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PENGARUH WAGNER PRIVATE MILITARY COMPANY (PMC)
TERHADAP KEBIJAKAN LUAR NEGERI RUSIA DALAM
INVASI DI SURIAH
Disusun dan Diajukan untuk Memenuhi Salah Satu Syarat
Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Ilmu Politik (S.IP) Strata-1
Oleh :
ROBETH FIKRI ALFIYAN
201420360312245
JURUSAN ILMU HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL
FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
2019
ii
iii
Ruli Inayah Ramadhoan, M.Si Dion Maulana Prasetya, M.Hub.Int
ABSTRAKSI
Robeth Fikri Alfiyan, 2019, 201420360312245, Universitas Muhammadiyah
Malang, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, Pengaruh Wagner Private
Military Company (PMC) Terhadap Kebijakan Luar Negeri Rusia dalam
Invasi di Suriah, Pembimbing I: Ruli Inayah Ramadhoan, M.Si.,
Pembimbing II: Dion Maulana Prasetya, M.Hub.Int.
Keterlibatan Rusia menggunakan Private Military Company (PMC) dalam
konflik di Suriah merupakan lanjutan invasi perang setelah sebelumnya secara
resmi melibatkan operasi militer pada 30 September 2015, dan juga lanjutan dari
perang di Ukraina 2014. Konflik Suriah bermula ketika adanya tuntutan mundur
masyarakat sipil pada Bashar al-Assad sebagai bagian proses demokratisasi di
negara-negara Timur Tengah. Karena itu, pelibatan Rusia menggunakan PMC
disebut karena adanya kepentingan di balik operasi korporasi militer swasta.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui jaringan aktor-aktor dalam
politik luar negeri Rusia melibatkan Wagner PMC di Suriah. Dan apa saja
kepentingan yang termaktub di dalamnya, di mana keterlibatan aktor-aktor
internal dan eksternal adalah kunci pengambilan keputusan dalam operasi tentara
swasta Wagner. Dalam penelitian ini, penulis menggunakan metode atau tipe
penelitian eksplanatif dan dijelaskan dengan teori policy influencer system dari
William D. Coplin dan konsep PMC.
Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pengaruh Wagner PMC terhadap
kebijakan luar negeri Rusia di Suriah didasari karena kepentingan bisnis Yevgeny
Prigozhin. Kedekatannya dengan Vladimir Putin memberikan kesepakatan
kontrak 25% dari hasil produksi minyak dan gas antara perusahaan Evro Polis dan
General Petroleum Corp. Kesepakatan itu diambil untuk mengamankan upaya
eksploitasi gerakan Islamic State Iraq and Syria (ISIS) pada pengelolaan sumber
daya alam yang berada di Suriah.
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KATA PENGANTAR
Dengan mengucapkan Alhamdulillah segala puji dan syukur penulis
panjatkan atas kehadirat Allah SWT, berkat rahmat dan ridla-Nya penyusunan
tugas akhir skripsi dengan judul "Pengaruh Wagner Private Military Company
(PMC) Terhadap Kebijakan Luar Negeri Rusia dalam Invasi di Suriah" dapat
terselesaikan dengan baik. Shalawat dan salam semoga tetap tercurah limpahkan
kepada baginda Nabi Muhammad SAW yang telah membawa kita dari jaman
jahiliyah ke jaman yang terang benderang yakni (addinul Islam).
Penulisan skripsi ini disusun dan diajukan untuk memenuhi sebagai syarat
mendapatkan gelar Sarjana Ilmu Politik (S.IP) Strata-1, Prodi Ilmu Hubungan
Internasional, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik (FISIP), Universitas
Muhammadiyah Malang (UMM). Penulisan skripsi ini masih terdapat banyak
kekurangan di dalamnya, namun dengan hasil yang didapat diharapkan berguna
khususnya bagi Mahasiswa Ilmu Hubungan Internasional dan para akademisi
lainnya.
Malang, 03 Januari 2019
Penulis,
Robeth Fikri Alfiyan
ix
LEMBAR PERSEMBAHAN
Segala kerendahan hati paling mendalam dan paling utama penulis banyak
berterima kasih kepada kedua orang tua: Bapak Syamsul Arijal dan Ibu Luthfah
berkat dukungan dan sambungan do'anya sehingga dapat melanjutkan studi di
perguruan tinggi Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang hingga terselesainya
penulisan skripsi ini. Begitu banyak pengorbanan yang berjatuhan, harapan dan
kasih sayangnya yang tanpa henti mendorong semangat penulis bahwa "jangan
pernah putus asa dalam mencapai cita-cita".
Tidak lupa pula, penulis persembahkan kepada adik tercinta, Ibrotul
Ruhum Nadhifah, Fahim Nabbani dan Walidy Gabriel Habiballah dan segenap
keluarga besar di Pondok Pesantren Nurul Huda, Pangilen Kerta Timur, Dasuk,
Sumenep. Sebab, karya ilmiah skripsi ini tidak akan pernah terselesaikan dengan
sendirinya tanpa dorongan beliau semua dan bantuan dari berbagai pihak di
dalamnya. Untuk itu, tanpa mengurangi rasa hormat, penulis juga ucapkan banyak
terima kasih kepada:
1. Bapak Dr. H. Fauzan, M.Pd, selaku Rektor Universitas Muhammadiyah
Malang.
2. Bapak Dr. Rinikso Kartono, M.Si, selaku Dekan Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan
Politik Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.
3. Bapak Syaprin Zahidi, M.A, selaku Ketua Prodi Ilmu Hubungan
Internasional beserta para Staf Pengajar Ilmu Hubungan Internasional,
Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, Universitas Muhammadiyah
Malang.
4. Bapak Jenderal Ruli Inayah Ramadhoan, M.Si selaku Pembimbing I
sekaligus Kepala Laboratorium Ilmu Hubungan Internasional (Lab.HI) dan
Bapak Dion Maulana Prasetya, M.Hub.Int selaku Pembimbing II berkat
kesabaran dan ketersediaannya meminjamkan buku Dario Azzelini - Boris
Kanzleiter La Empresa Guerra: Bisnis Perang dan Kapitalisme Global
(2005) yang banyak menyunjang penyusunan skripsi ini. Secara khusus,
penulis bersyukur dan sangat beruntung mendapat bimbingan beliau
x
berdua, terutama Bapak Jenderal Ruli yang juga sebagai teman ngelembur,
teman diskusi, dan teman segalanya ketika berada di Lab.HI dan di luar.
5. Selain itu, untuk kedua penguji Ibu Diana Fatmawati, M.Hi atas kritik dan
sarannya yang sangat berarti bagi penulis. Dan juga Bapak Dedik Fitra
Suhermanto, M.Hub.Int yang kerap mengajak diskusi filsafat, mengenai
kekhawatiran sebagai manusia, dampak ancaman hoaks, isu-isu murahan
kontestasi Pilpres 2019 sekaligus yang sering memotivasi penulis untuk
terus berkarya menulis di pelbagai media cetak maupun online.
6. Kawan-kawan mahasiswa/wi di UMM, Psikologi, HI 2014 Mala, A'ang,
Raka, Naufal, Taqi, Nevia, Ipan, Tamy, Alfian, Tiara, Fandi, Juanda,
Fadhil, Arul serta kawan sekelas HI-C Fika, Oghib, Sisil, Endra, Dwi,
Fattah, Junon, Ibrahim, Sahlan, dan juga adik tingkat penulis Liqo, Bima,
Nadya, dan juga darah biru Malikha hehehe.
7. Kawan-kawan aktivis baik yang aktif di Pergerakan Mahasiswa Islam
Indonesia (PMII), Gerakan Mahasiswa Nasional Indonesia (GMNI),
Serikat Mahasiswa untuk Rakyat Tertindas (SMART), Pusat Kajian
Malang School, Centre of Middle Eastern Studies (CoMES) khususnya di
Himpunan Mahasiswa Islam (HMI): Ketum Sutriyadi, Kak Faisal, Kak
Taufiq, Kak Eros, Haydar, Anjar, Iqo, Nawawi, Salim, Erik, Souwakil,
Galang, Farah, dan Maul. Tak lupa secara pribadi penulis berterima kasih
banyak pada Janu Albar, Syaiful, dan Agnia yang menyempatkan untuk
hadir. Yakusa bro!
8. Tak lupa pula kawan penulis di kontrakan, Afif, Faisal, Miqdad, Lukman,
Kholil, Salam, Ayik. Di Man 3 Malang, Atho', Yusuf, Angga, Amin, Olga,
Fasih, Munir, Budha, Tahu, Bastem, Danar, Muchlas, dan tentu yang
lainnya yang tak mungkin penulis sebutkan satu per satu. Sekali lagi,
terima kasih banyak, dan maaf penulis tak bisa sebutkan satu per satu,
Intinya senang mengenal kalian semua! Wassalamu’alaikum wr.wb.
Malang, 03 Januari 2019
Penulis,
Robeth Fikri Alfiyan
xi
DAFTAR ISI
Halaman
Lembar Cover Dalam ............................................................................................... i
Lembar Persetujuan Skripsi .................................................................................... ii
Lembar Pengesahan ............................................................................................... iii
Pernyataan Orisinalitas........................................................................................... iv
Berita Acara Bimbingan Skripsi .............................................................................. v
Abstraksi ................................................................................................................ vi
Abstract ................................................................................................................. vii
Kata Pengantar ..................................................................................................... viii
Lembar Persembahan ............................................................................................. ix
Daftar Isi................................................................................................................. xi
Daftar Gambar ...................................................................................................... xiii
Daftar Tabel ......................................................................................................... xiv
Daftar Singkatan..................................................................................................... xv
Motto .................................................................................................................... xvi
BAB I PENDAHULUAN ....................................................................................... 1
1.1 Latar Belakang ............................................................................................... 1
1.2 Rumusan Masalah.......................................................................................... 7
1.3 Tujuan dan Manfaat Penelitian ...................................................................... 7
1.3.1 Tujuan Penelitian .................................................................................. 7
1.3.2 Manfaat Penelitian ................................................................................ 7
1.3.2.1 Manfaat secara Akademis ......................................................... 7
1.3.2.2 Manfaat secara Praktis .............................................................. 8
1.4 Penelitian Terdahulu ...................................................................................... 8
1.4.1 Tabel Posisi Penelitian ........................................................................ 18
1.5 Landasan Teori/Konsep ............................................................................... 22
1.5.1 Policy Influencer System .................................................................... 22
1.5.2 Private Military Company (PMC) ...................................................... 25
xii
1.6 Metode Penelitian ........................................................................................ 27
1.6.1 Jenis Penelitian ................................................................................... 27
1.6.2 Metode Analisa ................................................................................... 27
1.6.3 Tingkat Analisa................................................................................... 27
1.6.4 Variabel Penelitian ............................................................................. 27
1.6.5 Ruang Lingkup Penelitian .................................................................. 28
1.6.5.1 Batasan Waktu ........................................................................ 28
1.6.5.2 Batasan Materi ........................................................................ 28
1.6.6 Teknik Pengumpulan Data ................................................................. 28
1.7 Hipotesa ....................................................................................................... 29
1.8 Sistematika Penulisan .................................................................................. 30
BAB II KEBIJAKAN PENGIRIMAN TENTARA SWASTA KE SURIAH . 32
2.1 Politik Luar Negeri Rusia di Timur Tengah ................................................ 32
2.1.1 Politik Luar Negeri Rusia di Suriah ................................................... 39
2.1.2 Pelaksanaan Politik Luar Negeri Rusia Melalui Tentara Bayaran ..... 46
2.2 Profil Wagner .............................................................................................. 51
2.2.1 Sistem Kontrak atau Sistem Operasi .................................................. 53
2.2.2 Sejarah Keterlibatan dalam Berbagai Operasi .................................... 56
BAB III STRATEGI WAGNER DALAM MEMPENGARUHI KEBIJAKAN
LUAR NEGERI RUSIA ...................................................................................... 60
3.1 Melalui Kesepakatan Aktor-Aktor .............................................................. 60
3.2 Kebijakan Inkonstitusional .......................................................................... 71
3.3 Keterlibatan dalam Konflik Suriah .............................................................. 78
BAB IV PENUTUP .............................................................................................. 82
4.1 Kesimpulan .................................................................................................. 82
4.2 Saran ............................................................................................................ 85
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ........................................................................................... 86
xiii
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 1 : Tentara Swasta Wagner....................................................................... 52
Gambar 2 : Kamp Pelatihan di Molkino ............................................................... 53
Gambar 3 : Peta Hubungan Militer dan Politik Rusia di Afrika ............................ 59
Gambar 4 : Posthumous Military Honours ........................................................... 69
Gambar 5 : Presiden Putin Menghadiri 100 Tahun GRU ...................................... 70
Gambar 6 : Proses RUU PMC di Rusia ................................................................ 75
Gambar 7 : Operasi Wagner di Deir al-Zour ......................................................... 79
Gambar 8 : Truk-Truk T-72 Tentara Swasta Wagner ............................................ 80
xiv
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 1 : Posisi Penelitian ...................................................................................... 18
Tabel 2 : Sistematika Penulisan ............................................................................ 30
Tabel 3 : Belanja Militer Rusia 2008-2018 ............................................................ 47
Tabel 4 : Sistem Operasi Senjata Wagner di Suriah ............................................. 55
Tabel 5 : Peta Jaringan Aktor-Aktor ..................................................................... 63
Tabel 6 : Produksi Minyak dan Gas Selama Empat Tahun .................................. 67
xv
DAFTAR SINGKATAN
PMC : Private Military Company
ISIS : Islamic State Iraq and Syria
INC : Iraqi National Congress
OIF : Operation Iraqi Freedom
CLI : Committee for the Liberation of Iraq
UNSC : United Nations Security Council
PNAC : Project for the New American Country
FSB : Federal Security Service
GRU : Main Intelligence Directorate
OIC : Organization of Islamic Cooperation
OPCW : Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
ChVK : Chastnye Voenniye Companiye (Known Wagner)
SBU : Security Service of Ukraine
LPR’s : Luhansk People’s Republic
FDI : Foreign Direct Investment
SVR : External Intelligence Service
LDPR : Liberal Democratic Party of Russia
xvi
MOTTO
“Orang boleh pandai setinggi langit, tapi selama ia tidak menulis, ia akan hilang di dalam masyarakat dan dari sejarah.
Menulis adalah bekerja untuk keabadian.”
― Pramoedya Ananta Toer ―
"Tentu. Kau boleh mengalir di sela-sela butir darahku, keluar masuk dinding-dinding jantungku,
menyapa setiap sel tubuhku.
Tetapi jangan sekali-kali pura-pura bertanya kapan boleh pergi atau seenaknya melupakan percintaan ini.
Sampai huruf terakhir sajak ini,
Kau-lah yang harus bertanggung jawab atasi air mataku."
― Sapardi Djoko Damono ―
"Commençons par Ɩ'mpossible."
― Darah Biru, 2019 ―
xvii
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xxi
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