Period IV Review

1450-1750

Europe

Making sail to great destinations

Major Changes Ahead

• New technologies• New economic theories/organization• Europe takes control of an emerging global

economy and power structure

4 Main Transformations in Thought

• Renaissance• Reformations• Scientific Revolution• Enlightenment

The Renaissance

• Rebirth of classical civilizations (Greece and Rome)

• Humanism- Focus on individual achievement & Greek and Roman Classical thought

• Artistic endeavors (Italian and Northern differ)• The printing press and the spread of ideas

The Protestant Reformation

• One way to heaven… The Catholic Church!• Martin Luther’s 95 Theses• Christianity splits into new sects– Calvinism, Anabaptist, Lutheran, Church of

England

The Catholic (Counter) Reformation

• Reaffirmation of beliefs• Minor reforms – No indulgences, consult with clergy, training of

priests• Rise of the Jesuits (Ignatius of Loyola)• The Council of Trent (1545-1563)

The Scientific Revolution

• Questioning long held traditions and beliefs• New theories on the universe– Galileo, Newton, Kepler, Copernicus

• The Scientific Method (observation, experiment, etc.)

• YOU MUST PROVE IT, NOT JUST BELIEVE IT!

The Enlightenment

• Challenge to methods of rule• Social Contract• Natural Rights• Separation of Power/Checks and Balances

European Exploration

Seeking out spice

Perfecting the Art of Exploration

• Caravel• Compass• Cartography• Lateen Sail• Astrolabe• Prince Henry the Navigator’s School of

Navigation

Where Did They Go?

• Portugal goes around Africa– Dias and Da Gama

• Spain looks west– Columbus

• Treaty of Tordesillas– Portugal gets Brazil and the east– Spain gets the rest of the Americas

Who is In?

• England, France and the Netherlands look to North America– Settler colonies established

• Portuguese set up trading-post colonies along the Swahili Coast (cannons) and the IOMS

• Spanish go on a genocidal campaign against American Empires

The Big Bang

• Massive devastation to native populations (smallpox)

• Columbian Exchange• Atlantic Slave Trade• Rise of Silver • Massive Demographic Shifts

A New Economy

• Atlantic System• Globalized trade and the rise of joint-stock

companies and royal charters• Mercantilism– Favorable balance of trade

• China and Japan are wary of growing European power

European Countries

The Game of Thrones

Spain

• Ferdinand and Isabella unite Spain• Charles V (HRE), a Hapsburg, fights everyone – France, the Ottomans, Protestants in Germany,

Holy Roman Emperor during the Protestant Reformation

• Philip II– Spanish renaissance, Spanish Inquisition, Dutch

Revolt (Protestant Netherlands, Catholic Belgium)– Defeat of the Armada

England

• Elizabethan Age (1558-1603)– Colonization, joint-stock, arts and lit.

• Fighting between Catholics and Protestants• Charles I sparks Parliamentary anger– English Civil War Erupts (1641)– Cromwell, Charles II, James II = Glorious

Revolution• English Bill of Rights (1689)

France

• Catholics vs. Huguenots– Henry IV’s Edict of Nantes (1598)

• Louis XIV “The Sun King” (1643-1715)– Aggressive towards Protestants, Absolute in rule

• War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714)– Attempt to balance power in Europe and prevent

France and Spain from uniting

The German Areas

• Collection of city-states, primarily Protestant• The Thirty Years War (1618-1648)– Political and religious dispute between Protestant

territories and the HRE– 1/3 of HRE population was killed– Reduces power of HRE– And increases power of France and Prussia

Africa

Victims or Willing Participants?

Growth of African West Coast• Rise of new coastal trade-based centralized states in

Kongo, Benin, Angola, and Dahomey• Kongo (Christian) rises with Portuguese trade but can’t

control trade; Benin’s Oba controls artisans making bronze and ivories for trade with Europe

• Dahomey becomes a powerful slave trading state• Result: The Atlantic System provided opportunities for

COASTAL Africans to create centralized states, instead of just interior states that traded in Time Period III via Trans Saharan Trade

• Middle Passage = depopulation of MEN, causing shifts in family structures - - MOST people who wound up in the Americas in Period IV were AFRICANS

East Africa

• Swahili Coast (E. Africa) shelled by Portuguese canons.

• Portuguese attempt to monopolize IOMS trade by force. Unsuccessful attempt

Southern Africa

• Dutch colonies appear on the coast of modern South Africa.

Northern Africa

• Incorporated into the Ottoman Empire by Suleiman the Magnificent in the early 1500s, including Egypt, a huge producer of grain.

Ming Dynasty China• Ming Dynasty = “Pure” Dynasty, wanted to

erase the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty past• Yongle Emperor – WAS outward looking• Sent Zheng He on voyages to reestablish

Tribute System• Confucian bureaucrats forced an inward turn

after Yongle died – remind China of their fear of pastoralists beyond the northern borders

• Art, like in Renaissance Europe, sought to look BACK to a time viewed as glorious in the past.

Qing Dynasty

• Ming dealt with overpopulation problems & falling ag productivity. Revolts. Japanese pirates. Blah blah.

• Invite the pastoralist ethnic group called Manchus to help them stop the chaos militarily.

• Manchus see Ming weakness & take over.

Qing Dynasty

• Kangxi & Qianlong Emperors= golden age emperors

• China = awesome again• Macartney Mission – wanted trade in 1790s.

China rejected & kept their Canton System of trade.

• Fighting with Russia on the northern border (Treaty of Nerchinsk, 1688)

Tokugawa Japan• Hideyoshi & then Tokugawa Ieyasu end civil wars

of the Feudal period, established a more centralized gov’t (although still pretty decentralized)

• Merchants & ag productivity = great economy, rice payments for taxes

• Edo, capital city = over 1,000,000 people• Culture = fab. Kabuki theater, tea ceremony, haiku

poems, samurai = bureaucrats w/ sachels• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=67-bgSFJiKc

Tokugawa

• Alternate Attendance utilized for control• Jesuit Missionaries = 300,000 Christian

conversions by 1600• Tokugawa gov’t feared foreign involvement.

ISOLATED Japan almost totally. • Only some Dutch in Nagasaki harbor with VOC

could trade.

Southeast Asia

• Spice Islands = objective of Portuguese, who established control over the Strait of Malacca

• Dutch VOC gained more control around 1600 of Spice Islands (Moluccas) where

Islamic Gunpowder Empires

• Founded by Central Asian Turkic nomadic pastoralists (long term had issues keeping this traditional elite happy!)

• Coercive with standing armies bearing gunpowder-based weapons

• Land-based, like traditional empires• Cost of military = centralization• Institution of the Harem (ladies galore, but who

exercised some political power b/c of position) – created demand for female slaves in IOMS system

Ottoman• 1300s – early 1900s, Sunni Muslims• Sultan ruled from Istanbul after conquering

Constantinople in 1453• Allowed diversity through millet system• Manufacturer of luxuries, intersection of Silk

Roads & Europe• Janissary & Devshirme systems• Suleiman the Magnificent• Mediterranean naval power

Safavid

• 1400s-1500s, Twelver Shi’ite Muslims (Hidden Imam)

• Presence of Islamic Sufi mystics (venerated Islamic saints) that Muslims didn’t like.

• Qizilbash – “red heads” wore turbans, religious fighters for 12er Shi’ism

• Ruler = Shah, ruled from Isfahan• Persian rugs, silks, blue & white tiles – Silk

Road trade

Mughals• Sunni Muslims, conquered the Delhi Sultanate

& ruled over Hindu population• Had to work with Rajput (Hindu Princes)

through intermarriage and toleration• Sikhism develops (a religion that mixes

Hinduism and Islam)• Cotton Textiles, IOMS trade• French, British trading posts appear on coasts• Akbar = tolerant ruler• Taj Mahal built by Shah Jahn

Russia!!! Respond approriately!

• Looked a lot more like traditional land-based empires BUT wanted to emulate Europe

• Peter & Catherine the Great Westernize• St. Petersburg, Western-style military, Cossack

peasants sent to settle Siberia, bureaucracy, shaved beards, Neo-Classical architecture

• Serfdom was still super harsh - - lasted until 1861, so most Russian unaffected by Westernization

Big Themes• Centralization• Coercive power of Gunpowder• Globalization 1.0 - - Columbian Exchange & the ecological

linking of hemispheres• Europe = mover & actually making $$! founds trading

post colonies AND conquers the Amerindians (you should know several reasons for their success!)

• Asia = still dominant (as when China rejects Macartney’s British bid for trade)

• Economic innovations like laissez-faire, mercantilism, & joint-stock companies

• Zillions of new ways to force labor out of people (mit’a, encomienda, chattel slavery, serfdom, slave-soldiers)