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Performance Solutions – Ensuring Design SuccessDr Weng Poh – Principal Fire Safety Engineer
24 March 2021
Previous webinars on Performance Solutions
PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS
PERFORMANCESOLUTION
DEEMED-TO-SATISFYSOLUTION
and/or
Compliance Level
Compliance Solutions
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n1783fAmRfM https://ncc.abcb.gov.au/
Outline – Performance Solutions
• This webinar - graphical presentation• High level overview, little texts, no equations
• Background - back in time• what, why, development• success, failure
• Masterclass – ensuring success• Balance, Coverage, Assumptions• traps, tips, tricks (how)
• What’s coming up (1 July)
• Q&A
Performance Solutions
• Introduced into BCA 25 years ago
• Also known as:• Engineering solution
• Fire Engineering approach
• Risk assessment approach
• Alternative Solution (BCA96)
• etc
NB: in this webinar, the term BCA will be used throughout including reference to the current NCC
prescriptive
approachfire-engineering
approach
Deemed-to-Satisfy
Solution
Alternative
Solution
Late 1980s – Carpark designs
• Fire testing: open-deck carpark
side wallshalf open
concrete wallpanel
dead load
test vehicle
compositefloor slab
KWP 12/98
bare steelbeam
bare steelcolumn
Late 1980s – Carpark designs
• Fire testing: partially open carpark
test vehicle
concrete wallpanel
partially open
composite floor slabinsulated
steel panel
simulatedoffice enclosure
KWP 12/98
bare steelbeam
bare steelcolumn
Late 1980s – Carpark designs
• Fire testing: carpark in multi-classified building
concrete wallpanel
composite floor slabinsulated
steel panel
office enclosure
KWP 12/98
bare steelbeam
bare steelcolumn
Research Outcome – adoption of Fire Engineering Solutions as DTS Provisions• BCA Specification C1.1
• Carparks - Clauses 3.9, 4.2 and 5.2
• Protection for support of another part - Clause 2.2
Early 1990s - 140 William Street
• Removal of asbestos fire protection to steel structures
• Full-scale fire tests (unprotected steel beams and floor slabs)
• Comprehensive risk assessment
• Building Referee Board (modification)
• international attention – fire test and fire engineering approach
Two distinct approaches
• Carparks• Fire tests and analyses
• BCA pathway
• Adopted as DTS standard solution
• 140 William Street• Fire tests and analyses
• Building Referee Board pathway
• A unique special solution
Around the same time… Warren Centre Project – Fire Safety and Engineering (1989)• Fire safety design = engineering responsibility
• Current fire safety levels to be maintained
• Development of risk-based models
• Fire engineering research, development, education, training
1991 - Building Regulation Review –Microeconomic Reform• Fire safety in Buildings
– Risks and Costs
• Existing Regulatory Approach
• Achievement of Reform
• Risk Assessment Approach
• National Fire Safety Code
1994 Fire Code Reform Centre (FCRC) Projects
• Project 1 Re-structure BCA Fire Provisions
• Project 2 Fire Performance of Materials
• Project 3 Fire Resistance and Non-combustibility
• Project 4 Fire Safety Design Solutions
• Project 5A Fire Engineering Guidelines
• Project 5B Fire Safety Design Code
• Project 6 Fire Safety for Sprinklered, Low-rise Shopping Centres
https://www.abcb.gov.au/Resources/Publications/Research/...
1994 Fire Code Reform Centre (FCRC) Projects
• Project 1 Re-structure BCA Fire Provisions
• Project 2 Fire Performance of Materials
• Project 3 Fire Resistance and Non-combustibility
• Project 4 Fire Safety Design Solutions
• Project 5A Fire Engineering Guidelines
• Project 5B Fire Safety Design Code
• Project 6 Fire Safety for Sprinklered, Low-rise Shopping Centres
https://www.abcb.gov.au/Resources/Publications/Research/...
Fire Safety System and Sub-systems - FEG 1996 (superseded)
Fire safetysystem
SS-1 Fire Initiation & Development
SS-2 Smoke Development & Management
SS-3 Fire Spread & Management
SS-4 Detection & Suppression
SS-5 Occupant Avoidance
SS-6 Fire Brigade Communication & Response
https://www.abcb.gov.au/Resources/Publications/Research/FCRC-Fire-Engineering-Guidelines
Fire Safety System and Sub-systems– IFEG 2005 (current)
Fire safetysystem
SS-A Fire Initiation & Development & Control
SS-B Smoke Development & Spread & Control
SS-C Fire Spread & Impact & Control
SS-D Fire Detection, Warning & Suppression
SS-E Occupant Evacuation & Control
SS-F Fire Services Intervention
https://www.abcb.gov.au/Resources/Publications/Education-Training/International-Fire-Engineering-Guidelines
Fire Safety System and Sub-systems– AFEG 2021 (to be released by ABCB)
Fire safetysystem
SS-A Fire Initiation, development & Control
SS-B Smoke Development, Spread & Control
SS-C Fire Spread, Impact & Control
SS-D Fire Detection, Warning & Suppression
SS-E Occupant Evacuation & Control
SS-F Fire Services Intervention
1995 – Planning for implementation of Performance BCA in Victoria• FCRC outputs
• Performance based BCA
• Education and training
• Other implementation aspects
1995 – Planning for implementation of Performance BCA in Victoria• FCRC outputs
• Performance based BCA
• Education and training
• Other implementation aspects
BCA 1996 – Performance Code
prescriptiveapproach
fire-engineeringapproach
Deemed-to-SatisfySolution
AlternativeSolution
Now, 25 years on…
• Success?
• Failure?
• Building Confidence Report (BRC)
• Warren Center Report (Mk II) Fire Safety Engineering
• ABCB BRC implementation
• Time to reflect and move further forward
Success
• Flexibility - many modern buildings would not be possible without performance solutions
• Cost savings – total national benefits = $1.1 billion/year
https://www.abcb.gov.au/Resources/Publications/Corporate/The-CIE-Report-Benefits-of-building-regulatory-reform
Observed Failure
• VBA audits and inspections (review of fire engineering reports):• DTS departures not identified and not addressed
• DTS departures identified not properly addressed
• DTS departures addressed in isolation – leaving related departure not addressed
• Building construction inconsistent with the fire engineering reports
2018 Building Confidence Report (BCR)
• Review of construction industry generally (not Performance Solutions specifically)
• 24 recommendations including:• 14 – documentation of Performance Solutions
• 15 – approval of Performance Solutions
https://www.industry.gov.au/data-and-publications/building-confidence-building-ministers-forum-expert-assessment
Warren Centre Project – Fire Safety Engineering (Mk II)
8 reports:1. Education
2. Regulation
3. Roles
4. Methods
5. Competencies
6. Professional Development
7. Accreditation
8. Final
30 recommendations
https://www.sydney.edu.au/content/dam/corporate/documents/faculty-of-engineering-and-information-technologies/industry-and-government/the-warren-centre/the-final-report-fire-safety-engineering-the-warren-centre.pdf
2020 ABCB BCR Implementation program
• Development of National Framework
• Various discussion papers issued
https://www.abcb.gov.au/Resources/Publications/Corporate/public-report-delivery-of-the-bcr-national-framwork-may-2020
Back to Basics – Performance Design
• What are the objectives?
• How are objectives to be achieved?
• Pressure points:
• Balance
• Coverage
• Assumptions
Q1: What must buildings designed to achieve in terms of fire safety? • BCA Objectives:
• BO1
• CO1
• DO1
• EO1, EO2, EO3, EO4
• FO1, FO2, FO3, FO4, FO5, FO6
• GO1, GO2, GO3, GO4, GO5
• JO1
Summary of BCA Fire Safety Objective
avoid spread/ damageto other buildings
occupantsafety
facilitatefire fighting
Q2: How objectives to be achieved?
Performance and/or DTS Solution
Performance Requirements
Functional Statements
Objective
• Objectives captured in relevant Performance Requirements
• Satisfying the Performance Requirements = Satisfying Objective
GuidanceLevel
ComplianceLevel
What level of safety do we design buildings to achieve? • Warren Centre Report 1989, Recommendation 1:
“the current levels of fire safety in Australia should be maintained”
• BCA2019 Schedule 7, Section 1.1:“The level of safety achieved by the building design must be at least equivalent to the relevant Deemed-to-Satisfy Provisions.”
Common problem observed(from audits and inspections)
PERFORMANCESOLUTION
DEEMED-TO-SATISFYSOLUTION
• Increased travel distance• Reduced stairways• Reduce fire protection• Reduced FRL• Etc
balance
Solution – a general principle
PERFORMANCESOLUTION
DEEMED-TO-SATISFYSOLUTION
• What is removed must be properly balanced by additional/ enhancement of other systems
balance
Understand BCA structure
DTS Provisions
Performance Requirements
Functional Statements
Objective O1
F1
P1
D1 D2
P2
D3 D4 D5
F2
P3
D6 D7
coverage
• Ideal structure – mutual exclusive + collectively exhaustive
Current structure
DTS Provisions
Performance Requirements
Functional Statements
Objective O1
F1
P1
D1 D2
P2
D3 D4 D5
F2
P3
D6 D7
• FCRC Project 1 – detailed review of each DTS requirement – cannot be made mutual exclusive
coverage
How do you ensure full coverage in your design?Trick:
• Develop a fire engineering strategy (incorporate it into the PBDP)
• Make objectives as a dimension of the strategy
• Weave in IFEG sub-systems as another dimension
• Superimpose the performance solutions
coverage
Weave in IFEG sub-systemsas another dimension
coverage
6 IFEG subsystems(how to achieve)
3 BCA Objectives (what to achieve)
Add other objectives if any coverage
6 IFEG subsystems(how to achieve)
3 BCA Objectives (what to achieve) Other Objectives
Extend the sub-systems coverage
6 IFEG subsystems(how to achieve)
3 BCA Objectives (what to achieve)
Superimpose proposed solutions
6 IFEG subsystems(how to achieve)
3 BCA Objectives (what to achieve)
coverage
what whyhow
Other Objectives
Assumptions
• Assumptions are: • necessary because we can’t know
everything
• foundation of your design
• Friend or Foe?
• If the assumptions are wrong, your design could be compromised
• Must treat assumptions with upmost respect
• Building
• Occupants
• Materials
• Building systems
• Constructions
• Commissioning
• Certifications
• Analytical models
• Fire scenarios
• Design fire
• etc
assumptions
Tips: Find out before assuming
• Documentation
• Site inspection
• Seek clarification
• Review and peer review
• Know what you can know, assume only what you cannot know
• State what is known and unkown
assumptions
Recap
• Balance• Safety level Performance Solution ≥ DTS Solution
• You must put in something if you take out something
• Coverage• All objectives (relevant Performance Requirements) must be addressed
• Develop a fire safety strategy by weaving “what” and “how”.
• Assumptions• Treat with respect
What changes are coming up (1 July 2021)?
• BCA Performance Solution mandatory 4-step process
• Professional Engineers Registration Act