Pelaporan dan Akuntansi Keuangan

Liabilities and Equity

• Liabilities: probable future sacrifices of economic benefits arising from present obligations of a particular entity to transfer assets or provide services to other entities in the future as a result of past transactions or events

• Equity: the residual interest in the assets that remains after deducting its liabilities

Current Liabilities, Provisions,Contingencies, and Events after the Reporting Period

Current Liabilities

• Entity obligations whose liquidation is reasonably expected to require the use of existing resources properly classified as current assets or the creation of other current liabilities

• Obligations that are due on demand or will be due on demand within one year or operating cycle, if longer

Types of Liabilities

• Both of the payment and payee are known

• The payee is known but the amount may have to be estimated

• The payee is unknown and the amount may have to be estimated

• The liability has been incurred due to a loss contingency

Amount and Payee Known

• Accounts payable• Notes payable• Dividends payable• Unearned revenues or advances• Returnable deposits• Accrued liabilities• Agency liabilities• Obligations that are due on demand or will

become due on demand within one year• Short-term obligations expected to be

refinanced

Payee Known but the Amount may Need to be Estimated

• Provisions– Liabilities having uncertain timing or amount– A provision should be recognized only if:

• The entity has present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of a past event

• It is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation

• A reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation

Payee Known but the Amount may Need to be Estimated• Provisions

– Unlawful environmental damage– Provision for restructuring costs– Onerous contract– Decommissioning costs– Taxes payable– Property taxes payable– Bonus payments– Compensated absences– Short sale obligations

Payee Unknown and the Amount May Have to be Estimated

• Premiums• Product warranties• Other customer incentives

– Example: airline frequent flyer mileage programs

Contingent Liabilities

• An obligation that is either:– A possible obligation arising from past events, the

outcome of which will be confirmed only on occurrence or nonoccurence of one or more uncertain future events which are not wholly within the control of the reporting entity; or

– A present obligation arising from past events, which are not recognized either because it is not probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle an obligation or the amount of the obligation can not be measured with sufficient reliability

Contingent Liabilities

• Reporting entity is not to give formal recognition to a contingent liability– Disclose in the notes to the financial

statements• Example: litigation• Contingent assets should not be

recognized– Disclosed if the inflow of economic benefits is

probable

Reporting Events Occurring after the Reporting Period• Adjusting and nonadjusting events

– Adjusting events: those post-balance-sheet events that provide evidence of conditions that actually existed at the balance sheet date, albeit they were not known at the time

• Financial statements should be adjusted– Nonadjusting events: those post-balance-sheet events

that are indicative of conditions that arose after the date of the statement of financial position

• Financial statements should not be adjusted

Adjusting Events

• Example:– Resolution of a court case– Information indicating that an asset was

impaired– The determination of the cost of assets

purchase, or the proceeds from assets disposed of

– The determination of the amount of profit sharing or bonus payments

– The discovery of fraud or errors

Kewajiban Diestimasi, Kewajiban Kontinjensi, dan Aset Kontinjensi

• Kewajiban diestimasi: kewajiban yang waktu dan jumlahnya belum pasti– Diakui sebagai kewajiban

• Kewajiban kontinjensi tidak diakui sebagai kewajiban

• Perusahaan tidak diperkenankan mengakui adanya aset kontinjensi

Financial Instruments – Long-Term Debt

Long-term Debt

• Future sacrifices of economic benefits to be repaid over a period of more than one year or, if longer, over more than one operating cycle

Notes and Bonds

• Nominal vs. effective rates:– Market rate > stated rate: discount– Stated rate > market rate: premium

• Effective interest method is the prescribed method of accounting for a discount or premium– Straight-line may be used if the results are

not materially different

Extinguishment of Debt

• Removing a financial liability (or part of financial liability) is warranted only when the obligation is extinguished– Deemed to have occurred when the

obligation is discharged or canceled or expires

Extinguishment of Debt

• Substantial modification of the terms of existing debt– Represents an extinguishment of the old debt

and results in derecognition of that debt and recognition of new debt instrument

• Discounted present values of cash flows under the terms of the new debt differs at least 10% from the discounted present value of the remaining cash flows of the original debt instrument

Computing the Gain or Loss on Debt Extinguishments

• The difference between the net carrying value and the acquisition price is to be recorded as a gain or loss– Recognized in the period in which the

retirement takes place– Reported as “other” income or expense

Convertible Debt

• Compound instruments component parts of which must be classified accordingly to their separate characteristics– Measured at fair value first, with the residual

amount assigned to the equity component

Induced Conversion of Debt

• The issuance of ‘sweeteners’ should be accounted for as a reduction in the proceeds of the share offering, thereby reducing contributed capital from the transaction

Shareholders’ Equity

Equity

• Residual interest in the assets of an enterprise after deducting all its liabilities

• 3 broad subdivisions:– Issued share capital– Retained earnings– Other components of equity (reserves)

Classification between Liabilities and Equity

• Compound instruments:– Classify the component parts of the financial

instrument separately as equity or liability– The full fair value of the liability component(s)

must be reported as liabilities, and only the residual value, at issuance, can be included as equity

Preferred Shares

• Preferred shareholders are owners who have certain rights superior to those of common stockholders

Accounting for the Issuance of Shares

• Depends on whether the share capital has a par or stated value

Share Capital Issued for Services

• Should be reflected at the fair value of the property or services received

• If this information is not readily available, the transaction should be recorded at the fair value of the shares that were issued

Issuance of Share Units

• Where both of the classes of shares are publicly traded: allocated in proportion to the relative market values of the securities

• If only one of the securities is publicly traded: the proceeds should be allocated to the one that is publicly traded based on its known market value and any excess is allocated to the other

Share Subscriptions

• The amount of share subscriptions receivable sometimes treated as an asset

• However, most are shown as a reduction of shareholders’ equity

Piutang kepada Pemegang Saham

• Disajikan dalam kelompok aset lancar• Bila batas waktu penyetoran modal atau

pelunasan piutang pesanan saham dipesan terlampaui, maka piutang pemegang saham dikompensasi ke ekuitas

Donated Capital

• US GAAP: revenue• IFRS does not address contributions or

donations

Tanah Sumbangan

• Dicatat berdasarkan nilai wajar lokasi setempat dan diakui sebagai Modal Berasal dari Sumbangan

Retained Earnings

• Accumulated amount of earnings of the corporation from the date of inception (or from the date of reorganization) less the cumulative amount of distributions made to shareholders and other charges to retained earnings

Dividends and Distributions

• Cash Dividends– The declaration date governs the incurrence

of a legal liability by the corporation• Share dividend

– Represent neither an actual distribution of the asses of the corporation nor a promise to distribute those assets

– Not considered a legal liability when declared– Small and large stock dividend

Liquidating Dividends

• Recorded by charging additional contributed capital rather than retained earnings

Dividen Saham

• Pembagian dividen saham dicatat berdasarkan nilai wajar saham– Harga pasar pada penutupan sesi terakhir

Accounting for Treasury Share Transactions

• Cost method• Par value method• Constructive retirement method

Penebusan/Penarikan Kembali Modal Saham

• Cost method• Par value method

Kesalahan Mendasar

• Dalam mengoreksi suatu kesalahan mendasar, jumlah koreksi yang berhubungan dengan periode sebelumnya harus dilaporkan dengan menyesuaikan saldo laba awal periode

Accounting for Share-Based Payments• When share capital is issued

immediately, measurement is not generally difficult– The expense is immediately recorded

• When employers are granted options to later acquire shares– Estimate fair value of a share option (use

option pricing model)– Expense the value of share options granted

over the period during which the employee is earnings the option (until the option vests)

Akuntansi Waran

• Waran adalah efek yang diterbitkan oleh suatu perusahaan yang memberi hak kepada pemegangnya untuk memesan saham dari suatu perusahaan tersebut pada harga dan jangka waktu tertentu

Waran Pisah

• Dana perolehan dari penerbitan efek yang bersifat utang yang disertai dengan penerbitan saham pisah dialokasikan kepada kedua efek berdasarkan nilai wajar masing-masing efek– Jumlah yang dialokasikan ke waran

dilaporkan sebagai Modal Disetor Lainnya

Waran Lekat

• Dana perolehan dari penerbitan efek utang yang disertai waran lekat dilaporkan sebagai kewajiban

Waran bebas

• Dengan suatu pembayaran: dicatat dalam Modal Disetor Lainnya

• Dengan cuma-cuma: tidak perlu dicatat

Akuntansi Kuasi-Reorganisasi

• Kuasi-reorganisasi merupakan prosedur akuntansi yang mengatur perusahaan merestrukturissasi ekuitasnya dengan menghilangkan defisit dan menilai kembali seluruh aset dan kewajibannya

Penilaian Kembali Aset dan Kewajiban

• Aset dan kewajiban harus dinilai kembali dengan nilai wajar

• Selisih antara nilai wajar aset dan kewajiban dengan nilai bukunya diakui pada akun selisih penilaian aset dan kewajiban

• Selisih penilaian aset dan kewajiban digabung dengan selisih revaluasi aset tetap (jika ada) sebelum digunakan untuk mengeliminasi atau menambah defisit

Urutan Pengeliminasian Saldo Laba Negatif

• Urutan prioritas:– Cadangan umum– Cadangan khusus– Selisih penilaian aset dan kewajiban

(termasuk selisih revaluasi aset tetap) dan selisih penilaian sejenisnya

– Tambahan modal disetor dan sejenisnya– Modal saham