PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE PROPERTIES BY GROUNDNUT SHELL

ASH AS A PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SISAL FIBER

H.HADIL ARSHAD1 R.DINESH KUMAR2

ME Structural Engg Student, Assistant Professor

Department of Civil Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering,

Chendhuran College of Engineering and Technology, Chendhuran College of Engineering and Technolog,

Pudukkotai-Dt, South India. Pudukkotai-Dt, South India.

Abstract— This paper highlights about the behavior of

concrete when groundnut shell ash and sisal fiber are

added in concrete on the various strength properties of

concrete by using the mix design of M25 grade. The

percentage replacement of Ordinary Portland Cement

(OPC) varies from 0% to 20%. The sisal fibers’ added in

various percentages such as 1%, 2% and 3%.

Compressive and flexural strength determined by casting

of cube and beam. The results are compared to the

conventional concrete specimen. Based on a general

analysis of the results as well as the logical comparison to

the acceptable standard, a percentage replacement of

GSA and addition of sisal fibers are suggested for

sustainable construction.

Keywords: groundnut shell ash; sisal fibre; compressive

strength; split tensile strength and flexural strength.

I. INTRODUCTION

Cement replacement materials are special types of

naturally occurring materials or industrial waste products

that can be used in concrete mixes to partially replace some

of the Portland cement. Artificial pozzolanic such as rice

husk ash have gained acceptance as supplementary

cementing materials in many parts of the world. This work

evaluates the potentials of groundnut shell ash (GSA) as a

partial replacement for ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in

concrete. Chemical analysis of the ash was carried out to

ascertain whether it possesses pozzolanic or cementing

properties and the partial replacement of OPC by GSA.

Natural fibres are expected to be the reinforcing materials

and their use until now has been more traditional than

technical. They have long served many functional purposes

but the application of materials technology for the

consumption of natural fibres as the reinforcement in

concrete has only taken place in comparatively current

years.

II. LITERATURE COLLECTION

Buari T.A et al. (2013) describe the

“Characteristics Strength of groundnut shell ash

(GSA) and OPC blended Concrete”. He found the

Specific gravity of GSA is being 1.54. This value is

less than 1.85 and 1.90 reported by and for GHA and

Pulverised Fuel Ash respectively.

B.H. Sada, Y.D. Amartey, S. Bako (2013) studied

“Investigation into the use of Groundnut shell as fine

aggregate replacement”. At a replacement value of

25% and above, of fine aggregate with groundnut

shells; lightweight concrete was produced which

could be used where low stress is required.

Dr. F. A. Olutoge1 et al. (2013) describe the

“Characteristics Strength and Durability of

Groundnut Shell Ash (GSA) Blended Cement

Concrete in Sulphate Environments”. The

compressive strength value of the GSA/OPC blended

concrete at 10% replacement level performed better

and would be acceptable.

M. Aruna (2014) studied “Mechanical Behaviour of

Sisal Fibre Reinforced Cement Composites”. An

experimental investigation of mechanical behaviour

of sisal fibre reinforced concrete is reported for

making a suitable building material in terms of

reinforcement.

Dr. Romildo Dias,Toledo Filho And Engr. Flavio De

Andrade Silva (1992) studied about “Sisal fibre

reinforcement of durable thin walled structures”.

Durable cement-based laminates reinforced with five

layers of long, unidirectional aligned sisal fibers were

developed.

III. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM

Prepare The experimental program was designed to

describe the selection of materials, types of tests to

be conducted to evaluate their properties, to prepare

Design mix, to furnish casting, curing and testing

procedures adopted in order to Compare the

mechanical properties of Concrete i.e., Compressive

Strength, Splitting Tensile Strength and Flexural

Strength with different percentages of GSA and Sisal

as partial replacement of cement.

A. Concrete Mix Design:

The Combined or All-In- Aggregate Sieve analysis

test (as per Table 5 of IS: 383-1970) has to be

conducted, to check its suitability before going for

Mix-Design

B. Test Plan for Casting of Concrete Specimens:

This Project entailed subjecting the designed

Concrete mixes to a series of tests to evaluate the

strength and other properties. For this purpose, it was

important to monitor the strength development with

time to adequately evaluate the strength of each

Concrete mix. For every test, 3 samples from each mix

were tested at each curing age and the average values

were used for analysis. One of the most important

properties of concrete is the measurement of its ability

to withstand Compressive loads. This is referred to as

Compressive Strength.

C. Testing of Concrete Specimens: After the Specimens are cured for the specified

period, taken out from the curing tank, cleaned and

tested as per IS:516- 1969, on Universal Testing

Machine to find the mechanical properties of Concrete

such as Compressive Strength on Cubes, Flexural

Strength on Beams and Splitting Tensile Strength on

Cylinders.

D. Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test: This test conducted on Concrete Cubes (after 28-

days of curing) of 150mm size in accordance with

IS:13311(Part 1). The method consists of producing an

Ultrasonic longitudinal pulse by an electro-acoustical

transducer which is held in contact with one surface of

the concrete member, under test. After traversing a

known distance in the concrete, the pulse is converted

into an electrical signal by a second electro acoustical

transducer, and an electronic timing circuit enables the

transit time of the pulse to be measured, from which

the pulse velocity is calculated. This testing also

detects internal flaws like inadequate compaction,

voids or cracks and segregation in concrete. if the

transit time of pulse is more, the ultrasonic pulse

velocity is reduced. The magnitude of reduction in the

pulse velocity indicates the extent of imperfections in

concrete.

E. Compressive Strength Test: Compressive Strength describes the behaviour of

the material when it is subjected to a Compressive load

at a relatively low and uniform rate of loading until the

failure occurs. Compressive Strength of Cube =

Max.Load applied/C.S. Area of Cube.

F. Split Tensile Strength Test: The splitting test is well known indirect test used for

determining the tensile strength of concrete. The test

is carried out by placing a cylindrical specimen

horizontally between the loading surfaces of a

Compression Testing Machine and the load is applied

until failure of the cylinder occurs, along the vertical

diameter. Max. Tensile Strength of Cylinder =

2P/πDL

G. Flexural Strength Test: The strength shown by the concrete against bending

is known as Flexure Strength. The determination of

Flexural Tensile Strength is essential to estimate the

load or Maximum Bending stress at which the

concrete members may crack or fail. It‟s knowledge

is useful in the design of pavement slabs and Airfield

Runway, as flexural tension is critical in these cases.

The Flexural Strength of the specimen is expressed as

the modulus of rupture. When a‟ is less than 13.3 cm

Flexural Strength of Specimen = 3Pa/bd Where P –Max. Load applied on the specimen at

failure b – Width of Beam d – Depth of Beam

L – Span Length (40 cm)

When a‟ is greater than 13.3 cm

Flexural Strength =PL/bd2

IV. MATERIALS USED A. Cement

Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) is the basic

Portland cement and is best suited for use in general

concrete construction. It is classified into three grades,

namely 33 grade, 43 grade and 53 grade depending

upon the strength of the cement at 28 days when tested

as per IS: 4031-1996-Part II. If the 28 days strength is

not less than 33N/mm2, 43N/mm2 and 53N/mm2 it

called 43 grade and 53 grade cement respectively.

Birla Super 53 grade cement conforming to IS: 12269-

1987 was used in the present investigation. The tests

performed on this cement are summarized in Table 1.

TABLE 1. PROPERTIES OF CEMENT

Sl. No. Properties Results

1 Normal consistency (%) 36

2 Setting time (min)

i.Initial setting time 40 min

ii.Final setting time 240 min

3 Specific gravity 3.11

B. Coarse Aggregates: Coarse aggregates are inert particle materials that

pass through the sieve size of 80 mm and retained on

sieve size 4.75 mm. In the present study, locally

available granite of size 20 mm and 10mm in the

proportion 60% and 40% by volume respectively was

used. The physical properties of coarsse aggregates are

given in Table 2.

TABLE 2 PROPERTIES OF COARSE AGGREGATE

S.No Properties Results

1. Specific gravity 2.77

2. Fineness modulus 4.03

3. Impact value 29%

4. Crushing value 30%

C. Fine Aggregates

River sand available locally was used as fine

aggregates and they conform to IS: 383-1970

(reaffirmed 1997). Sieve analysis was done using

standard sieve analysis procedure and the sand

conforms to Zone II. The physical properties and

sieve analysis details are given in Table 3 and 4

respectively.

D. Groundnut Shell Ash

Groundnut shell used for this research was obtained

from Groundnut mill. . The sieve analysis and the

specific gravity were carried out on GSA at the Soil

Mechanics Laboratory of the Department of Building.

The ash are shown in Fig 1.

Fig 1. Groundnut Shell Ash

TABLE 3 PROPERTIES OF GSA

Property Value

Specific gravity 1.81

Fineness modulus 2.97

TABLE 4 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GSA &

OPC

Constituent Composition

% (GSA)

Composition %

(OPC)

Ferrous

oxide(Fe2O3)

1.8 4.6

Silica (Sio2) 16.21 22.00

Calcium oxide

(CaO)

8.69 62.00

Aluminium oxide

(Al2O3)

5.93 5.03

Magnesium oxide

(MgO)

6.74 2.06

Sodium oxide

(Na2O)

9.02 0.19

Potassium oxide

(K2O)

15.73 0.40

Sulphite (SO3-) 6.21 1.43

E. Sisal Fibre

Sisal fibre reinforced concrete should be hand

mixed. The influence of sisal fibers on the

development of plastic shrinkage in the pre-hardened

state, on tensile, compressive and bending strength in

the hardened state of mortar mixes. The fibers are

shown in Fig 2.

Fig 1. Sisal Fibre

TABLE 5 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SISAL

FIBRE

S.No Chemical Composition Percentage

1 Cellulose 65

2 Hemi cellulose 12

3 Lignin 9.9

4 Waxes 2

V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

TABLE 6 PERCENTAGE OF REPLACING

MATERIALS

%

Replaceme

nt of GSA

GSA in

kg

%

Replaceme

nt of SF

SF in

kg

5 1.43 1 0.28

10 2.87 2 0.57

15 4.30 3 0.86

20 5.74

TABLE 7 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH FOR

CUBES OF DIFFERENT % OF GSA AND SISAL

Specimen % GSA % SF Compressive

strength

(N/mm2) (28

days)

C0 31.20

C1 5 1 30.80

C2 5 2 33.95

C3 5 3 33.38

C4 10 1 30.57

C5 10 2 32.22

C6 10 3 29.20

C7 15 1 28.08

C8 15 2 26.75

C9 15 3 26.35

C10 20 1 24.80

C11 20 2 23.51

C12 20 3 22.97

The GSA was replaced by the cement in the range

of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. Sisal fibers were

replaced by 1%, 2% and 3%. These are the results

obtained from the compressive strength of cube at 28 days of curing. Finally the results compared to

the conventional concrete.

Graph 1. Compressive Strength

TABLE 8 COMPARATIVE RESULT OF CUBE

Specimen % GSA % Sisal

Fibre

Compressive

strength

(N/mm2)

C0 - - 31.20

C2 5 10 33.95

Graph 2 Comparison Graph Of Cube

TABLE 9 ANALYSIS OF CONVENTIONAL

BEAM

S.No Load Deflection Remarks

1 11.7 0.51 Initial

crack

2 44.2 3.18 Ultimate

crack

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

C0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12

2…

31.2

33.95

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

C0 C2

2…

Graph 3 Analysis Graph For Conventional Beam

TABLE 10 RESULT OF GSA & SF CONCRETE

BEAM

S.No Load Deflection Remarks

1 14 0.33 Initial

crack

2 47.6 2.93 Ultimate

crack

Graph 4 Analysis Graph for 5% GSA and 2% SF

TABLE 11 COMPARATIVE RESULT OF CONCRETE

BEAM

S.No Specimen Ultimate

Load

(KN)

Flexural

Strength

(N/mm2)

1 S0

Conventional

concrete

44.2 18.72

2 S1

(5% GSA and 2%

SF)

47.6 20.17

Based on the above result 5% of GSA and 2% of SF

concrete beam satisfy the requirement of conventional

specimen. It leads to increase the value of flexural

strength.

VI. CONCLUSION

Compressive strength of cube determined by the

28 days of strength and flexural strength of beam

determined by the 7 days of casting. These specimens

are also compared to the conventional concrete

specimen. Based on the comparative analysis

replacing materials satisfied the conventional

specimen in the % replacement of 5% GSA and 2%

SF. Based on the compressive strength result flexural

strength will be conducted. From the both compressive

and flexural strength test analysis 5% of GSA and 2%

of SF could satisfy the ability workable of

conventional specimen. It could be recommended for

the light weight structure and simple foundation.

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