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25 Jan [email protected] 1
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PENCEMARAN(POLLUTION)
Tantut SusantoBagian Keperawatan Jiwa & Komunitas
Program Studi Ilmu KeperawatanUniversitas Jember
يِم� ِح� الَّر� مِن� ِح� الَّر� اللِه� ِم� ِب�ْس�
25 Jan [email protected] 2
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Pencemaran
• Terjadinya perubahan lingkungan oleh segala sesuatu yang sifatnya membahayakan kehidupan manusia, hewan, tumbuhan dan segala sesuatu yang berhubungan, baik karen atingkah laku manusia maupun karena peristiwa alam
• Adanya zat-zat asing akan menjadi kontaminan yang menjurus menjadi pencemar (polutant) bila telah melampaui nilai ambang batas (NAB)
25 Jan [email protected] 3
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Nilai Ambang Batas (NAB)Treshold Limit Value (TLV)
• Kadar tertinggi bahan polutant dalam lingkungan kerja dimana pekerja masih sanggup menerima tanpa menunjukkan penyakit atau kelainan untuk waktu 8 jam per hari atau 40 jam per minggu
• Misal:– CO NAB 50 ppm– H2S NAB 20 ppm– Amoniak NAB 50 ppm
25 Jan [email protected] 4
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Pencemaran dapat terjadi pada:
• Udara (air pollution)
• Tanah (land pollution)
• Air (water pollution)
• Polusi radiasi
25 Jan [email protected] 5
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PENCEMARAN UDARA
Tantut Susanto
25 Jan [email protected] 6
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Sumber Pencemaran Udara
• Proses pembakaran dari industri dan pertambangan
• Kendaran bermotor
• Ekses dari pembangunan
• Debu tanah
• Kuman
• Tepung sari tumbuhan
25 Jan [email protected] 7
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Wujud Fisik Pencemaran Udara
• Gas: S02, CO, CO2, NO2, NH3, NO
• Partikel: asap, kabut, debu, abu
• Makhluk hidup: virus, bakteri
• Tumbuhan: spora, biji-bijihan, tepung sari
25 Jan [email protected] 8
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Pengaruh Pencemaran Udara
• Terhadap kesehatan
• Terhadap logam dan alat rumah tangga
• Terhadap pertanian dan peternakan
• Terhadap hasil-hasil peternakan
25 Jan [email protected] 9
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Terhadap Kesehatan
• Kematian segera: CO, Methyl, Isocyanate
• Kerusakan pencernaan: HCO• Kerusakan sistem peredaraan
darah: benzena, toluen, phenol• Kerusakan saraf: carbon disulfida,
methyl alkohol• Keracunan: timbal, air raksa• Kerusakan paru-paru
25 Jan [email protected] 10
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Kerusakan Paru-Paru
• Pneumoconiosis• Silicosis: debu SiO2• Asbestosis: debu asbes• Berriliosis: debu berelium• Bycinosis: debu kapas• Stanosis: debu timah• Siderosis: debu Fe2O3• Antrhocosis: debu arang batu• Talcosis: debu talk
25 Jan [email protected] 11
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Terhadap Logam dan Alat Rumah Tangga
• Karat: SO2
• Tekstil: NO
• Karet: Ozon
• Merubah warna cat : H2S
25 Jan [email protected] 12
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Terhadap Hasil Peternakan
• Persenyawaan florida yang menempel pada rumput bila termakan ternak akan menjadi kurus dan produksi susu menurun
25 Jan [email protected] 13
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Usaha Pencegahan Pengotoran Udara
• Udara yang mengandung gas/uap
• Udara yang mengandung debu
• Udara kotor dari kendaraan
• Penghijauan kota
• Oleh alam
25 Jan [email protected] 14
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Udara yang mengandung gas/uap
• Dengan cara mencuci
• Dengan cara membakar
25 Jan [email protected] 15
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Udara yang mengandung debu
• Dilewatkan kamar pengendap
• Dengan saringan debu
• Dilewatkan pada ruangan yang melingkar-lingkar (cyelone)
• Dengan listrik
• Dengan baling-baling
• Dengan penyedot debu (dust exhauster)
25 Jan [email protected] 16
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Udara kotor dari kendaraan
• Bahan bakar yang sedikit menghasilkan pencemaran
• Kendaraan berat lewat luar kota
• Memperlebar jalan agar kendaraan berjalan cepat
• Diciptakan tenaga listrik dan matahari
25 Jan [email protected] 17
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Penghijauan kota
• Tumbuhan berfungsi:– Melindungi panas matahari– Menghasilkan O2– Menyerap CO2
25 Jan [email protected] 18
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Oleh alam
• Hujan
• Angin
25 Jan [email protected] 19
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Tindakan Pencemaran Udara Secara Umum
• Tindakan teknologis– Jalur hijau– Perlengkapan industri
• Tindakan planologis– Pemisahan industri estate dan real
estate
• Tindakan administratif– Dibuatnya UU dan Peraturan untuk
mencegah pencemaran
25 Jan [email protected] 20
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PENCEMARAN TANAH
Tantut Susanto
25 Jan [email protected] 21
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Microorganisme Tanah
• Protozoa: amuba, flagelata, ciliata
• Bactery: clostridium, rhizobium
• Algae: alga biru/hijau, diatomy, jamur ragi, phycomycetes, streptomycetes
25 Jan [email protected] 22
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Bakteri Tanah
• Bakteri atotrop: untuk hidup perlu bahan in organik misal C, N
• Bakteri heterotrop: perlu bahan organik, misal: protein dari hewan
• Bakteri hidup di kedalam tanah sampai 2 feet (60 cm)
• Kedalaman 10-12 feet (300-360 cm) bebas bakteri
25 Jan [email protected] 23
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Sumber Pencemaran Tanah
• Sampah rumah tangga
• Sampah industri
• Air limbah rumah tangga
• Air limbah industri
• Racun serangga
• Racun jamur
• Racun tikus
• Racun tanaman
25 Jan [email protected] 24
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Penanggulangan Pencemaran
• Pengawasan terhadap pembuangan sampah
• Pengawasan air limbah
• Pengawasan penggunaan racun dan serangga
25 Jan [email protected] 25
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PENCEMARAN AIR
Tantut Susanto
25 Jan [email protected] 26
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Sumber Pencemaran
• Kegiatan industri
• Kegiatan pertanian
• Kegiatan transportasi
• Kegiatan rumah tangga
25 Jan [email protected] 27
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Pencemaran air berpengaruh:
• Irigasi: mengurangi produk pertanian
• Perikanan: DO rendah, temperatur tinggi
25 Jan [email protected] 28
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PENCEMARAN RADIASI
Tantut Susanto
25 Jan [email protected] 29
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Radiasi Electromagnetis
• Gelombang mikro (radio, TV, Computer):– Astenia– Kelainan neurovaskuler– Perubahan tonus pembuluh darah– Paroxysma– Kuatnya reaksi simpatis (liur, air
mata banyak keluar)
25 Jan [email protected] 30
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• Sinar lazer– Kebutaan
• Sinar ultra merah– Katarak
• Sinar ultra violet– Conjugtivitis fotoelectrica
• Sinar X– Leukemia– Impoten– Luka bakar
• Radiasi sinar radioaktif– Sinar alfa, beta, gamma akan mengacaukan
proses metabolisme tubuh
25 Jan [email protected] 31
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