PENCEMARAN AIR

Air, Udara, Lahan ….

The solution to pollution is

dilution.

Konsep-Konsep Penting

Types, sources, and effects of water pollutants

Major pollution problems of surface water

Major pollution problems of groundwater

Reduksi dan Pencegahan Pencemaran Air

Kualitas Air Minum

Air adalah kehidupan di Bumi.

Definisi

• Impaired WatersSection 303(d) of the Clean Water Act requires states to develop lists of

impaired waters, those that do not meet water quality standards that states have set for them.

• Total Maximum Daily LoadThe law requires that states establish priority rankings for impaired waters

and develop total maximum daily loads (TMDLs) for them. A TMDL specifies the maximum amount of a pollutant that a body of water can receive and still meet water quality standards.

http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/overviewfs.html

Point Source Pollution vs.

Nonpoint Source Pollution

What’s the difference?

Slides by Christopher C. Obropta, Rutgers University

Sumber Pencemaran : Titik comes from a specific

source, like a pipe

factories, industry, municipal treatment plants

can be monitored and controlled by a permit system

Sumber pencemaran: Bukan-titik Nonpoint Source (NPS)

Pollution is pollution associated with stormwater or runoff

NPS pollution cannot be traced to a direct discharge point such as a wastewater treatment facility

Contoh-contoh NPS

oil & grease from cars fertilizers animal waste grass clippings septic systems

sewage & cleaners from boats

household cleaning products litter

Mekanisme Transpor Polutan

• NPS pollutants build up on land surfaces during dry weather

Atmospheric depositionFertilizer applicationsAnimal wasteAutomotive exhaust/fluid leaks

• Pollutants are washed off land surfaces during precipitation events (stormwater runoff)

• Stormwater runoff will flow to lakes and streams

Pollutant build-up and wash off are affected by land use.

Imperviousness increases runoff

Land use changes impact build up

Keterkaitan Landuse dengan Kualitas Air

More Imperviousness = More Water

Apa itu Penutup Kedap Air?

roads, rooftops, parking lots, and other hard surfaces that do not allow stormwater to soak into the ground

“predominant American vegetation”

Penutup kedap air

• provides a surface for accumulation of pollutants

• leads to increased polluted runoff and flooding

• inhibits recharge of groundwater

Dampak pencemaran Sumber Bukan-titik

fish and wildlife

recreational water activities

commercial fishing

tourism drinking water

quality

Polutan dalam RunoffSedimentSoil particles transported from their source

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) ● Oxygen depleting materialLeavesOrganic material

Toxics● Pesticides Herbicides Fungicides Insecticides

● Metals (naturally occurring in soil, automotive emissions/ tires) Lead Zinc Mercury

● Petroleum Hydrocarbons (automotive exhaust and fuel/oil)

DebrisLitter and illegal dumping

Nutrients● Various types of materials that become dissolved and suspended in water (commonly found in fertilizer and plant material): Nitrogen (N) Phosphorus (P)

Bacteria/ PathogensOriginating from:

● Pets● Waterfowl● Failing septic systems

Thermal StressHeated runoff, removal of streamside vegetation

Sumber Polutan di Kawasan Permukiman

Nutrients: Fertilizers and septic systems

Pathogens: Pet waste and septic systems

Sediment: Construction, road sand, soil erosion

Toxic: Pesticides, household products

Debris: Litter and illegal dumping

Thermal: heated runoff, removal of streamside vegetation

Polutan dari pertanian

SedimentNutrientsPathogensPesticides

Polutan Penting

Sediment reduces light penetration in stream, clogs gills of fish and aquatic invertebrates.

Nutrients act as fertilizer for algae & aquatic plants which can cause highly varying dissolved oxygen levels. At low DO levels, the aquatic life has the potential to be harmed.

Toxics can impact life and contaminate drinking water supplies.

Bacteria/Pathogens are an indicator of possible viruses present in the system.

Apa Pencemaran Air?

Any chemical, biological, or physical change in water quality that has a harmful effect on living organisms or makes water unsuitable for desired usage.

Apa pencemaran air?

WHO:• 3.4 million premature

deaths each year from waterborne diseases

• 1.9 million from diarrhea

• U.S. 1.5 million illnesses

• 1993 Milwaukee 370,000 sick

Apa pencemaran air?

Infectious Agents: bacteria and viruses often from animal wastes

Oxygen Demanding Wastes: organic waste that needs oxygen often from animal waste, paper mills and food processing.

Inorganic Chemicals: Acids and toxic chemicals often from runoff, industries and household cleaners

Apa pencemaran air?

Organic Chemicals: oil, gasoline, plastics, detergents often from surface runoff, industries and cleaners

Plant Nutrients: water soluble nitrates, ammonia and phosphates often from sewage, agriculture and urban fertilizers

Sediment: soils and silts from land erosion can disrupt photosynthesis, destroy spawning grounds, clog rivers and streams

Heat Pollution and Radioactivity: mostly from powerplants

Bagaimana Kualitas Air?

Bacterial Counts: Fecal coliform counts from intestines of animals

• None per 100 ml for drinking

• >200 per 100 ml for swimming

Sources: human sewage, animals, birds, raccoons, etc.

Bagaimana mengukur kualitas air?

Dissolved Oxygen: BOD Biological Oxygen Demand…the amount of oxygen consumed by aquatic decomposers

Chemical Analysis: looking for presence of inorganic or organic chemicals

Suspended Sediment water clarity

Bagaimana mengukur Kualitas air?

Indicator Species: organisms that give an idea of the health of the water body.

• Mussels, oysters and clams filter water

Tipe, Efek dan Sumber Pencemaran Air

Point sources

Nonpoint sources

Water quality

Sumber Pencemaran: Titik dan Bukan-TitikNONPOINT SOURCES

Urban streets

Suburban development

Wastewater treatment plant

Rural homes

Cropland

Factory

Animal feedlot

POINT SOURCES

Sumber Pencemaran Air

Agriculture: by far the leader

• Sediment, fertilizers, bacteria from livestock, food processing, salt from soil irrigation

Industrial: factories and powerplants

Mining: surface mining toxics, acids, sediment

Pencemaran Air SungaiFlowing streams can recover from

moderate level of degradable water pollution if their flows are not reduced.

• Natural biodegradation process• Does not work if overloaded or

stream flow reduced• Does not work against non

biodegradable pollutants

Pencemaran Sungai Kurva Kantong oksigen Faktor yang mempengaruhi recovery

Faktor apa yang mempengaruhi kurva kantong oksigen?

Dua DuniaDeveloped CountriesU.S. and other developed

countries sharply reduced point sources even with population and economic growth

• Nonpoint still a problem• Toxic chemicals still problem• Success Cuyahoga River,

Thames River

Dua Dunia

Developing Countries:Serious and growing problem• Half of world’s 500 major

rivers heavily polluted• Sewage treatment minimal

$$$• Law enforcement difficult• 10% of sewage in China

treated• Economic growth with

little $$$ to clean up

Sungai Gangga India• Holy River (1 million take daily

holy dip)• 350 million (1/3rd of pop) live in

watershed• Little sewage treatment• Used for bathing, drinking etc.• Bodies (cremated or not) thrown

in river• Good news is the Indian

government is beginning to work on problem

Pencemaran Danau Air Tawar

Dilution as a solution in lakes less effective

• Little vertical mixing• Little water flow

(flushing)Makes them more vulnerable• Toxins settle• Kill bottom life• Atmospheric deposition• Food chain disruptions

Biomagnifications of PCBs in an

aquatic food chain from the Great

Lakes.

Eutrofikasi Danau

Eutrophication: nutrient enrichment of lakes mostly from runoff of plant nutrients (nitrates and phosphates)

• During hot dry weather can lead to algae blooms

• Decrease of photosynthesis• Dying algae then drops DO

levels • Fish kills, bad odor

Pencemaran Danau

Eutrofikasi

Eutrofikasi Danau

Penyelesaian masalah:• Advanced sewage

treatment (N, P)• Household detergents• Soil conservation• Remove excess weed

build up• Pump in oxygen or

freshwater

Studi Kasus: The Great Lakes•Pollution levels

dropped, but long way to go

•95% of U.S. freshwater

•30% Canadian pop, 14% U.S.

•38 million drink

•1% flow out St. Lawrence

•Toxic fish

AIR TANAH = Groundwater

• Why is groundwater pollution a serious problem?

• What is the extent of the problem?• What are the solutions?

GroundwaterGroundwater DAPAT

TERKONTAMINASI:

• No way to cleanse itself• Little dilution and

dispersion • Out of sight pollution• Prime source for irrigation

and drinking• REMOVAL of pollutant

difficult

Pencemaran Groundwater

Low flow rates Few bacteria Cold temperatures

Coal strip mine runoff

Pumping well

Waste lagoon

Accidental spills

Groundwater flow

Confined aquifer

Discharge

Leakage from faulty casing

Hazardous waste injection wellPesticides

Gasoline station

Buried gasoline and solvent tank

Sewer

Cesspool septic tank

De-icing road salt

Unconfined freshwater aquifer

Confined freshwater aquifer

Water pumping well Landfill

Low oxygen

Aliran air bawah tanah

Groundwater• Pollution moves in

plumes• Soil, rocks, etc. act like

sponge• Cleansing does not

work (low O, low flow, cold)

• Nondegradables may be permanent

Pencegahan lebih efektif dan murah

Pencegahan Pencemaran Groundwater

Monitor aquifers

Leak detection systems

Strictly regulating hazardous waste disposal

Store hazardous materials above ground

Find less hazardous substitutes

Pencemaran Laut

• Toleransi pencemaran laut• Coastal zones: How does pollution affect

coastal zones?• What are major sources of ocean

pollution and what is being done?• Tumpahan Minyak

Pencemaran LautOceans can disperse and

break down large quantities of degradable pollution if they are not overloaded.

• Pollution worst near heavily populated coastal zones

• Wetlands, estuaries, coral reefs, mangrove swamps

• 40% of world’s pop. Live within 62 miles of coast

Mangrove Swamp

Estuaries

Pencemaran Laut

• Large amounts of untreated raw sewage (viruses)

• Leaking septic tanks• Runoff• Algae blooms from

nutrients• Dead zones NO DO• Airborne toxins• Oil spills

Pencemaran Laut

Preventing and reducing the

flow of pollution from land and from streams emptying into

the ocean is key to protecting

oceans

TUMPAHAN MINYAK Sources: offshore wells, tankers, pipelines and storage

tanks

Effects: death of organisms, loss of animal insulation and buoyancy, smothering

Significant economic impacts

Mechanical cleanup methods: skimmers and blotters

Chemical cleanup methods: coagulants and dispersing agents

Pencegahan dan Reduksi

• How can we reduce surface water pollution: point and also nonpoint.

• How do sewage treatment plants work?• How successful has the U.S. been at

reducing water pollution? Clean Water Act

Penyelesiaan: Mencegah dan Mereduksi Pencemaran Air Permukaan

Nonpoint Sources Point SourcesReduce runoffBuffer zone

vegetationReduce soil erosion

Clean Water Act

Water Quality Act

Only apply pesticides and fertilizers as needed

Sumber Pencemaran Nonpoint

Reduksi Runoff

Sumber Pencemaran Nonpoint

Zone Penyangga sekitar sungai

Sumber pencemaran Nonpoint

Prevent soil erosion and only apply needed pesticides and fertilizers

Sumber Pencemaran: TitikMost developed countries

use laws to set water pollution standards.

Federal Water Pollution Control Act (Clean Water Act 1972, ’77, ’87)

• Regulates navigable waterways..streams, wetlands, rivers, lake

Peraturan Air Bersih• Sets standards for key

pollutants• Requires permits for

discharge• Requires sewage treatment• Require permits for

wetland destruction• Does not deal with

nonpoint sources well• Goal All Waterways

fishable and swimable

Teknologi: Sistem Septic

Memerlukan tanah dan perawatan

•¼ of all U.S. homes have Septic tanks

•Can be used in parking lots, business parks, etc.

Combined sewer overflow is a

problem in many older towns

•EPA: 1.8 M to 3.85 M sick from

swimming in water

contaminated by sewer overflows

•EPA: $100 billion to fix

Pendekatan Teknologi: Pengolahan Air Limbah

Pengolahan Secara Fisik dan Biologis

Primary: removes 60% of solids and 30-40% oxygen demanding wastes (physically)

Secondary: uses biological processes to remove up to 90% of biodegradables

Tertiary: advanced techniques only used in 5% of U.S. $$$$

Disinfection: chlorine, ozone, UV

What is not taken out???

Technological Approach: Advanced (Tertiary) Sewage Treatment

Uses physical and chemical processesRemoves nitrate and phosphateExpensive

Not widely used

Sludge disposal…using as fertilizer

Technological Approach: Using Wetlands to Treat Sewage

Fig. 22-18 p. 513

Berita BaikLargely thanks to CWA:• Between 1972 – 2002

fishable and swimmable streams 36% to 60%

• 74% served by sewage treatment

• Wetlands loss dropped by 80%

• Topsoil losses dropped by 1 billion tons annually

Khabar Buruk

• 45% of Lakes, 40% streams still not fishable and swimmable

• Nonpoint sources still huge problem

• Livestock and Ag. Runoff• Ikan dengan Racun

Solusi Pencemaran Air

Air Bersih / Minum• How is drinking water purified? High tech

way.• How can we purify drinking water in

developing nations?• What is the Safe Drinking Water Act?• Is bottled water a good answer or an expensive

rip-off?

Kualitas Air Minum

Safe Drinking Water Act

Maximum contaminant levels (MCLs)

Purification of urban drinking water

Air Minum Botolan

Protection from terrorism

Purification of rural drinking water

Purifikasi Air Bersih Perkotaan

Surface Water: (like Delaware River)

• Removed to reservoir to improve clarity

• Pumped to a treatment plant to meet drinking water standards

Groundwater: often does not need much treatment

Purifikasi Air Bersih Pedesaan

There can be simple ways to purify water:

• Exposing to heat and UV rays

• Fine cloths to filter water• Add small amounts of

chlorine

• 54 countries have drinking water laws

SDWA passed 1974 requires EPA to set drinking water standards

Maximum Contaminating Levels (MCLs)

Hemat Air Bersih

Hemat Air Bersih• Privately owned wells

exempt from SDWA

SDWA requires public notification of failing to meet standards and fine.

MCLs often stated in parts per million or parts per billion

Bottle WaterU.S. has the world’s

safest tap water due to billions of $$$ of investment

Bottle water 240 to 10,000 times more expensive than tap water

25% of bottle water is tap water

Air Botolan1.4 million metric tons of

bottle thrown away each year

Toxic fumes released during bottling

Bottles made from oil based plastics

Water does not need to meet SDWA