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Periodic Trends in Period 3
Chlorides and Oxides
Bonding and Structure
•Position of elements on the periodic table affects the type of bonding.
Period 3: ChloridesPeriod 3: Chlorides•NaCl, MgCl2, AlCl3, SiCl4, PCl5
– increase in the number of electrons available to form bonds.
increasing valence e-
•Chlorides of Metals (NaCl, MgCl2)– ionic– high melting points– soluble in water– do not react with water– electrolytes (conduct electricity) as
aqueous solutions or molten (liquid)– NaCl(aq) Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
Electrolyte
•Chlorides of Non-Metals (PCl5, PCl3)– molecular/covalent– weak van der Waal’s forces between
molecules = low melting and boiling points
– hydrolysis: to split by the action of water
PCl3(l) + 3H2O(l) P(OH)3(aq) + 3H+(aq) + 3Cl-(aq)
– non-metal/Cl bond replaced by a non-metal/O bond
– non-metal chlorides (aq) conduct electricity (but not when molten)
– Cl2: molecular/covalent, reacts with water in a hydrolysis reaction
Cl2(g) + H2O(l) HOCl(aq) + HCl(aq) – Al: metal, but acts like a non-metal in bonds
•because of it’s high charge, small size ion
Period 3 Oxides• Na2O, MgO, Al2O3, SiO2, P4O10, SO3, Cl2O7
• P4O6 SO2 Cl2O basic acidic
•reducers oxidizers•(donate e-) (accept e-)
•Metals: Na, Mg– ionic solids–basic– react with water to make alkaline
solutionNa2O(s) + H2O(l) 2Na+(aq) + 2OH-(aq)
•Metalloids: Al–“giant covalent lattices”–high melting/boiling points– insoluble in water– Al2O3 is amphoteric (dissolves in acid or
base)
– Al2O3(s) + 6H+(aq) 2Al3+(aq) + 3H2O(l)
– Al2O3(s) + 2OH-(aq) 3H2O(l) + 2Al(OH)4(aq)
•Non-metals: Si, P, S, Cl– molecular/covalent bonding– gases, liquids, solids with low melti
ng points– non-metal oxides react with water t
o produce acids P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) 4H2PO4-(aq) + 4H+(aq)
Element Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
BondingMetallic
Giant Covalent Lattice
Molecular/ Covalent
Chloride Formula NaCl MgCl2 AlCl3 SiCl4 PCl5/PCl3 Cl2
Bonding Ionic Molecular/covalent
Oxide Formula Na2O MgO Al2O3 SiO2 P4O10 SO3 Cl2O7
P4O6 SO2 Cl2O
Bonding Ionic Giant Covalent Molecular/Covalent
Acid/Base Soluble Insoluble AmphotericInsoluble
Soluble
acidic
Properties basic basic acidic