i o n peasants.

Q. W i l l y o u g ive us a b r i e f r e v i e w of the nat ion's m a i s achievements i n hea l th w o r k since l ibera t ion?

& . I n the last 16 years w e launched the pa t r io t i c hea l th campaign i n t o w n and count ry centr ing o n e l imina t ing the " f o u r pests" (rats, bedbugs, flies and mosquitoes), i m p r o v i n g env i ronmenta l and personal hygiene, and the p reven t ion and t rea tment of t he m a i n diseases. Th is has m u c h i m p r o v e d hea l th conditions i n China, reduced the " four pests" to v a r y i n g degrees, and gradual ly cu l t iva ted habits of cleanliness among the masses.

. I n co-ordina t ion w i t h , th is campaign, w e s tar ted a large-scale offensive against those diseases w h i c h seriously h a r m the hea l th of the people. We have basically w i p e d out smallpox, plague, cholera, kala-azar and venereal disease, a l l of w h i c h were widely , prevalent i n o ld China. We have cured more than 3 m i l l i o n people of schistosomiasis, a parasi t ic disease prevalent i n several provinces south of the Yangtse River . Incidence of . th i s disease has been grea t ly reduced since t he adopt ion of measures w h i c h effectively combine, among other things, eradicat ion o f the snails (the in termedia te host to schistosome) w i t h , proper disposal of h u m a n excrement so as to prevent the spread of the disease. I n m a n y places, ma la r i a has been, basically w i p e d out or b rough t under control . Incidence- of some other infectious diseases, parasi t ic or endemic diseases has also been reduced.

I n indus t ry , v e r y effective measures have been taken to keep, d o w n dust, and the h a r m caused by si l icot ic dust has been grea t ly reduced. I m p r o v e d i n ­sula t ion and v e n t i l a t i o n have helped to keep t e m ­peratures d o w n i n workshops and this , i n the m a i n , has b rough t heat s t roke under cont ro l . .

W i t h the advance of our na t iona l economy and g r o w t h i n numbers of our hea l th workers , w e have b u i l t up' a p r e l i m i n a r y ' medica l and hea l th n e t w o r k to . serve the who le coun t ry f r o m the cities to t he villages, f r o m i n l a n d to t h e borders. H e a l t h and medical f a c i l i ­ties i n factories and mines have been expanded r a p i d l y .

Before l ibe ra t ion , a hospi ta l was a r a r i t y i n a county t o w n or i n places be low the county level . Such county t o w n hospitals as existed r a r e ly had more t han a dozen beds. N o w every one- of China's more than- 2,000 coun­ties has a county hospi ta l w i t h f r o m a few- score to a couple of h u n d r e d beds. They are staffed b y medical workers of var ious qual if icat ions and equipped- t o ' a cer ta in extent w i t h mode rn facil i t ies. Some distr icts be low the county l eve l have hospitals too. Every com-

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E r . Ian Ohiao-chih examines a pa.tient in a rural peo­ple's eommune of Hsiangyin County, Hunan Province

mune has a cl inic. M a n y p roduc t i on brigades have hea l th stations and p roduc t ion teams, hea l th workers .

' ' Medica l education has also made r a p i d progress. The n u m b e r of graduates f r o m medica l colleges since l ibe ra t ion is more t han 10 t imes the t o t a l number of graduates i n the 20 years before l ibe ra t ion . Second­a r y medica l school graduates amount to eight t imes the to ta l number of graduates f r o m s imi l a r schools i n old China.

I n research w o r k , w h i l e due a t tent ion is pa id to advanced research, our m a i n a t ten t ion has been focussed on diseases w h i c h h a r m the people most. Notable achievements have been made. Effect ive methods have been devised fo r the prevent ion and t rea tment of schistosomiasis, kala-azar, ma la r i a and other diseases: Chinese research worker s have successfully studied and produced a h i g h l y at tenuated l i ve measles v i rus yaccihe, and tests on more t h a n 100,000 ch i ld ren over the last f ew years have shown i t t o be rel iable, safe and effective. "Br i l l i an t pages i n the h i s to ry of surgery have been w r i t t e n b y the successful j o i n i n g of a com­plete ly severed hand and the t r ea tment _of-severe burns." There ' has" been steady advance i n ' h e a r t and b r a i n Surgery and i n other scientif ic techniques w h i c h were" ei ther non-exis tent or l i t t l e developed here be­fore, l i b e r a t i o n . I n some of these fields advanced w o r l d levels have, already been at ta ined or are be ing approached.

Co-operat ion between -doctors o f the t r ad i t i ona l and mode rn schools and t he s tudy of China's medical heri tage have produced m a n y f r u i t f u l results. .. This is w e l l b rough t ou t i n the treatment- of bone fractures by a combina t ion o f methods f r o m t r a d i t i o n a l Chinese and mode rn medicine. This new me thod of t rea tment

December 10, 1965 15

w h i c h "combines m o t i o n w i t h i m m o b i l i z a t i o n " and consists of man ipu la t ive reduct ion , the local use of splints and the i n s t i t u t i o n of ear ly stage func t iona l exercise, has m a n y meri ts . W i t h th is method, fractures heal w e l l , the pe r iod of t r ea tmen t is shortened and func t iona l recovery is good. I t is less p a i n f u l and reduces costs of t rea tment .

Good results have been achieved i n us ing such a method to t reat acute abdomina l diseases w i t h o u t resort to surgery. A n an t i -d iph ther ia m i x t u r e produced b y t r a d i t i o n a l medicine has p roved to be efficacious i n cur ing localized pharyngea l d iphther ia . B y s i m i l a r l y combin ing methods f r o m t r a d i t i o n a l Chinese and mode rn medicine, w e have also discovered f a i r l y

satisfactory t reatments for a n u m b e r of diseases w h i c h previous ly could no t be effect ively treated.

A l l these efforts have grea t ly enr iched mode rn medical , practice and i m p r o v e d our hea l th w o r k , thus c o n t r i b u t i n g to the hea l th of the people.

T o conclude: hea l th w o r k is focussing its a t t en t ion on the countryside b u t this is serving not on ly to advance r u r a l h e a l t h : w o r k ; i t is g i v i n g fresh impetus to the development of our hea l th w o r k i n general and to. the r evo lu t ion iza t ion of." our hea l th workers . The great mass of our hea l th worke r s are f u l l of r e v o l u ­t i o n a r y enthusiasm. They are W o r k i n g h a r d and w i t h great sp i r i t to ca r ry . out the socialist pol icy of serving the workers , "peasants and soldiers.

On the literary Front

Young Spare-Time Writers Meet

As China's socialist r e v o l u t i o n and construct ion advances, more and more young men and w o m e n of the w o r k i n g class, the peasantry and soldiers, w h i l e con t inu ing the i r n o r m a l tasks, have t aken up the pen and jo ined the ranks of creative wr i t e r s . They w r i t e about our new socialist era, i ts sp i r i t , i ts heroes; they expose and pound the enemy. The emergence of this new contingent of w r i t e r s is an outs tanding phenomenon of today's cu l tu ra l r evo lu t ion .

MORE than 1,100 s^oung activists i n the sphere of spare-time creative w r i t i n g are cu r r en t ly meet ing

i n Pek ing to discuss h o w to use t he i r n e w l y acquired weapon — the pen, more effectively i n the service o f socialist r evo lu t ion . Coming s t ra ight f r o m the nation's factories, farms and P .L .A. uni ts , they have done good w o r k b o t h i n t he i r everyday jobs and i n the i r spare-t i m e w r i t i n g . They have studied Cha i rman Mao's works w e l l and s t imula ted c u l t u r a l act ivi t ies where they l i ve or w o r k . N o t a f ew are f r o m the m i n o r i t y nat ional i t ies .

The conference, sponsored j o i n t l y b y the Cent ra l Commit tee of the Communis t Y o u t h League and the U n i o n of Chinese Wr i t e r s , began o n November 25. I t is scheduled to last some t w o weeks.

" Chou Yang's Address

Chou Yang , Depu ty Di rec tor o f the Propaganda Depar tmen t of the Centra l Commit tee of the Chinese Communis t Par ty , addressed a p lenary session of the conference on November 29. -He discussed-the cur ren t domestic ' and in t e rna t iona l s i t u a t i o n - a n d - t h e m i l i t a n t

ro le of l i t e ra tu re and art . He po in ted ou t tha t a l l l i t e r ­a r y and ar t is t ic workers , professional and amateur alike, should take an active pa r t i n the struggle against imper i a l i sm and mode rn revis ionism, and i n the three great r evo lu t iona ry movements of class struggle, the struggle fo r p roduct ion , and scientific exper iment . He called on t h e m to s tudy the w o r k s of Mao Tse- tung and creat ively apply his teachings, r emou ld t he i r ideo­logy and s t r ive to become revolu t ion ized and to become m a n u a l worker s at the same t ime . He said they should use l i t e ra tu re as a weapon i n the service of the worke r s , peasants and soldiers, and for socialism and the r e v o l u ­t i ona ry cause of the people of the w o r l d .

He rev iewed the struggle be tween the socialist and capitalist roads on the l i t e r a r y and .ar t . f ron t since l i b ­erat ion, and l i s ted the t remendous achievements gained i n the socialist c u l t u r a l r evo lu t ion . Po in t i ng out tha t modern revisionist ar t and l i t e ra tu re had already be­come an in s t rumen t of imper i a l i sm for ideological sub­vers ion w i t h i n the socialist countries, he called on C h i ­nese w r i t e r s and art is ts to h o l d the revo lu t ionary banner of M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m and Mao Tse-tung's t h i n k i n g s t i l l h igher and to struggle for t ho rough implementa t ion of the Party 's l ine i n a r t and l i t e ra ture .

A b i g e f for t should be made, he said, to p o r t r a y socialism and the heroes of the people i n every sphere of l i f e , and especially, as an insp i ra t ion fo r our young people, to p ic tu re the sh in ing images of vanguard youths armed w i t h Mao Tse-tung's t h i n k i n g .

Dea l ing w i t h the great impor tance of - ra is ing a- new •generation-to' r carry - o n - t h e - w o r k of socialist l i t e ra tu re ,

16 Peking Review, No. 50

and the road w h i c h y o u n g w r i t e r s should take, Chou Y a n g u rged t he spare-t ime w r i t e r s never t o d ivorce themselves f r o m the w o r k i n g people or f r o m physical labour. He encouraged t h e m to s tudy hard, , and to improve themselves ideological ly so as to produce mor e and bet ter w o r k s and do a bet ter j ob i n mass cu l tu ra l act ivi t ies . A l l this , he stressed, was fo r the fu r the r consolidation and expansion o f t he posit ions already gained b y socialist Ideology and cu l tu re and, fo r car ry­i n g the socialist c u l t u r a l r e v o l u t i o n t h r o u g h to the end. He u rged t h e m to do t he i r u tmos t to prepare t he g round for the rea l iza t ion of the goal of h a v i n g w o r k i n g people w h o are at the same t i m e intel lectuals and. intel lectuals who are at the same t i m e w o r k i n g people, and fo r the g radua l d i m i n u t i o n and eventual e l im ina t i on of the difference be tween ' m a n u a l and m e n t a l labour . ' •".

Great Public Interest

There has been great pub l i c interest i n th is meet­i n g . L o n g before i t s opening, the press, b o t h na t iona l

Reclamation

and local, devoted m a n y pages to recent w o r k s b y spare-t i m e authors, and to reviews of the several anthologies of w o r k s b y new w r i t e r s publ ished i n recent years. Renmin Ribao, ca l l ing on the general publ ic to foster young spare-time wr i t e r s , w r o t e : ' ' :Flowers need a t ten­t i o n i f t hey are to blossom w e l l . We hope the broad masses of readers and cri t ics w i l l l ook after the g r o w t h of our y o u n g spare-time w r i t e r s so as to help l i f t our socialist l i t e ra tu re to a new f lou r i sh ing state.

Revolu t ionary pol i t ics is the keynote of this confer­ence. I t is l a y i n g great emphasis on the need fo r -writers to -be m i l i t a n t and revolu t ion ized i n thought . I n the last t e n days and more, these young activists i n spare-time creative w r i t i n g have conscientiously s tud­ied Mao Tse-tung's works . They have t aken as t h e i r examples L e i Feng and W a n g Chieh, the t w o o rd ina ry b u t great soldiers w h o served the revo lu t ion , to the end, a nd have expressed the i r de te rmina t ion to be w h o l l y devoted to the r e v o l u t i o n —• i n the i r w o r k and i n w r i t i n g .

— OUR CORRESPONDENT

g Up Ksarsgsi's Mountain

T H R E E - F I F T H S of the area of K i a n g s i Province is m o u n t a i n land. A decade ago m u c h of i t was s imp ly

par t of th is east China province's po ten t i a l w e a l t h : v i r g i n mounta ins covered w i t h w i l d vegetation, m u c h fe r t i l e b u t undeveloped land, r i c h m i n e r a l resources and t i m b e r stands and bamboo groves. B u t poor com­municat ions and a sparse popula t ion among other th ings made i t d i f f i c u l t t o open up these areas. These obstacles p roved insuperable before l ibe ra t ion . Today, w i t h the People's Government supp ly ing the necessary mate r i a l conditions, and, above al l , w i t h the determined dr ive of the organized people under the leadership of the Communis t Par ty , these m o u n t a i n distr icts are be ing t u r n e d in to t h r i v i n g centres of p roduc t ion and rea l w e a l t h is p o u r i n g out of them.

I n p re - l ibe ra t ion days these areas suffered m u c h f r o m cruel K u o m i n t a n g depredations. D u r i n g the Second Revolu t ionary C i v i l W a r (1927-37), the Chinese Com­munis t Pa r ty l ed the people here i n establishing a n u m ­ber of r evo lu t iona ry base areas b u t w h e n the Red A r m y lef t to f i g h t the Japanese invaders i n the no r t h , the K u o m i n t a n g reactionaries r e tu rned to slaughter ' the people and destroy the i r ' v i l l ages . " The popu la t ion was sharply reduced "and m a n y places were depopulated.

Today f ew m a t e r i a l trace of w h a t t hen occurred remains. The m o u n t a i n distr icts of K i a n g s i are being

t ransformed. The area of f a r m l a n d is s teadi ly i n ­creasing and bus t l i ng towns w i t h modern faci l i t ies are appearing one after another. N a r r o w paths are g i v i n g w a y to w e l l constructed mo t o r roads. T imber , g ra in and m a n y other f a r m products are be ing p r o ­duced i n large quanti t ies. The popu la t ion is g r o w i n g at a fast rate as a resul t of heavy i m m i g r a t i o n .

Development of the K iangs i moun ta in regions has proceeded m a i n l y b y t w o methods — the organiz ing of collective f a r m i n g uni t s and the set t ing u p of state rec lamat ion farms.' Since l i be r a t i on the p rov inc i a l peo­ple's government has helped the peasants to get organ­ized in to m u t u a l - a i d teams, f a r m co-ops and la ter peo­ple's communes. These have made a b i g c o n t r i b u t i o n to e x p l o i t i n g t he province's m o u n t a i n resources.

State Reclamation Farms —The Main Force

B u t there r e m a i n extensive m o u n t a i n areas w h i c h for one reason o r another the collective f a r m i n g uni t s cannot develop on a large scale. K iangs i has therefore set u p a large, number of state rec lamat ion farms. I n the w i n t e r of 1957, the development of rec lamat ion farms entered a new stage w h e n 50,000 cadres were sent to establish n e w rec lamat ion farms. The 200 fa rms they set up.were la ter re inforced b y large numbers of demobil ized

December 10, 1965 17

officers and m e n of the People's L ibe ra t i on A r m y as w e l l as tens of thousands of educated youngsters f r o m the cities.

I n m a p p i n g out i t s p l an of g r o w t h , each f a r m takes i ts specific env i ronment careful ly in to considera­t i o n . I t m a y p l a n t food and indus t r i a l crops, go i n for stock-breeding or otherwise divers i fy in to various side­lines. Bu t , as f a r as possible, a l l farms give p r i o r i t y to food crops. W h e n a f a r m can get most or a l l of the g ra in i t needs f r o m i ts o w n fields, th i s no t on ly lays a f i r m basis fo r expanding side-lines, bu t relieves i t of the pressing bu rde n of t r anspor t ing b u l k food g ra in f r o m the plains over long distances.

Radical Changes

I n t h e past f e w years, the reclamat ion farms have reclaimed and p loughed 800,000 mu of waste l and and produced large quanti t ies of gra in , cotton, oilseeds and tea. Besides t i m b e r stands, t he y have p lan ted m u l ­be r ry and f r u i t trees o n the slopes. Last year they increased g r a i n ou tpu t b y 14.2 per cent, compared w i t h 1963. Qui te a f e w farms produced an annual marke t ­able surplus of g r a i n of between 2,000 and 3,000 tons.

They planted 10 per cent more ear ly r ice th i s year and reaped a good harvest, surpassing the 1964 p e r - m u y i e l d b y as m u c h as 20 pe r cent. M a n y h i l l farms re ­por ted yields of 490 jin per m u , usua l ly reached on ly b y farms on the plains .

The farms have afforested a t o t a l of 1.83 m i l l i o n mu. F o r m e r l y eroded m o u n t a i n slopes are n o w cov­ered w i t h trees. Though they manage on ly 14 per cent of the t o t a l forest area, the rec lamat ion farms today produce more t h a n 20 per cent of the province's t imber and bamboo.

The m o u n t a i n districts n o w have a great va r i e ty of workshops and smal l i ndus t r i a l enterprises, some­t h i n g u n k n o w n before l ibe ra t ion . These inc lude r ice-husk ing and oil-pressing mi l l s , f a r m too l workshops, paper-mil ls and factories processing fores t ry b y - p r o d ­ucts. The w i l d s t r awber ry w i n e made b y the Damao-shan Reclamat ion F a r m f inds a m a r k e t as f a r away as Southeast Asia.

Remarkable advances have been made i n capital construct ion, t ransport , education, pub l ic hea l th and scientific studies. The rec lamat ion farms have b u i l t more t han 3,000 ki lometres o f roads and 75 ki lometres of forest r a i lways . M o t o r t ranspor t is n o w w i t h i n easy reach of the remote m o u n t a i n settlements and t i m b e r is got out of the forests b y r a i l . Schools, hospitals, clinics, depar tment stores, supply and m a r k e t i n g co­ops, and postal and te lecommunica t ion services are w i t h i n convenient reach of the m o u n t a i n inhabi tants . T w o hund red smal l power houses and hydroelect r ic power stations supply power fo r i n d u s t r y and l i g h t to homes.

The K i a n g s i Communis t Labour Un ive r s i t y , a pa r t -f a r m and par t - s tudy ins t i tu te , was established i n 1958 w i t h a college and 46 secondary and j u n i o r technical

schools scattered i n the m o u n t a i n areas of the province. I t s combined enrolment is 14,000. W i t h local needs i n m i n d , i t offers courses i n agronomy, f a r m machinery, stock-breeding, forestry, f i shery and ser icul ture. A to ta l of 16,000 young people has thus been t r a ined w h o are as able w i t h the i r hands as they are w i t h the i r heads.

T h e Chingkang Moun ta in s was the f i r s t r e v o l u t i o n ­ary base area fo r the armed struggle of the Chinese people established b y Cha i rman Mao Tse- tung i n 1927. Measures to repai r the damage caused b y the K u o m i n ­tang were started i n 1949. However , i t is the state rec lamat ion f a r m established here i n 1957 tha t , together w i t h the loca l people, changed the face of the area. They have b u i l t a 110-km. road around the mounta ins and a medium-sized hydropower stat ion. G r a i n ou tpu t has steadily Increased. The reclamat ion f a r m has planted trees and r ev ived tea groves on a t o t a l area of 100,000 mu. The d i s t r i c t is n o w served b y a r i ce -husk ing . m i l l , a t i l e and b r i c k k i l n , w i n e r y , paper-m i l l and other i n d u s t r i a l uni ts . Schools have been opened and medical faci l i t ies p rovided .

The Hetang Spirit

The rec lamat ion farms had to w o r k ha rd fo r t h e i r b r i l l i a n t successes. M a n y farms started f r o m scratch, and the pioneers, w i t h great spi r i t , me t and over­came m a n y dif f icul t ies and hardships such as lack of shelter, poor t ranspor t , shortage of tools, and so on. Tha t s p i r i t is w e l l i l l u s t r a t ed b y the h i s t o r y of the Hetang Reclamation F a r m i n Poyang Coun ty .

Hetang lies i n a m o u n t a i n area 800 metres above sea level . W h e n the f i r s t 200 government ca,dres ar­r i v e d i n 1957 to set up the f a r m , they faced an u n i n ­habi ted waste l and . W i t h the tools they carr ied and a smal l government loan as capital , they t u r n e d these lean slopes in to p roduc t ive land. Camping out to start w i t h , the i r " a f t e r - w o r k " hours were spent b u i l d i n g thatched homes o f bamboo, g r o w i n g vegetables, m a k i n g k i t chen utensils, f u r n i t u r e and tools f r o m local materials .

N o w the f a r m boasts 13,000 mu of tea-o i l plantat ions and bamboo groves and 10,000 mu of new t i m b e r forest. B y swi t ch ing f r o m one to t w o crops a year, the y i e l d of paddyrice has near ly doubled, j u m p i n g f r o m 394 jin per m u i n the f i r s t year to 772 jin per m u i n 1964. The f a r m n o w markets 83 per cent o f i t s t o t a l ou tpu t value.

Hetang has good b r i c k dwell ings, shops, schools and a hospi tal •— a t o t a l of 12,400 sq. m . of f loor space —• and a smal l power stat ion. Eleven ki lometres of road have been cut t h r o u g h the mounta ins to the nearest h ighway . The capi ta l va lue of the f a r m is n o w t w o and ha l f t imes the t o t a l inves tment p u t i n b y the state.

The Hetang sp i r i t of h a r d w o r k and self-reliance is t yp i ca l of a l l the other rec lamat ion farms i n K i a n g s i tha t are b r i n g i n g about the r a p i d advance of the m o u n ­ta in regions of K i a n g s i Province.

— CHIANG CUIR

18 Peking Review, No. 50

ROUND THE WO! McNamara's Saigon Trip

Seven Times Unlucky O n November 28, Saigon's heav i ly

guarded T a n Son N h a t A i r p o r t lounge was searched w i t h a m ine detector to ensure the safety of the U.S. Defence Secretary w h o was m a k ­i n g his seventh v i s i t to south V i e t N a m since 1962. Tha t a v i s i t b y M c N a m a r a means t roub le is n o w ac­cepted. , Whenever the U.S. Defence Secretary goes to Saigon i t indicates tha t the U.S. aggressors mus t have suffered another t e l l i n g b l o w ; and i t also portends the fresh t rouble they w i l l make, t rouble w h i c h i n v a r i a b l y ends i n another, bigger fa i lu re . Washington starts th is vicious cycle again and again: make t rouble , f a i l , make t roub le again, f a i l again . . . t i l l i ts f i n a l doom.

M c N a m a r a f i r s t v i s i t ed Saigon i n M a y 1962 to w o r k out the details .for "special w a r " and the "Staley-Tay lo r P l a n " calculated to "paci fy" south V i e t N a m i n 18 months . A f t e r t ha t v i s i t , U.S. m i l i t a r y " a i d " to the Saigon puppets increased f r o m a da i ly average of $1 m i l l i o n to $1.5 m i l l i o n ; the number of U.S. m i l i t a r y personnel was doubled. The resul t : the people destroyed the "strategic v i l lages" set up under the " p l a n " w h i c h was p roved a fa i lu re w i t h i n less t han 18 months.

His second t r i p i n September 1963 and his t h i r d i n December of the same year were described b y A P as missions "o f great impor tance ." The D i e m brothers w h o had ou t l ived the i r usefulness as puppets were murdered i n November and D u o n g V a n M i n h w h o replaced t h e m was removed i n January 1964. These changes, however , d i d n o t i m p r o v e the U.S. predicament i n the least.

I n M a r c h 1964, McNamara v i s i t ed south V i e t N a m for the f o u r t h t ime , p u t t i n g f o r w a r d his o w n "McNamara P l a n " i n the expectat ion tha t south V i e t N a m w o u l d be "paci f ied" before 1965. The south Vietnamese people shattered this "p lan ' ' too. A l m o s t immedia te ly after h is f i f t h v i s i t i n

the f o l l o w i n g M a y , h i g h - r a n k i n g U.S. • officials met i n H o n o l u l u and this l ed to the Bac Bo G u l f inc ident w h i c h the U.S..used as a p re tex t fo r escalat­i n g the w a r by b o m b i n g t h e - D e m ­ocratic Republic of V i e t N a m .

I n J u l y th is year McNamara again w e n t to south V i e t N a m for a 5-day "inspect ion." Th i s t i m e he proposed to Congress increased m i l i t a r y spend­i n g fo r aggression i n V i e t N a m and •the sending of more A m e r i c a n troops. His latest v i s i t occurred w h e n his o w n b ra inch i ld , the a i rmobi l e F i r s t Cava l ry D i v i s i o n , had -been badly mauled b y the south Vietnamese •people. As a U P I dispatch p u t i t , the s i tua t ion i n south V i e t N a m was "worse t han the last t ime , " tha t his " increasingly f requent v is i t s . . . have been a barometer of the steadily de ter iora t ing s i tua t ion ." •

W h a t d i d McNamara propose dur ­i n g his latest 2-day vis i t? He has cr ied fo r "counteract ion" and as­serted tha t the w a r " w i l l be a long war . " A s is disclosed b y Western news agencies, his n e w p lan is to set up a."zone of blockade" south of the 17th Para l le l , s t re tching f r o m the n o r t h e r n pa r t of south V i e t N a m , t h rough L o w e r Laos, to Tha i land , to "seal off the south V i e t N a m bat­t l e f i e ld . " Accord ing to this new plan , the U.S. is seeking to make Lower Laos a base so as to s t r ike at the people's a rmed forces of south V i e t N a m f r o m another direct ion, to a t ­tack the D.R .V. w h e n oppor tun i ty arises, to threaten Cambodia and to strangle the pat r io t ic , democratic forces of Laos. One of McNamara 's "counteractions," repor ted U P I , was "to chop up the Lao t i an cor r idor" and " to s p i l l " the V i e t N a m w a r "over i n t o Laos." A n "increased emphasis" on b o m b i n g of the D .R .V . is also pa r t o f the U.S. p l an to expand the w a r .

B u t the best- laid schemes of the U.S. Defence Secretary usual ly go a w r y . " I t is cer ta in ," commented the South V i e t N a m L i b e r a t i o n Press Agency, of f ic ia l organ of the N a ­t i o n a l F r o n t fo r L ibe ra t ion , " the new schemes . . - . cannot save U.S. i m ­

perialists f r o m complete f a i lu re be­cause the south Vietnamese l i be r a ­t i o n forces and people today have enough s t rength and de te rmina t ion to decide the course of events i n south V i e t N a m . "

Indo-China Mettle

Cambodia for Cambodians "As l ong as I l ive , I w i l l muster a l l

m y s t rength to f i g h t t h e m [U.S. i m ­perial ists] u n t i l the i r u l t ima te d o w n ­f a l l , " said Pr ince Norodom Sihanouk at a recent publ ic meet ing. Late ly , the Cambodian Head, of State has made a number of speeches denounc­i n g the insu l t and i n j u r y -the U.S. imper ia l i s t s have heaped on h i m and his count ry . Refe r r ing to an .o f ­f i c i a l U.S. s tatement tha t a pa r t of Cambodia's t e r r i t o r y was being pa­t ro l l ed b y U.S. aircraft , S ihanouk said: " I t is a new pre tex t of the U.S. imper ia l is ts to extend t h e i r escalation of the w a r to K h m e r t e r r i t o r y . " He called upon the Cambodian people to be on the i r guard .

Pr ince Sihanouk at an earlier meet ing also spoke convinc ingly of the reason w h y he hated U.S. i m ­per ia l i sm and w h y U.S. impe r i a l i sm hated h i m . " I hate U.S. i m p e r i a l ­i sm," he declared, "because i t has b rough t such great disasters to us and been so contemptuous of our na­t i o n . I t even gloats over our pover ty and wishes e v i l to our mother land . " As to the U.S. imper ia l is ts , Pr ince S ihanouk expla ined: "They hate Cambodia, also because, though our count ry is 'weak' and 'small , ' we have resolutely rejected the i r a id w i t h o u t suf fer ing any h a r m . O n the contrary, as is w e l l k n o w n , Cambodia has fared better since i ts re ject ion of U.S. a id more than t w o years ago. We have shown to a l l t ha t the K h m e r people are w e l l cap­able of r e l y i n g on themselves. We have defeated the deceptive prop­aganda of the imper ia l i s t s and neo-colonialists w h i c h alleged tha t coun­tr ies i n Asia, A f r i c a and L a t i n A m e r i c a can prosper on ly w h e n they serve as the i r lackeys and depend on t h e i r a id . "

Pr ince Sihanouk gave a rebuf f to U.S. Senator Mansf ie ld w h o v i s i t ed P h n o m Penh on November 29 and i n -

December 10, 1965 19

solently t o l d the Cambodian Head of State to "Keep Cambodia to the Cambodians." A t a v i l l age mass r a l l y i n Svay Rieng Province on De ­cember 3, S ihanouk re tor ted tha t before g i v i n g h i m such "advice," the Americans had bet ter f i r s t r e t u r n south V i e t N a m to the south V i e t ­namese. He added: "Le t the A m e r i ­cans r e t u r n Japan to the Japanese, the Phi l ippines to the Fi l ip inos , and L a t i n Amer i ca to the L a t i n A m e r i ­cans before they say, 'Keep Cam­bodia to the Cambodians . ' "

The piece of "advice" g iven b y Mansf ie ld sprang f r o m arrogance and was Inspired b y mal ice; the piece of "counter-advice" Pr ince Sihanouk has offered to Mansf ie ld is a b i t t e r p i l l fo r the U.S. imper ia l i s t s to swal low. B u t i t is the sort of medicine tha t the Mansfields need.

S. Vietnamese People's Magnanimity

T w o A m e r i c a n prisoners, Claude McClure and George Sm i t h , captured d u r i n g the Hiep Hoa bat t le i n 1963, were recent ly released b y the South V i e t N a m Na t iona l F r o n t fo r L ibe ra ­t ion . The Roya l Government of Cambodia, out of h u m a n i t a r i a n con­siderations, had agreed to issue t r ans i t visas to t h e m so tha t they could r e t u r n to the i r o w n country . Chea San, Cambodian Secretary of State for I n f o r m a t i o n , whose m i n i s ­t r y arranged a conference for the t w o A m e r i c a n prisoners to meet newsmen i n P h n o m Penh, said that , because his count ry always uphe ld a po l icy of peace and neu t ra l i ty , the visas were granted despite the fact t ha t the U.S. had cont inuously bombed the Cambodian border and i n t r u d e d in to Cambodia's t e r r i t o r i a l air .

Le V a n Diep, representative of the Command of the South V i e t N a m L i b e r a t i o n A r m e d Forces, read out a communique. I t said tha t the prisoners were released i n conformi ty w i t h the pol icy of the South V i e t N a m N a ­t i ona l F r o n t for L ibe ra t i on of l e n i ­e n c y to prisoners, and also as a response to the A m e r i c a n people's movement against U.S. imper ia l i s t aggression i n V i e t N a m . Earl ier , on November 25, Nguyen H u u Tho, President of the Pres id ium of the

Cen t ra l Commit tee of the N.F .L . , had sent a message to F r a n k Emspak, President of the Na t i ona l Co-ord i ­na t i ng Commit tee to E n d the War i n V i e t N a m , w i s h i n g the A m e r i c a n people great successes i n the i r s t rug­gle against the Johnson A d m i n i s t r a ­t ion 's w a r of-aggression i n V i e t N a m . Nguyen H u u . Tho said b o t h -the A m e r i c a n and Vietnamese people were v i c t ims of the i n h u m a n w a r carr ied out b y the U.S. Government .

Rep ly ing to questions the t w o A m e r i c a n prisoners t o l d newsmen they had received lenient t rea tment i n the prisoners.camp. McClu re said tha t he was wounded before his cap­ture and the camp authori t ies d id the i r best to have his wounds healed. B o t h he and Smith .sa id tha t they n o w understood the Vietnamese s i tua t ion better. They believed tha t the A m e r ­ican people,, l i k e the - Vietnamese people, were/opposed to t h e . w a r and they predicted tha t the U.S. Would be defeated.

Warning From Laotian People P h o u m i V o n g v i c h i t , General Sec­

re t a ry of the Neo Lao Haksat and a min is te r of the t r i p a r t i t e Lao t i an Government of Na t iona l U n i o n , sent a message i n late, November to the Co-Cha i rmen of the 1962 Geneva Con­ference cal l ing upon t h e m to stop U.S. extension of the w a r i n I n d o ­c h i n a .

I n his let ter , Vongv ich i t , w h o is also a member of t h e Lao t i an C e n t r a l Commission set up to supervise the implemen ta t ion of the Geneva agree­ments, denounced Washington 's plans to expand the w a r i n Laos and t u r n Cent ra l and L o w e r Laos in to a br idge l i n k i n g the U.S. m i l i t a r y bases i n Tha i l and w i t h i ts major ba t t l e f ie ld i n south V i e t N a m . Descr ibing w h a t U.S. impe r i a l i sm had been doing i n his country , V o n g v i c h i t said tha t the Americans, w h i l e bus i ly r epa i r ing roads Inc lud ing H i g h w a y No. 13 and the airfields i n Saravane, Pakse and Savannakhet, had poured i n t h o u ­sands of tons of w a r mater ie l . They had also sent large numbers of pup ­pet mobi le troops in to Cen t ra l and Lo wer Laos.

Since ear ly September, Lao t i an puppet troops, together w i t h U.S.-a rmed T h a i t roops under U.S. com-

Sketch map by Su L i

mand , had launched attacks against the areas under Neo Lao Haksat con­t r o l i n Cammon, Savannakhet and L u a n g Prabang Provinces and the P l a i n of Ja rs -Xieng K h o u a n g area, V o n g v i c h i t recalled. He, therefore, asked the Geneva Conference Co-Cha i rmen to condemn these acts, force the U.S. and i t s lackeys to ha l t a l l aggression and b o m b i n g of . the area under the cont ro l of the L ao t i an pa t r io t i c forces, and s t r i c t ly abide b y and imp lemen t the 1962 Geneva agreements and the 1962 ceasefire order.

Should the U.S. aggressors and the i r lackeys persist i n the i r adven­ture , he warned , the Lao t i an pa t r io t ic forces Would be compelled to take a l l necessary measures to repulse t hem and to defend the peace and neu­t r a l i t y of Laos and the Geneva agree­ments and ceasefire order.

The Lao t i an people mean w h a t they say. D u r i n g fou r days f i g h t i n g between November 3 and 7 to re ­pulse enemy attacks, the pa t r io t i c forces i n Cammon Province k i l l e d 184 enemy troops, wounded 25, downed one T-28 and damaged f ive other planes.

U. S. - U. S. S.R. Cons pit a cy

The "U.N. Armed Force" Deal A t a recent U . N . Special Po l i t i ca l

Commit tee meet ing N . T . Fedorenko, the Soviet delegate to the U n i t e d Nations, announced tha t together w i t h the U n i t e d States, the Soviet

20 Peking Review, No. 50

U n i o n was ready to cont r ibute funds to establish and m a i n t a i n the p ro ­jected " U . N . armed force." He em­phasized the impor tance of U . N . act ion " i n the cause of preserving in t e rna t iona l peace and securi ty."

I t is common knowledge tha t the U.S. has been con t ro l l i ng and m a k i n g use of the U . N . as an i n ­s t rument to suppress the na t i ona l -l i be r a t i on movement and r e v o l u t i o n ­a ry struggles i n a l l parts of the w o r l d . To make more direct and effective use of the U . N . as a w o r l d gendarme, the U.S. has, on m a n y occasions, proposed the f o r m a t i o n of a U . N . force. I t w i l l have the same func t ion as t ha t of the " i n t e r - A m e r i ­can force" w h i c h the U.S. hoped to b u i l d up i n L a t i n A m e r i c a and w h i c h has been rejected b y L a t i n A m e r i c a n countries.

T h e ' Soviet U n i o n once opposed the A m e r i c a n proposal. B u t ever since the 1959 Camp DaVld ta lks be­tween Khrushchov and Eisenhower, the Soviet leadership has step b y step revealed its In t en t ion to cater to the needs of the U.S. • on th is issue.

The Soviet Government issued a m e m o r a n d u m i n J u l y 1964 i n w h i c h i t proposed the f o r m a t i o n of a " U . N . peace-keeping force." I n February th i s year, the U . N . decided to set up a "special commit tee for peace­keeping operations." The U.S. and the Soviet U n i o n n o w have no d i f ­ference i n p r inc ip le over this issue. The present Soviet readiness to f i ­nance t h e ' f o r m a t i o n of' ' the " U . N . armed force" as expressed b y Fedo-renbo is a new Sov ie t ' e f for t to do a f i n a l deal on th is quest ion w i t h the U.S.' '

The Rio Conference

Carrot-cmd-Stick Policy Flops L a t i n A m e r i c a is i n the mids t of

upheava l : T w o hund re d m i l l i o n peo­ple on tha t cont inent w h o have had enough • of the t y r ann i ca l r u l e of Yankee i m p e r i a l i s m and- its stooges are engaged i n one struggle after another fo r independence and the i r ve ry • su rv iva l . On the other hand, the r u l i n g groups i n m a n y countries also f i n d the i r contradict ions w i t h Washington becoming increasingly acute. - A n x i o u s about the U.S. pol icy

of naked a rmed in t e rven t ion and political- subversion, they at the same t ime also have grievances ar is ing f r o m the exp lo i t a t ion of the i r coun­tr ies by U.S. monopoly capi tal .

This t r e n d of events could no t bu t f i n d i t s expression i n the special i n t e r - A m e r i c a n fore ign minis ters ' conference at Rio de Janeiro between November 17 and 30.

Washington 's p r inc ipa l a i m . i n h o l d i n g the conference was to set up th rough persuasion and coercion a so-called "permanent i n t e r - A m e r i ­can force" to combat the m o u n t i n g na t iona l and democratic movements w h i c h , i n the case of a number of L a t i n A m e r i c a n countries, have as­sumed the f o r m of a rmed struggle. Rusk t r i e d to j u s t i f y the U.S. p l an b y asking the conference to consider th is question i n the l i g h t of the "experience of the D o m i n i c a n si tua­t i o n . "

B u t i t was precisely th is exper i ­ence tha t caused m a n y L a t i n A m e r i ­can countries to oppose the scheme. Chile , U r u g u a y and Mexico voiced the i r object ion i n unmis takable terms. The Colombian delegation also p u t f o r w a r d a draf t resolut ion denouncing the U.S. a rmed i n t e r v e n ­t i o n i n the D o m i n i c a n Republic w h i c h had been made under the s ignboard of the " i n t e r - A m e r i c a n force." Even the delegate f r o m the Garcia-Godoy reg ime i n Santo' D o ­mingo expressed opposit ion. The Rio conference was d iv ided f r o m the v e r y beginning.

W h a t is meant b y the " in te r -A m e r i c a n force"? One m a y f i n d the answer i n w h a t the U.S. has been doing i n the D o m i n i c a n Republic. I t means that , t h r o u g h an " in t e r -A m e r i c a n force," Wash ing ton may send troops to a fo re ign count ry and place i t under U.S. occupation over­n igh t . I t means tha t the U.S., t h r o u g h an " i n t e r - A m e r i c a n force," can shoot and k i l l peaceful c ivi l ians i n any of these countries. I t means that , t h r o u g h an " in t e r -Amer i can force," U.S. i m p e r i a l i s m m a y over­t h r o w the government of any L a t i n A m e r i c a n coun t ry no t to its l i k i n g . This was w h y w h e n Rusk ment ioned the "experience of the Domin ican s i tua t ion" he s imply added to the ex i s t ing wor r ies of t h e . L a t i n A m e r i ­

can countries • about the U.S. pol icy of m i l i t a r y in t e rven t ion .

W h e n the U.S. fa i led to w i n ap­p r o v a l fo r the scheme, i t changed i ts tactics b y asking the conference to add an art icle to the Charter of the Organizat ion of A m e r i c a n States em­power ing the O.A.S. Counci l "to keep peace and settle disputes." This is obviously to serve as a basis for fu tu re U.S. in te rven t ion i s t schemes. The Chi lean delegate took the lead-i n opposing the proposal by t ab l ing a m o t i o n against i t . E igh t coun­tr ies vo ted for the Chi lean mo t ion . I t was vo ted d o w n b y only ten votes, i nc lud ing those of the f ive Centra l A m e r i c a n countries w h i c h were col­lected under heavy U.S. pressure. I n other words , i t was n ine against, eight for , w i t h one abstention i f the U.S. vote is no t counted. Moreover, after the U.S. proposal was ap­proved, Chile and f ive other coun­tries signed a collective resolut ion protes t ing against i t . Comment ing on the s i tua t ion at the conference, New. York Herald Tribune said. t ha t "there is too much distrust , d iv i s ion and confusion."

The U.S., besides suffer ing defeat i n i ts b i g stick pol icy, had no suc­cess w i t h the carrot either. W h e n U.S. economic relat ions w i t h L a t i n A m e r i c a n countries were • discussed) the U.S. was denounced for fo rc ing d o w n the prices of L a t i n A m e r i c a n p r i m a r y products and at taching harsh condit ions to i ts " a i d " under the "alliance fo r progress." The Colombian delegate complained of the U.S. sell-dear and buy-cheap pol icy w i t h a succinct r emark . " W e are no t so m u c h underdeveloped countries as underpa id countries," he said. The Washington Evening Star repor ted recent ly tha t "more L a t i n Americans conclude tha t the 'alliance fo r progress' is n o w a dream w i t h o u t substance, a miracle-to-be tha t has lost a l l charm." The Rio conference on ly conf i rmed tha t th is is the case.

The conference adopted a m i l k and wate r declarat ion w h i c h vaguely stressed "economic co-operation," " m u t u a l assistance" and "social jus ­t ice." I t w i l l i n no w a y solve the economic, le t alone the po l i t i ca l , cont radic t ion between U.S. i m p e r i a l ­i sm and the L a t i n A m e r i c a n countries.

December 10, 1965 21

C I N E M A "Peking Farms' Msg I&ap?'

I n Peking Farms' Big Leap, a f u l l -l eng th coloured documentary, the Cen t r a l Newsreel and Documenta ry F i l m Studio br ings to the screen the n e w look of the countryside around Peking and, above al l , the heroic image of i ts people de termined to conquer nature .

The f i l m shows long shots of the n e t w o r k of - i r r i g a t i o n channels a m i d fields close-carpeted W i t h r ice and wheat ; close-ups of the Donggaocun brigade's met iculously cu l t iva ted cot ton f ields; fresh vegetables on the Evergreen People's Commune; the we l l - f ed pigs of the Chengezhuang brigade; fa t Pek ing ducks and m i l c h cows of the Red Star People's Com­mune ; the great reservoirs to the n o r t h of Pek ing ; coun t ry roads bor­dered b y m a n y rows of trees. . . . A t the foot of the Great W a l l , v ineyards and peach and apple orchards cover the sites of ancient bat t lef ields.

F i r s t shown, appropr ia te ly enough, i n Peking's suburban areas, i t has n o w been general ly released. The Peking F i l m D i s t r i b u t i o n and E x h i b i ­t i o n Corpora t ion is a r rang ing f o r i t to be seen as soon as possible b y every Pek ing commune brigade.

"As elsewhere, l a n d r e fo rm, the co­operative, movement , and especially

the establishment of the people's communes i n 1958 carr ied ag r i cu l ­t u r a l p roduc t ion i n the Pek ing area steadily f o r w a r d . F r o m 1961 to 1965, i ts g r a i n ou tpu t has been increasing at an average of 16 per cent per annum." W i t h t h a t i n t roduc t i on , the camera br ings audiences to the pace-set t ing uni t s w h i c h have become h i g h l y product ive farms b y self-r e l i a n t l y and rad ica l ly t r ans fo rming the i r n a t u r a l conditions. A m o n g these is the N a n h a n j i brigade w h i c h has become an object of emula t ion for commune produc t ion brigades th roughou t the Peking area. B y s ink­i n g more t h a n 50 deep' wel l s and ins t a l l i ng a ba t t e ry of pumps, th is br igade has t u rned d rough t - r idden fields i n t o f e r t i l e ones g i v i n g consist­ent ly h i g h yields, averaging 938 jin per mu a year.

F r o m the plains to the h i l l s , the camera records the tremendous efforts made b y t h e communes i n the i r con­t i n u i n g d r ive f o r good harvests. The audience see eroded h i l l s being carved and ordered i n t o neat terraces; they w a t c h the m e n and w o m e n of the Fuhe brigade at the laborious w o r k of clearing t h e i r m o u n t a i n fields of rocks, t hen see t h e m us ing other rocks to b u i l d terraces on h i the r to ba r ren slopes and c a r r y i n g basketful after basketful of so i l on t h e i r backs to f i l l these terraced plots w i t h a layer of topsoiL The spectators go

w i t h the Y i d u h e peasants to b u i l d 11 canals to lead wa t e r a round the mounta ins and increase the i r i r r i g a t e d area f r o m 13 to 900 mu.

This f i l m is a t once a t r i b u t e to the t y p i c a l character of the Chinese peasants i n this era of socialist r evo­l u t i o n and construct ion and a convinc­i n g exposi t ion of h o w the peasants w i t h r evo lu t iona ry de te rmina t ion and i n i t i a t i v e apply the Party 's general l i n e fo r b u i l d i n g socialism and i t s basic policies fo r developing ag r i cu l ­tu re . This was the sp i r i t i n w h i c h the r u r a l communes mobi l i zed the i r collective s t rength and the self-rel iant sp i r i t and i n i t i a t i ve of the peasant masses to embark on the b i g leap f o r w a r d .

F i l m makers these days are m u c h occupied w i t h the problems of m a k i n g f i l m s fo r the peasants. Peasant au­diences l ike, th is documentary. I t ' s an education for them, they say. They are insp i red b y the achievements of t h e i r f e l l o w farmers w h i c h i t shows and are eager to l ea rn f r o m the ad­vanced brigades w h i c h are its heroes.

B u t I t is b y no means jus t a f i l m for the peasants. C i t y people have f locked to see i t and the general con­sensus i s : the f i l m is a "must" as i t gives one encouragement and concrete lessons i n p r o m o t i n g socialist r evo ­l u t i o n and socialist construction. B y a l l these counts then, th is is an ef­fect ive documentary.

SPORTS Ch.in.ese Win. Seantlinavitin

Championships Players of a Chinese y o u t h team

carr ied off the t i t les i n a l l s ix events they par t ic ipa ted i n at th is year's Scandinavian In t e rna t iona l Table Tennis Championships tha t ended last week i n Stockholm. Leading players f r o m 11 countries i n Europe par t ic ipa ted .

The men's team event and doubles t i t l e were w o n b y W a n g Chia-sheng and Y u Yi- t se . The f inals fo r bo th the men's and women's singles were between Chinese players. W a n g Chia-sheng w o n the men's singles and L i Ho-nan , the women's singles. Runner -up H u Y u - l a n , p l a y i n g w i t h

A scene from Peking Farms' Big Leap == building terraces the hand-shake g r i p , on her w a y to

22 Peking Review, No. 50

the f i n a l e l imina ted the w e l l - k n o w n European players Constantinescu of Rumania and Shannon-Wrigh t of England. L i Ho-nan and L i n H s i u -y i n g carr ied of f the women's doubles t i t l e after defeating the w e l l - k n o w n Engl i sh doubles pai r Shannon-Wrigh t and Rowe. The m i x e d doubles was w o n by Wang Chia-sheng and L i H o -nan. There was no contest fo r the women's team event.

Visiting VolEeifbtsSl Verniers

V o l l e y b a l l enthusiasts i n Pek ing have been t reated to some excellent matches over the last t w o weeks. F r o m November 28 to December 2, Japanese men's and women's v o l ­l eyba l l teams each p layed against the Chinese na t iona l teams three t imes and against the Pek ing teams once.

I n Peking, the Japanese w o m e n players w o n three of the i r four matches, losing i n the i r t h i r d en­counter w i t h the Chinese na t iona l team after a hard- fought game. The Japanese men's team was no t qui te as successful. I t had some t rouble i n se t t l ing down i n i ts f i r s t match against the Chinese na t iona l t eam and lost 0:3. However , i t f ound its f o r m i n the second clash, w i n n i n g a keenly contested ma tch 3:2. I t lost i t s t h i r d and f o u r t h matches against the Pek ing team and the Chinese na­t i ona l side respectively.

On December 4, 5 and 7, the w o m ­en's team f r o m the German D e m ­ocratic Republ ic p layed against the Chinese na t iona l team, the Pek ing team and the Szechuan team respec­t ive ly . I t w o n against Szechuan, bu t lost i ts f i r s t t w o matches.

* * *

T w o W o r l d Shoot ing 'Records. A t the recent two-day marksmanship contest i n China's capital , be­tween the Pek ing team and the v i s i t i n g Soviet team f r o m the R.S.F.S.R., Chinese marksmen broke t w o w o r l d records i n the men's 100-met re r u n n i n g deer 25 rounds of double shots event —• r e t u r n i n g the highest t eam t o t a l and the best i n d i ­v i d u a l score.

The P e k i n g t eam of T u n g Fu , H a n Chang- ju i , L i Fu-shan and Chao Yuan-chun to ta l led 910 points i n this event to break the w o r l d record of

897 points set b y another Chinese team on A p r i l 30 this year. B y scor­i n g 234 poin ts i n this event, 27-year-old T u n g F u also i m p r o v e d on the l is ted w o r l d record of 233 poin ts set by Oleg Zakurenov of the Soviet U n i o n at the European Champion­ships i n 1963.

I n c l u d i n g these t w o n e w records, Chinese marksmen n o w h o l d a l l four w o r l d records fo r the r u n n i n g deer events.

* * * N e w Hurd les Record. China's Tsu i L i n clocked 13.5 sec. for the 110 metres hurdles, a n e w na t iona l rec­ord, at a t r ack and f i e ld meet be­tween a v i s i t i n g team f r o m the D e m ­ocratic Republ ic of V i e t N a m and the H u p e h p r o v i n c i a l team on November 14 i n W u h a n . He h i t the new t ime twice , i n a heat and the finals. This is one of the wor ld ' s best performances fo r this event this year.

M E D I C A L SCIENCE Anti-]>tea,sles Vaecine

Chinese doctors have produced a vaccine of h i g h l y at tenuated l i ve measles v i ru s w h i c h gives i m m u n i t y against measles, for centuries an acute contagious disease among chi ldren . Large-scale tests show the vaccine to be bo th re l iable and r e m a r k a b l y ef­fective. Inocula t ion w i t h I t produces a react ion i n ch i ld ren resembl ing the n a t u r a l process of measles b u t m u c h mi lde r i n c l in ica l manifestations, ye t gives t h e m near ly the same degree of i m m u n i t y as ch i ld ren w h o have recovered f r o m the disease.

Contro l led tests made i n Peking, Shanghai and Changchun, where 100,000 ch i ld ren have been i m m u n ­ized, indicate t h a t i t is possible to con t ro l the spread of measles w h e n on ly ha l f of the susceptible ch i ld ren are inoculated. I n Peking, i n areas tvhere 80 per cent of susceptible c h i l ­dren were inoculated and had close contact w i t h affected ch i ld ren , the incidence of measles was 1.6 per cent. I n areas where 60 per cent of •suscep­t ib le ch i ldren were inoculated, the incidence was 2.9. I n the cont ro l led areas where the vaccine was no t used, the incidence of measles reached 17 per cent.

Inocula ted ch i ld ren p roved to be i m m u n e f r o m measles even i f t hey were i n close contact w i t h affected ch i ld ren on the day of inocula t ion . W h e n given- d u r i n g the incuba t ion per iod to ch i ld ren infected na tu ra l l y w i t h the v i rus , the vaccine could no t g ive pro tec t ion f r o m the i m p e n d i n g attack, bu t the inocu la t ion d id no t in tens i fy the symptoms of the dis­ease.

Less t han 5 per cent of the inocu ­la ted ch i ld ren developed a h i g h fever. Ch i ld ren w i t h active tuberculosis or congenital heart, disease d id no t suf­fer any aggravat ion of symptoms w h e n inocula ted w i t h th is vaccine. Inocu la t ion is also effective when a bigger dose of the vaccine, or a less at tenuated v i ru s is used fo r babies less t han six months old.

Since 1957 w h e n the f i r s t measles v i ru s was isolated i n China, research w o r k on th is vaccine has been going on i n Peking, Shanghai and Chang­chun. Specialists i n the three centres ma in ta ined close co-operation. Pe­diatr ic ians concerned took over a l l medical w o r k I n the nurseries where the tests were conducted and epidem­iologists, child-care workers i n nurseries and pub l ic hea l th worker s pooled t he i r efforts i n f o l l o w i n g up each case to ensure complete success,

SHORT NOTES

N e w Finds at Lan t i en . Con t i nu ing excavations at the site i n Lant ien , Shensi Province, where the Lan t i en ape-man was found last year (see Peking Review, Nos. 13 and 24, 1965), Chinese palaeontologists have unear thed more t han ten new speci­mens of an ima l fossils •—• bats, rats, rabbi ts and other smal l mammals •—• of the same per iod as the ape-man.

This year's excavations have b rough t up over fou r hundred fossils of prehis tor ic animals. . These i n ­clude a greater number of fossils p r o v i d i n g more i m p o r t a n t or com­plete i n f o r m a t i o n about the 25 k inds of an imal fossils unear thed last year.

M a n y of the new f inds p rov ide i m p o r t a n t ma te r i a l for a bet ter unders tanding and s tudy of the L a n ­t ien ape-man's env i ronment and fo r compar ing the re la t ive age of the Lan t i en ape-man and ape-men unear thed i n other places.

December 10, 1965 23

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