Periodic TablePeriodic Table

Science 10Science 10Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions

G.BurgessG.Burgess20062006

IntroductionIntroduction

The basis for the contemporary periodic The basis for the contemporary periodic table was developed by Dimitri table was developed by Dimitri Mendeleyev in 1869.Mendeleyev in 1869.

Dimitri Mendeleyev was a Russian Dimitri Mendeleyev was a Russian Scientist working at ST.Petersburg.Scientist working at ST.Petersburg.

He also wrote He also wrote Principles of ChemisrtyPrinciples of Chemisrty

Periodic TablePeriodic Table

Examples of online periodic tables;Examples of online periodic tables;1.1. http://www.dayah.com/periodic/http://www.dayah.com/periodic/

2.2. http://www.webelements.com/http://www.webelements.com/

3.3. Touchspin Interactive Periodic Table Touchspin Interactive Periodic Table

4.4. Visual Elements Periodic TableVisual Elements Periodic Table

5.5. Tabella Periodica degli elementiTabella Periodica degli elementi

Click to go to Chem4Kids

Periodic TablePeriodic Table

The table is broken into groups, periods, and The table is broken into groups, periods, and series.series.

Periods: all elements in a period (row) have the Periods: all elements in a period (row) have the same number of orbitalssame number of orbitals

IE.IE. H and He both have one orbitalH and He both have one orbitalK and Cu both have four orbitalsK and Cu both have four orbitals

Groups: atoms in the same group (column) have Groups: atoms in the same group (column) have the same number of electrons in their outer orbitalthe same number of electrons in their outer orbital

IE.IE. H and Fr both have 1 electron in their outer H and Fr both have 1 electron in their outer orbitalorbital

B and In both have 3 electrons in their B and In both have 3 electrons in their outer orbitalouter orbital

Elemental FamiliesElemental Families

Halogens:Halogens: all elements in the 17 all elements in the 17thth group groupMetals:Metals: all elements from Li to Fr across to all elements from Li to Fr across to

the zig-zag line.the zig-zag line.Transition metals:Transition metals: from Sc to Cu and Y to from Sc to Cu and Y to

Ag. The lanthanide and actinide series are Ag. The lanthanide and actinide series are also transition metals.These elements are also transition metals.These elements are able to put more than 8 electrons in their able to put more than 8 electrons in their outer shell.outer shell.

Elemental FamiliesElemental Families

Alkali metals:Alkali metals: this is the name of all elements in this is the name of all elements in the first group except H. These are the most the first group except H. These are the most reactive metals.reactive metals.

Alkaline Earth metals:Alkaline Earth metals: are all elements in the are all elements in the second group. These are the second most second group. These are the second most reactive metals.reactive metals.

Inert Gases:Inert Gases: AKA Nobel gases, are all elements AKA Nobel gases, are all elements in group 18. They all have complete outer shells in group 18. They all have complete outer shells and so do not react with other materials.and so do not react with other materials.

Elemental FamiliesElemental Families

Lanthanide Series:Lanthanide Series: includes all rare Earth includes all rare Earth metals from La to Yb.metals from La to Yb.

Actinide Series:Actinide Series: includes all elements from includes all elements from Ac to No. they are all radioactive.Ac to No. they are all radioactive.

Bohr modelBohr model

Electrons travel around atoms in orbitsElectrons travel around atoms in orbitsElectrons in different orbits have different Electrons in different orbits have different

energy levels.energy levels.Shells are numbered from the nucleusShells are numbered from the nucleusEach shell can hold a maximum of 2nEach shell can hold a maximum of 2n22

electrons (n is the number of the shell)electrons (n is the number of the shell) Ie shell 1: 2(1)Ie shell 1: 2(1)22=2 so the first shell can hold a =2 so the first shell can hold a

maximum of 2 electrons.maximum of 2 electrons.

Bohr ModelBohr Model

Shell NumberShell NumberMaximum Maximum number of number of electronselectrons

11 22

22 88

33 1818

44 3232

**Atoms generally prefer 8 electrons in the outer shell. This is called the octet rule.

Valence ElectronsValence Electrons

These are electrons in the outer shell that These are electrons in the outer shell that the atom either donates or takes away the atom either donates or takes away from another element.from another element.

IE. Na has 1 electron in its outer shell and IE. Na has 1 electron in its outer shell and prefers to donate this electron to other prefers to donate this electron to other elements making ionic bonds.elements making ionic bonds.