PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF DIRECTED DIFFUSION DATA … · 2013. 7. 28. · Keywords - Wireless Sensor Networks, Routing, Data Dissemination Introduction Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)

International Journal of Computing and Corporate Research

ISSN (Online) : 2249-054X

Volume 3 Issue 4 July 2013

Manuscript ID : 2249054XV3I4072013-11

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF DIRECTED

DIFFUSION DATA DISSEMINATION ROUTING PROTOCOL IN

WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

Chetna Sharma

Research Scholar

Shivalik Institute of Engineering & Technology

Ambala, Haryana, India

Er. Gunjan Gupta

Assistant Professor

Shivalik Institute of Engineering & Technology

Ambala, Haryana, India

ABSTRACT

The birth of wireless communications dates from the late 1800s, when M.G. Marconi

did the pioneer work establishing the first successful radio communication systems

have been developing and evolving with a furious pace. In the early stages, wireless

communication systems were dominated by military usages and supported

accordingly to military needs and requirements. Over the past few years, the world has





become increasingly mobile. As a result traditional ways of networking the world have

proven inadequate to meet the challenges posed by our new collective lifestyle. As a

result wireless technologies are encroaching on the traditional realm of fixed or wired

networks. Recent advances in processing, storage, and communication technologies have

advanced the capabilities of small-scale and cost-effective sensor systems, which are

composed of a single chip with embedded memory, processor, and transceiver. Wireless

sensor networks have a great ability of obtaining data and they can work under any

situation, at any time, in any place, which makes it useful in many important fields. So,

the military department, industrial circle and academic circle of many countries all

over the world are paying great attention to it. It also becomes a hot issue in research at

home and abroad today, and it is regarded as one of the ten influencing technology in

the 21st century. The aim of the manuscript is to evaluate the performance of

directed diffusion data dissemination routing protocol through simulation studies. Then this

work will compare directed diffusion protocol with two other traditional data dissemination

protocols namely: omniscient multicast and flooding in terms of remaining energy.

Keywords - Wireless Sensor Networks, Routing, Data Dissemination

Introduction

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) [1-5] consists of numerous tiny sensors deployed

at high density in regions requiring surveillance and monitoring. These sensors can be

deployed at a cost much lower than the traditional wired sensor system. A typical sensor

node consists of one or more sensing elements (motion, temperature, pressure, etc.), a

battery, and low power radio trans-receiver, microprocessor and limited memory. An

important aspect of such networks is that the nodes are unattended, have limited energy

and the network topology is unknown. Many design challenges that arise in sensor networks

are due to the limited resources they have and their deployment in hostile environments.





Figure 1 Shows the complexity of wireless sensor networks, which generally consist of a

data acquisition network and a data distribution network, monitored and controlled by a

management center. The plethora of available technologies make even the selection

component difficult, let of a consistent, reliable, robust overall system alone the design of

consistent, reliable, robust overall system.

Figure 1 : Sensor network [2]

Sensor nodes are deployed in environments where it is impractical or infeasible for

humans to interact or monitor them. Some applications require sensors to be small in size

and have short transmission ranges to reduce the chances of detection. These size

constraints cause further constraints on CPU speed, amount of memory, RF bandwidth

and battery lifetime. Hence, efficient communication techniques are essential for





increasing the lifetime and quality of data collection and decreasing the communication

latency of such wireless devices.

Unlike the mobile ad hoc networks, sensor nodes are most likely to be stationary for the

entire period of their lifetime. Even though the sensor nodes are fixed, the topology of

the network can change. During periods of low activity, nodes may go toinactive sleep

state, to conserve energy. When some nodes run out of battery power and die, new nodes

may be added to the network. Although all nodes are initially equipped with equal energy,

some nodes may experience higher activity as result of region they are located in.

An important property of sensor networks is the need of the sensors to reliably

disseminate the data to the sink or the base station within a time interval that allows the

user or controller application to respond to the information in a timely manner, as out of

date information is of no use and may lead to disastrous results.

Another important attribute is the scalability to the change in network size, node density

and topology. Sensor networks are very dense as compared to mobile ad hoc and wired

networks. This arises from the fact that the sensing range is lesser than the

communication range and hence more nodes are needed to achieve sufficient sensing

coverage. Sensor nodes are required to be resistant to failures and attacks.

Problem Definition

The aim of current research work is to evaluate the performance of directed

diffusion data dissemination routing protocol through simulation studies. Then this work will

compare directed diffusion protocol with two other traditional data dissemination protocols

namely: omniscient multicast and flooding in terms of remaining energy. This work has

been used to compare these three data dissemination protocols on following parameters.

Remaining Energy

Average delay





Distinct –event delivery ratio

Performance Evaluation

This section, presents the simulation parameters and performance metrics, which are used

in simulation process.

Simulation Parameters

Following parameters are used in the simulation process.

The number of nodes, which are distributed randomly over a rectangular area of

600m×600m, is 50.

The radio transmission range R is 40-140 m.

MAC: Modified Contention-based MAC

Initial power is 40 joules.

The size of data packet is 64 byte.

Simulation and Results

The impact of remaining energy, average delay and distinct delivery ratio with respect to

transmission range on the entire network is shown from the figures, for directed diffusion

and two other schemes namely omniscient multicast and flooding respectively.





Figure 2 : Remaining Energy for Direct Diffusion, Omniscient and Flooding

As from figure 5.10, this is depicted that remaining energy is good in direct diffusion.

As in case of flooding there is variation when transmission range reaches at 80 and again

at 120. But in case of flooding remaining energy decreases when transmission range

exceeds 120 meters. And in case of omniscient the remaining energy remains almost

constant . There is slight less change in this. Direct Diffusion performs the best. There is

fall in remaining energy at 120. In contrast to the omniscient multicast and flooding the

remaining energy is higher in case of direct diffusion.





Figure 3 : Average Delay for Direct Diffusion, Omniscient and Flooding

As figure 5.11 depicts about average delay for direct diffusion, omniscient, and

flooding. In this, as message to be delivered or you can say connectivity among the

different nodes increases, the time delay increases for Direct Diffusion.

In case of flooding this is lowest as the message is broadcast in case of flooding.

And omniscient has the performance next to flooding in case of average delay.





Figure 4 : Distinct Event Delivery Ratio for Direct Diffusion, Omniscient and

Flooding

From figure 5.12 this is clear that Distinct Event Delivery Ratio (DEDR), for direct

diffusion is highest among the other two protocol. This goes high with respect to increase

in transmission range.

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

In WSNs to meet the new challenges; innovative protocols and algorithms are needed to

achieve energy efficiency, flexible scalability and adaptability and good networks

performance. Efficient data dissemination is a big challenge for wireless sensor networks.

Directed diffusion protocol solves many problems of efficient data dissemination for

wireless sensor networks.

Directed diffusion has several key features and it differs from traditional networking.





First, directed diffusion is data-centric; all communication in a directed i.e. diffusion-based

sensor network uses interests to specify named data. Second, all communication in

directed diffusion is neighbor-to-neighbor, unlike the end-to-end communication in

traditional data networks. In other words, every node is an end in a sensor network. In

the sense, there are no routers in a sensor network. Each sensor node can interpret data

and interest messages. This design choice is justified by the task specificity of sensor

networks. Sensor networks are not general-purpose communication networks. Third,

sensor nodes do not need to have globally unique identifiers or globally unique addresses.

Nodes, however, do need to distinguish among neighbors.

The present research work describes the performance evaluation done for the Data

Dissemination Protocols for wireless sensor networks using NS-2 simulator. Directed

diffusion is a data dissemination routing protocol, which aims at reducing the energy

consumption of WSNs nodes, robust communication thus increasing the overall network

lifetime. This evaluation indicates that directed diffusion can achieve significant energy

savings and can outperform idealized traditional schemes omniscient multicast, flooding in

terms of the different changes of the entire network remaining energy with the time

changing on the same simulation environment.

So direct diffusion, omniscient and flooding are simulated and evaluated. The

performance for three of these protocols is evaluated against remaining energy, average

delay and distinct event delivery ratio which shows that direct diffusion gives better

results. Further, in this direction future work can be done to evaluate by considering

another parameters like system lifetime, traffic load distribution through simulation.

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PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF DIRECTED DIFFUSION DATA … · 2013. 7. 28. · Keywords - Wireless Sensor Networks, Routing, Data Dissemination Introduction Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)