Pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris Berbasis Teks

What is a text?We live in a world of words.When these words are put together to communicate a meaning, a piece of text is created.When you speak or write to communicate a massage, you are constructing a textWhen you read, listen to, or view a piece of text, you interpreting its meaning.Creating a text requires us to make a choices about the words we use and how we put them togetherIf we make the right choices then we can communicate with others, our choices of words will depend on our purpose and our surroundings or context

Pengertian TeksTeks adalah satuan bahasa yang mengungkapkan makna secara kontekstual.Batasan teks tidak diukur dari jumlah kalimat atau halaman yang dikandung, tetapi dari makna yang diungkapkan dan konteks yang melingkupinyaDemikian pula, kualitas teks tidak tidak dinilai dari panjang pendeknya.Teks ilmiah sering diidentikkan dengan teks tulis, sedangkan teks non-ilmiah dengan teks lisanTeks tulis bukanlah teks yang ditulis, dan sebaliknya, teks lisan bukanlah teks yang dilisankan.Ada teks tulis yang disampaikan secara lisan, misalnya berita yang dibaca oleh penyiar radio atau televisi.Teks lisan yang ditulis, misalnya teks percakapan yang ditulis.

Teks Penceritaan (Recount)Contoh teks penceritaan:

The Ferry TripOn Tuesday we went on a harbor cruise.We went underneath the harbour bridge and then we went past some submarines.When we got to Clifton Gardens we had a picnic. After we had finished, we played on the climbing. Then Mr. Robinson came over and said Mr. Moses was giving out frozen oranges. Then after we finished that we went home.Although it was tiring, we were happy.

Ciri Teks Recount:Berisi siapa (pelaku) melakukan apa (peristiwa), maka lebih dipentingkan pelaku daripada peristiwa (pelaku dicetak miring),Lebih banyak memanfaatkan Past Tense (dicetak tebal),Lebih banyak mengandung kata kerja material yaitu yang menunjukkan kata kerja yang menunjukkan aktivitas (3 kelompok kata kerja dalam bahasa Inggris, kata kerja :1) material, 2) mental, 3) relasional),Banyak memanfaatkan konjungsi temporal, seperti when, then dan after.

Kosa kata yang lazim dibutuhkan:Ket. waktu KonjungasiKata kerja

Last week - when- wentLast month - after- didLast year- after that- hadLast time- before- madeYesterday- before that- cameThree days ago- not long after that-arrived2 months ago- first of all- gotA few weeks ago-finally - metIn 2001to be (was,were)

Kata KerjaKata Benda- conducted- research- carried out- survey- observed- programme- collected- observation- concluded- experiment- made- activity- came- conclusion- worked- method/methodology- analyzed- data- discussed- analysis

Teks Prosedur Contoh teks prosedur :

How to Operate This Washing Machine

Open the door, and load the machine with clothes.Close the door securely, and put Fizz into the soap compartment.Select the washing temperature (hot or warm)Put a 50 piece into the lost on the right.The clothes are ready.

Ciri-ciri Teks Prosedur:Memanfaatkan Simple Present TenseLebih banyak memanfaatkan kata kerja materialSelain dengan kalimat perintah, dapat dinyatakan dengan kalimat pasif,Terkait dengan poin 2 di atas, partisipannya adalah manusiaMemanfaatkan konjungsi yang menunjukkan urutan seperti first, second, next, then dan finally

Teks Deskripsi Contoh Teks Deskripsi:

DesertDeserts are very dry and hot regions where only few plants and animals can live. Deserts in the world have several characteristics in common. Firstly, they all have an annual rainfall of less than ten inches. Although there is no water on the surface of deserts, there is much underground. Secondly, there are great differences between day and night temperatures. During the day, the temperature is very high, but at night it becomes very low. Finally, they are inhabited by plants and animals which have adapted to lack of water and the changing temperatures.

Teks Deskripsi (description) sering pula disebut paparan, tentang sesuatu sebagaimana adanya.Yang dipaparkan adalah bentuknya, ukurannya, unsurnya, atau sifat-sifatnya.Teks deskripsi dapat berupa paparan sebuah proses, misalnya proses terjadinya hujanTeks deskripsi bertujuan untuk memaparkan what things are as they are atau what things do as they do

Ciri Teks Deskripsi:Teks deskripsi didominasi penggunaan simple present tenseTeks deskripsi lebih banyak memanfaatkan kata kerja relational dan materialTeks deskripsi tidak memanfaatkan partisipan manuasia, sehingga yang lebih penting adalah pokok yang dipaparkanPada teks deskripsi , konjungsi seperti firstly, secondly dll , hanya digunakan semata-mata untuk menata gagasanPada teks deskripsi, kata sifat merupakan alat yang bangus untuk melukiskan bentuk, ciri-ciri dan keadaan pokok yang dipaparkanTeks deskripsi biasanya mencerminkan hubungan bagian dan keseluruhan

Kosa kata yang lazim pada teks deskripsi:Kata benda(wil.adm)Kata benda/Sifat(Keadaan Geografi)

Continent- mountain, mountainousCountry- hill, hillyState- flatCountry- plainTerritory- forest, woodedRegion- grassland, grassyArea- riverProvince- lakeRegency- seaDistrict- oceanSubdistrict- desertvillage

IklimCuacaMusim(Kata Sifat)(Kata Sifat)(Kata Benda)Polar- wet/rainy- springArid- dry- summerMaritime- hot- autumn /fallDesert- windy- winterTropicale-chillyQuatorial- mild, humid

BahasaArah Mata angin(Kata benda)(kata benda, kata sifat)

Native language- north, northenMother tongue- north-east, north-easternIndonesian (language)- east, easternSundanese- south-east, south-easternBalinese- west, western

Contoh lain formulasi bahasa dan kosa kata teks deskripsi:There is a trendthat the increase every year.a tendencyAtau:The productiontends toincrease every yewillis likely toAtau:It is predictedthat. projected estimated

Teks EksplanasiContoh teks Eksplanasi HOW DESERTS REMAIN DRYThere are three possible reasons why desert remain dry. These are high mountain barriers, cold ocean currents and high pressure systemsMountain Barriers:When warm air passes over the ocean it pick up moisture in the form of water vapour. As this moist travels over the land, it rises to pass over mountain ranges. When it begins to rise, the air cools and this causes the water vapour to condence into droplets which fall as rain. When the reaches the other side of the mountain barriers, it has lost all its moisture and so the other side of the mountain remains dry.

Teks Deskripsi lanjutan:Teks deskripsi dapat berupa sajian penjelasan tentang gambar, tabel, grafik, atau diagram.Teks ilmiah sering memanfaatkan gambar, tabel, grafik atau diagram sebagai media penyajian data

Formula bahasa yang lazim pd teks deskripsi:It can be seen from thepicturethattablegraphdiagramchartstatisticsfigurespercentageAtau:As (it is) shown inTable 2, As can be seen from / inGraph 1, According toChart 3, .

Atau:As (it is shown in thepicture,As can be seen from/in thetable,According to thegraph,diagram,chart, statistics,figuresAtau:-Table 2shown that-Graph 1-Chart 3-Diagram 2

Ciri kebahasaan teks eksplansi:Berfokus pd pelaku bukan pelaku secara umum, artinya yang lebih penting adalah pokok yg dijelaskan bukan, org yang menjelaskanLebih banyak menggunakan present tenseLebih banyak menggunakan kata kerja material dan relasionalMemanfaatkan bentuk pasif untuk memberikan tekanan pada temaMenggunakan konjungsi temporal dan kausal seperti; as, when, since, because, so dan therefore. Selain itu hubungan sebab akibat dpt dinyatakan dengan kata kerja seperti: cause, make, produce, result in,etc. Ekplanasi ditulis untuk membuat justifikasi bahwa sesuatu yg diterangkan secara kausal itu benar adanya

Formula bahasa yang lazim pada teks Eksplanasi:Dengan konjungsi:Sedimentationbecause of erosionsOccursas a result ofas a consequence ofon the account ofowing todue tothroughAtau:Sedimentation occursbecause there are erosionssinceasifwhenAtau: There are erosions, thussedimentation occurso,

Atau: There are erosions. thus, sedimentation occurs. so, as a result, therefore, Hence, Accordingly, Consequently, That is why.

Dengan kata kerja- Sedimentationis caused by erosions.

Atau,Erosionslead to sedimentation.result incausemakeproduceDengan kata benda:- The effectof erosionsis sedimentation.One resultThe consequenceAtau:The cause ofsedimentationis erosions.Thereason for

Teks EksposisiTeks eksposisi (exposition) adalah teks yang menyajikan pendapat atau gagasan yg dilihat dari satu sudut pandang dan berfungsi untuk menyakinkan pihak lain bahwa yang apa yg disampaikan benar berdsarkan argumentasi atau alasan yg diajukan

Contoh Teks Eksposisi:GAM IS UNTRUSTWORTHYFrom Koran TempoThe Cessation of Hostilities Agreement between the Free Aceh Movement (GAM) and the Indonesian government, inked in Geneva, Switzerland, some time ago, has allowed free rein to GAMs activities.Since the singing og agreement, GAM has already committed some 300 acts of violence in Naggroe Aceh Darrussalam (NAD). Why have we let happen? Four mounths have elapsed and nothing of significance has been achieved.

Ciri teks EksposisiSecara kebahasaan teks eksposisi disusun dg ciri-ciri menonjol sbb:Teks eksposisi berisi pandangan pribadi penulisnya dan ditandai dg penggunaan kata ganti I atau weTeks eksposisi mencakup penggunaan kata kerja material, relasional dan mental sekaligus, seperti: I believe that atau I thinkTeks eksposisi memuat argumentasi satu sisi dan jumalh argumentasi tidak ditentukan. Selain merupakan milik penulis sendiri, dapat pula dikembangkan dari pendapat umum yg diambil dari sumber lain yg disebutkan sebagai referensi

Formula bahasa yg lazim pada teks eksposisi:Untuk mempengaruhi orang alain:- There no doubtthat- I (strongly) believe- It is obious- It is clear- It is undeniable- It is unavoidable- etc

Untuk menggalang pendapat umum:- It is GenerallybelievethatCommonlyacceptedwidelyargued

Untuk membuat kesimpulan:- In conclusion,it can be stated that.- To conclude,- Therefore,- Altogether,- On the whole,- In all, - Finally,

atauFrom the statement,it can be concluded that.Above,From the facts, On this basis,

Kosa kata yang mungkin dibutuhkan:Kata sifatKata kerjaKata BendaClear- argue- argumentObvious- believe- beliefEvident- state- statementTrue- conclude- conclusion- point out- point

KonjungsiKata Keterangan- inconclusion - generally- to conclude- commonly- therefore- widely- altogether- usually- on the whole- in all- First- second- Finally

Teks DiskusiTeks diskusi adalah teks yg menyajikan sebuah isu yg ditinjau darai dua sudut pandang, yaitu sudut pandang yang mendukung isu yang dikemukakan, sedang sudut pandang yang lain menentang isu itu.

Contoh Teks Diskusi:Using Nuclear Energy Should Be Avoided For the Sake Of Environmental SafetyNuclear energy is commonly offered as an alternative to overcome the crisis of energy. The debate whether the use of nuclear energy is an appropriate choice has not come to an end . Some people agree with the utilization of it because of its benefits .Some others ,however, disagree because of its risks to environment . For the sake of the environmental safety , nuclear energy should be avoided. Those who agree with the operation of nuclear reactors usually argue that the energy produced from them can be used for multipurpose .The reactors can produce radioisotopes utilized in medical , industrial , and agricultural fields. They also claim that nuclear energy is the only feasible choice to answer the ever-increasing energy needs. According to them , the other sources of energy :oil, coal , and liquid natural gas are not renewable and safe , while nuclear energy can be sustainable produced in a safe way.

Ciri teks diskusi Bentuk bahasa yg menandai teks diskusi sbb:Teks diskusi lebih banyak menggunakan simple Present tenses .Teks diskusi mengandung kata kerja material, relasional, dan mental sekaligus .pada contoh ,kata kerja material di garisbawahi ,kata kerja relasional dicetak tebal ,dan kata kerja mental di beri garis ganda.Teks diskusi menggunakan modalitas untuk membangun opini atau rekomendasi . Pada contoh modalitas yang dimaksud adalah should (di cetak tebal dan miring) , yang lebih mengarah kepada saran atau anjuran .konjungsi yang menonjol pada teks diskusi adalah onjungsi yang menunjukan kontras ,seperti but, however, on the other hand, dan in contrast

Formulasi bahasa pd teks diskusi:Tax intensificationbut,it is hardIs good forhowever,for peopleThe governmentnevertheless,to payin contrast,on the contrary,on the other hand, meanwhile

Kosa kata yang mungkin dibutuhkan pada teks diskusi:Kata kerjaKata benda- argue- argument (for,against)- state- bilief- claim- claim- believe- suggestion- insist- recommendation- suggest- consideration- support- significance- critize- criticism- confront- confrontation -etc

Konjungsi / preposisi yang menandai teks diskusi:Konjungsi/preposisiKata Sifat- but- (completely) different- however- divergent- nevertheless- contradictory- in contrast (to)- advantageous- contrary to- disadvantageous- on the other hand- beneficial- instead- meaningful- for- meaningless- against- main- in favour of- weak/bad, strong/good