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8/13/2019 Pencemaran & Bioindikator-Minggu 1
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PencemaranPerairan
Yusli Wardiatno
Departemen MSPFPIK IPB
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Kualitas air adalah karakter (sifat) air yang
digambarkan oleh nilai-nilai dari berbagai
macam faktor / karakteristik / komponen
kualitas air (yang sering disebut sebagaiparameter kualitas air)
KUALITAS AIR ?
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Parameter Fisik:
1. Warna
2. Kecerahan (kedalaman Secchi)
3. Kekeruhan
4. Padatan tersuspensi (TSS)5. Padatan terlarut (TDS)
6. Daya Hantar Listrik (conductivity)
7. Temperatur
8. Bau
9. Rasa
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Parameter Kimia:
1. Salinitas
2. Alkalinitas3. Kesadahan
4. pH
5. Oksigen terlarut (DO)
6. BOD
7. COD8. N (Amonia, Nitrat, Nitrit)
9. P (total, Orthophosphate)
10. Si
11. Deterjen (surfactant)12. Minyak & lemak, hidrokarbon
13. CN (sianida)
14. H2S (sulfida)
15. Phenols
16. Fe (besi)17. Pestisida (organochlorine,
organophosphate)
18. Logam/logam berat: Hg
Pb Cu
Cd
Cr+6
Zn As
Ni
Se
dll.
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Parameter Mikrobiologi:
1. Coliform
2. Fecal coliform (E. coli)
3. Bakteri pathogen: SalmonellaShigella dysenteriaeVibrio cholerae
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Parameter Fisik: Parameter Kimia: Ket.
1. Warna 1. Salinitas Kenyamanan
2. Kecerahan (kedalaman Secchi) 2. Alkalinitas
3. Kekeruhan 3. Kesadahan4. Padatan tersuspensi (TSS) 4. pH Kenyamanan
5. Padatan terlarut (TDS) 5. Oksigen terlarut (D.O.) Nutrien
6. Daya Hantar Listrik (conductivity) 6. BOD
7. Temperatur 7. COD
8. Bau 8. Ammonia Nitrat, Nitrit (N) Nutrien, Nuiss.
9. Rasa 9. P (total, orthophosphate) Nutrien10. Si Nutrien
11. Deterjen (surfaktan) Nuissance
Parameter Mikrobiologi: 12. Minyak & Lemak, Hydrocarbon Nuissance
1. Coliform 13. CN (sianida) Toxic
2. Fecal coliform (E. coli) 14. H2S (sulfida) Toxic
3. Bakteri pathogen lainnya.. (Salmonella, 15. Phenol Nuissance
Shigella dysenteriae, Vibrio cholerae) 16. Fe (Besi)
17. Logam berat: Hg, Pb, Cu, Cd, Cr6+,Zn, As, Se, Ni, dll.
Toxic
18. Pestisida (organokhlorin, organofosfat) Toxic
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PARAMETER KUNCI
fungsi perairan
potensi pencemaran (jenis kegiatan, limbah)
Baku mutu perairan
sungai, danau, waduk
laut
Baku mutu air limbahsesuai jenis industri/
kegiatan
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KEP-51/MENLH/10/1995Baku Mutu Limbah Cair Kegiatan Industri
KEP-52/MENLH/10/1995Baku Mutu Limbah Cair Kegiatan Perhotelan
KEP-58/MENLH/12/1995Baku Mutu Limbah Cair Kegiatan Rumah Sakit.
Sebagai acuan penentuan Parameter kunci :
Industri soda kostik
pelapisan logam
penyamakan kulit
minyak sawit
pulp dan kertas
karet
gula
tapioka
tekstil
pupuk urea
ethanol
MSG
kayu lapis
susu & mds
minuman ringan
sabun, deterjen & prod.
minyak nabati
industri bir
baterai kering
industri cat
industri farmasi
industri pestisida
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KEP-51/MENLH/10/1995 Baku Mutu Limbah Cair Kegiatan
Industri,
KEP-52/MENLH/10/1995 Baku Mutu Limbah Cair KegiatanPerhotelan,
KEP-58/MENLH/12/1995 Baku Mutu Limbah Cair Kegiatan
Rumah Sakit, KEP-42/MENLH/10/1996 - Baku Mutu Limbah Cair kegiatan
minyak dan gas serta panas bumi,
Kep. MENLH No. 112 Tahun 2003 - Baku Mutu Air LimbahDomestik,
Kep. MENLH No. 113 Tahun 2003 - Baku mutu air limbahkegiatan pertambangan batu bara.
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Kep. MENLH No. 112 Tahun 2003:
Baku Mutu Air Limbah Domestik
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Industri/
Kegiatan:
Pen.
kulit
Miny.
sawit
Pulp
krtas
Ka-
ret
Gu-
la
Tapi
oka
Tek
stil
Pu-
puk
Eta-
nol
MS
G
Kayu
lapis
Susu
&mds
Soft
drink
Bir
BOD l l l l l l l l l l l l lCOD l l l l l l l l l l l l lpH l l l l l l l l l l l l l l
TSS l l l l l l l l l l l l l lMinyak-lemak l l l l l l
Amonia l l l lPhenol l
l
Sulfida l l l lN total l l l lCyanida lCr l
l
Parameter dalam baku mutu air limbah berbagai industri ataukegiatan sesuai SK MENLH (1995, 1996, 2003)
Sigid Hariyadi08
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Parameter
dalam bakumutu airlimbahberbagaiindustriataukegiatansesuai SKMENLH(1995, 1996,2003)
Industri/Kegiatan:
Sabund&mn
Drycell
Cat Farmsi
Psti-sida
Soda/ Cl2
Plpslogam
Ho-tel
RS Mi-gas
LNG Panasbumi
Batubara
Domestik
BOD l l l l l l l lCOD l l l l l l lpH l l l l l l l l l l l l l lTSS l l l l l l l l l l lMinyak-lemak
l l l l l l lAmonia l l l l lPhenol l l l lSulfida lN total lCyanida l lCr l l l lCu l l l lHg l l l lPb l l lCd l lNi l l lZn
l l l lBenzene lToluene lBahanaktif l l H2S Fe
PO4 Mn Ti Cl2 Cl2 As MnColiform, PO3-,radioaktifitas lTemperatur l l lSigid Hariyadi08
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PERATURAN PEMERINTAH (PP) RI No. 82 Th. 2001TENTANG
PENGELOLAAN KUALITAS AIR DAN PENGENDALIAN PENCEMARAN
a. KELAS I: air peruntukan air baku air minum
b. KELAS II: air peruntukan prasarana/sarana rekreasi air,budidaya ikan air tawar, peternakan,
pengairan tanaman (pertanian)
c. KELAS III: air peruntukan budidaya ikanair tawar,
peternakan, pengairan tanaman (pertanian)
d. KELAS IV: air untuk pengairantanaman (pertanian)
KLASIFIKASI MUTU AIR (PASAL 8 ayat 1):
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Keputusan MENLH No. 51 Tahun 2004ttgBAKU MUTU AIR LAUT
Baku Mutu Air Laut untuk PERAIRAN PELABUHAN
Baku Mutu Air Laut untuk WISATA BAHARI
Baku Mutu Air Laut untuk BIOTA LAUT
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BAKU MUTU AIR :
KADAR / KONSENTRASI (mg/L)
BEBAN (kg/ton produk ; g/m3)
BOD = 20 mg/LDebit aliran = 10 L/dt
Beban BOD = 20 mg/L x 10 L/dt = 200 mg/dt= 200 x 60 x 60 x 24
= 17.280.000 mg/hari
= 17,28 kg/hari
Beban BOD = 100 mg/L x 20 m3/ton
= 100 mg/L x 20.000 L/ton
= 2000.000 mg/ton
= 2 kg/ton produk
BOD = 100 mg/L
Vol limbah maks= 20 m3/ton
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What is pollutionPollutionis the introduction by man, directly or indirectly,of substances or energy, to the aquatic environmentresulting in such deleterious effects as harm to living
resources; hazard to human health; hindrance of aquatic
activities including fishing; impairment of the quality for use
of seawater; and reduction of ammenities.
Contaminationis the presence of elevated concentrations of
substances in the water, sediments or organisms, i.e.
concentrations that are above the natural background level for
the area and for the organism.
United Nations Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspectsof Marine Polution GESAMP)
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Non point Source :sources of water pollution that arescatteredor diffuse, not having a specific location.(i.e. from: farm fields, golf courses, cities,
residentials, roads, clearcut forests, plantations,mines).
Point Source : discharge of pollutants from single point.(i.e. from: factories, power plants, sewagetreatment plants, oil wells).
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Watershed Map
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The simple definition:
It's the area of land that catches rain and
snow and drains or seeps into a marsh,
stream, river, lake or groundwater.
What is a Watershed?
Watershed = catchment area = daerah aliran sungai (DAS)
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the ability of a body of water to cleanse itself;its capacity to receive waste waters or toxic
assimilative capacity:
materials without deleterious effects andwithout damage to aquatic life or humanswho consume the water
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lasifikasi limbah(Clark, 1986):
1. Limbah mudah urai(degradable wastes)
2. Limbah mudah luruh(dissipating wastes)3. Partikel (particulate)
4. Limbah konservatif/awet(conservative wastes)
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1 . Limbah mudah urai(degradable wastes)limbah organikdekomposisi (CO2, NH3)
limbah domestik, perkotaan
limbah pertanian, pabrik gula, kertas (pulp) limbah pengolahan makanan, minuman minyak, dll.
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2. Limbah mudah luruh(dissipating wastes) dgn cepat kehilangan daya rusak/racun begitu
masuk ke perairan
panas: faktor debit, arus
asam-basa: laut punya kapasitas buffer yang besar
Cyanide: terdissosiasi dgn cepat di air laut, dampak kecil
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3. Partikel (particulate)
debu/partikel lumpur/tanah, penambangan pasir
abu sisa pembakaran (batubara)
plastik
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4. Limbah konservatif/awet(conservative wastes)tidak dapat terdekomposisi & tidak hilang/luruh
logam berat
halogenated hydrocarbons (pestisida, PCB, POPS)
radioaktifitas
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Infectious Agents (pathogens, parasites, bacteria, virus, etc.) Oxygen-Demanding Wastes (BOD, sampah) Inorganic Chemicals (acids, salts, toxic metals, nutrients) Organic Chemicals (pesticides, PCB, dioxin, oil, detergents,
plastics)
Sediment Particulates) Thermal Pollution Radioactive Pollution Oil Pollution, Detergents, etc.)
Other classification of Pollution Types:
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OXYGEN-DEMANDING WASTES
Examples: Organic waste such as animal manure andplant debris that can be decomposed by aerobic(oxygen-requiring) bacteria
Major Human Sources: Sewage, animal feedlots,paper mills, and food processing facilities
Harmful Effects: Large populations of bacteria
decomposing these wastes can degrade water qualityby depleting water of dissolved oxygen. This causesfish and other forms of oxygen-consuming aquatic lifeto die.
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Pollution of Streams Oxygen sag curve Factors influencing recovery: flow
rates and amount of pollutants
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Ocean Pollution Sources
Fig. 22-11 p. 504
C S d Ch k B
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Case Study: Chesapeake Bay
Largest US estuary
Relativelyshallow
Slow flushingaction to Atlantic
(1% of waste is
flushed into Atlantic
Major problems withdissolved O2 due to
eutrophication (NO3
and P04)
Fallen oyster, crabsand fish harvest due
to pollution,
overfishing and
diseases
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Referensi
5. http://homepage.mac.com/wsscott/Planbook/Environmental%20Studies/Nov132007/4-24-2003.ppt
Water Pollution6. http://facstaff.gpc.edu/~apennima/ENVS/Water-Pollution.ppt Water Pollution & Cleanup
1. APHA. 2005. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 21st
ed. American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association and
Water Pollution Control Federation. Washington D.C.
2. CLARK, R.B. 1986. Marine Pollution. Clarendon Press, Oxford. 215 p.
3. LAWS, E.A. 1993. Aquatic Pollution : An introductory text. Wiley Interscience,New York. 611p.
4. MASON, C.F. 1991. Biology of freshwater pollution. 2nd ed. Longman Scientific &
Technical, Essex, U.K. 351 p.
7. COASTAL POLLUTION: Effects on L iving Resources and Humans (pdf),
by: Carl J. Sindermann (2006)
http://homepage.mac.com/wsscott/Planbook/Environmental%20Studies/Nov132007/4-24-2003.ppthttp://facstaff.gpc.edu/~apennima/ENVS/Water-Pollution.ppthttp://facstaff.gpc.edu/~apennima/ENVS/Water-Pollution.ppthttp://facstaff.gpc.edu/~apennima/ENVS/Water-Pollution.ppthttp://facstaff.gpc.edu/~apennima/ENVS/Water-Pollution.ppthttp://homepage.mac.com/wsscott/Planbook/Environmental%20Studies/Nov132007/4-24-2003.ppthttp://homepage.mac.com/wsscott/Planbook/Environmental%20Studies/Nov132007/4-24-2003.ppthttp://homepage.mac.com/wsscott/Planbook/Environmental%20Studies/Nov132007/4-24-2003.ppthttp://homepage.mac.com/wsscott/Planbook/Environmental%20Studies/Nov132007/4-24-2003.ppthttp://homepage.mac.com/wsscott/Planbook/Environmental%20Studies/Nov132007/4-24-2003.ppt