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10/6/2010
1
Ibrahim Baoua1, Venu Margam2,3, and Larry Murdock2,3
1Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique du Niger (INRAN)2Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
3Molecular Plant Resistance to Insects and Nematodes Team, Purdue University,
West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
Performance of PICS Cowpea Storage
Technology in Villages in Niger
Outline Release of PICS technology and questions
On-farm PICS bag efficiency
Oxygen and CO2 rate
Cowpea quality
bruchid infestation level
Investigation on HDPE plastic
Germination rate of seed stored in PICS bag
Re-use of PICS bags by farmers
Conclusion
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Release of PICS technology and questions
From 2007 to 2009, more than 433 facilitators trained
More than 160 000 participants from3824 reporting villages
At least70 000 PICS bag sold
But some questions? How PICS technology
work in farmer hand? How the technology can
meet farmers need; How to optimize the use of
PICS bag?
PICS bag rate of O2 and CO2 followed in 107 villages.
283 villages monitored, 518 samples of cowpea from PICS bags evaluated after storage
188 Samples of cowpea sold in 93 marketsare also evaluated
On-farm PICS bag efficiency
Tillabery
Tahoua
MaradiZinder
Diffa
AgadezNorth
Dosso
Study zone
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OXYGEN AND CO2 RATE
219 PICS bag in 117 villages checked from2007 to 2009,
COWPEA QUALITY AND BRUCHID INFESTATION LEVEL
A sample of cowpea is taked in each bag and the
following parameters are noted for 100 seeds:
Number of seed with at least one hole
Number of living adults and larvae of bruchids
Larvae and adult of bruchid in cowpea seed
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COWPEA QUALITY AND BRUCHID INFESTATION LEVEL
• PICS bags are well accepted by farmers
• No reports of cowpea damage due to bruchids
• O2 and CO2 levels comparable to lab experiment
• Quality of cowpea better (283 villages surveyed)
INVESTIGATION ON HDPE PLASTIC
In 47 villages, the inner and external plastics are observed for the presence of holes.
AreaNumber of bags checked
Number of hole in inner bag
Number of hole in external bag
Min Max M±SE Min Max M±SETB 50 kg G. Roumdji 25 0 25 4.44±5.76 0 0 0.00±0.00TB 100 kg Aguié 32 0 565 132.81±150.91 0 24 1.13±4.31
Madarounfa 29 0 151 44.83±37.57 0 8 0.34±1.52Tessaoua 15 0 442 103.47±111.44 0 6 0.67±1.68
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OPEN-THE-BAG CEREMONIES
12th may 2008 at Chadakori
15th may 2008 at DamagaramTakaya
NATIONAL DAY FOR OPEN-THE-BAG CEREMONY
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TESTING GERMINATION RATE OF SEED STORED IN PICS BAG
Lab test:
Select 50 samples from 50 villages at Random; 25 seeds/Petri
dish 100 seeds/sample.
Perform germination test in Petri dishes
Record the germinated seeds each 24 hours for three days from
8th to 11th July 2009
Field test :
Same samples from lab test; count 120 seed , 6 lots of 20 grain
Sowed 6 spots of 20 seed per sample on July 11th after a rain
of 31 mm
Field have been prepare with soil tillage and 50 kg of SSP per
hectare;
Observation begin 3 days after sowing
GERMINATION RATE IN LAB TEST
Samples Day1 Day2 Day3PICS Bag 2007 140 75.31±26.24a 83.68±21.58a 86.45±20.24aPICS Bag 2008 196 74.06±22.23a 83.81±16.45a 87.87±14.93aMarket 136 81.44±19.30a 93.20±9.96a 93.94±9.26aSpring 2009 seed 12 73.66±16.66a 90.57±10.51a 92.28±9.42a
INRAN_SU _2008 28 77.42±13.43a 86.50±12.46a 87.75±12.26aIITA_seed_2008 16 54.25±28.05b 93.00±6.63a 94.00±6.71aseed year 2002 48 0.00±0.00c 2.58±2.79b 5.83±6.17bseed year 2005 48 0.00±0.00c 7.00±9.02b 12.50±10.84bANOVA
524(F=161.12 ;
P<0.01)(F=347.71 ;
P<0.01)(F=374.25 ;
P<0.01)
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GERMINATION RATE IN FIELD
N Day5 Day6 Day7PICS bag 2007 210 59.10±17.65a 58.99±17.70a 59.21±17.71aPICS bag 2008 294 56.53±17.62a 56.63±17.57a 56.91±17.51aMarket 204 53.72±15.18a 53.96±15.19ab 54.31±15.41abINRAN SU 2008 42 46.95±17.15b 46.95±17.15b 47.42±16.96b
IITA_2008 24 54.66±18.26a 54.33±18.97ab 54.50±19.01ab
Spring_2009 18 67.55±11.46c 67.55±11.46c 67.77±11.10c
Seed year 2002 72 0.88±2.24d 1.05±2.59d 1.33±2.92dSeed year 2005 72 10.50±15.09e 10.72±15.24e 10.77±15.21eANOVA (F=177.27 ;
P<0.01)
(F=175.46 ;
P<0.01)
(F=175.73 ;
P<0.01)
PICS BAG RE-USE
A survey on PICS bags re-use have been conducted in 49 villages
during march and april 2010
Two categories of farmers are surveyed:
Person involved in PICS demonstration during 2007 and
2008
Farmers in village who have interest in storing cowpea.
In some villages, the bags are tested for oxygen and CO2 rate;
These bags are opened and a sample of cowpea is took. At the lab
level, these samples are observed and weight, number of holes,
living bruchids larvae and adults per 100 seed are recorded using
our habitual protocol.
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OXYGEN AND CO2 RATE IN RE-USED BAGS
RegionNumber
of use
Number of bags
checked O2 rate CO2 rate
Dosso 1 6 14,25±1,82 4,53±2,54
2 25 13,73±2,68 5,34±2,40
Maradi 2 4 12,71±0,69 3,36±0,43
3 5 10,28±2,09 4,89±2,71
Zinder 2 11 11,34±2,57 5,33±1,91
3 8 11,53±1,87 4,24±0,75
Total
1 6 14,25±1,82a 4,53±2,54a
2 40 12,97±2,70ab 5,14±2,20a
3 13 11,05±1,98b 4,49±1,70a
ANOVA (F=4,232; p=0,01) (F=0,059; p=057)
COWPEA QUALITY IN RE-USED BAGS
Number of bag utilization
number bags checked
samples of 100 seed observed
weight of 100 seed (g)
living adult of bruchid
Living larvae of bruchid
Rate of seed with hole
number of hole per 100 seed
1 6 24 14,30±1,79a 0,12±0,44a 0,00±0,00a 17,45±6,44a 20,66±7,66a
2 40 176 14,85±2,08a 0,14±0,41a 0,28±0,90a 16,92±12,71a 20,88±17,19a
3 13 47 15,50±1,07a 0,59±2,22a 0,19±0,79a 12,38±12,33a 14,89±14,40a
ANOVA(F=1,31; p=0,27)
(F=3,60; p=0,02)
(F=1,30; p=0,27)
(F=2,73; p=0,06)
(F=2,49; p=0,08)
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Other uses of PICS technologyFarmers are experimenting the technology on other commodities:
• Bambara groundnut-Vigna subterranea L. Verdc
• Seed of Hibiscus sabdariffa (Roselle)
• Maize
• Sorghum
A trader from Dan Kassari using PICS bag for voandzou
storage
Bambara groundnut
Callosobruchus maculatus
PICS transitioning ?
Purdue Improved Cowpea Storage
Purdue Improved Commodity Storage
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Conclusion PICS technology is simple, efficient, and easy to use and well adapted to
farmers environment;
Cowpea is safe stored without pesticide
PICS bag is good for storing seed
Bruchids can make holes in inner or external plastic; it will be good to test
plastic bag before their re-utilization
It is possible to re-use the bags 2 or three times
Farmers are trying using them for others commodities
A woman from Say inspecting
storage result
A trader trying PICS bag. Habitually he is
storing cowpea in a drums
Remerciements Fondation Bill & Melinda Gates pour le Financement
Larry Murdock et Jess Lowemberg-Deboer
Equipe PICS Purdue
Equipe PICS Afrique
Les collaborateurs au Labo
Les collaborateurs WV
Les producteurs et Productrices
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