PERIODIZED MENTAL PERIODIZED MENTAL TRAINING PROGRAMS: TRAINING PROGRAMS: ADVANCING MENTAL ADVANCING MENTAL TRAINING FOR THE 21TRAINING FOR THE 21stst CENTURYCENTURY

Bernie HollidayBernie Holliday

Center for Enhanced PerformanceCenter for Enhanced Performance

United States Military AcademyUnited States Military Academy

MENTAL SKILLS TRAINING: MENTAL SKILLS TRAINING: THE GOOD NEWS…THE GOOD NEWS…

META-META-ANALYSES & ANALYSES & RESEARCH RESEARCH REVIEWSREVIEWS

WHEN DONE WHEN DONE CORRECTLYCORRECTLY

MAKING IT MAKING IT PERSONALPERSONAL

MENTAL SKILLS TRAINING: MENTAL SKILLS TRAINING: GOOD IDEA, BAD EXECUTIONGOOD IDEA, BAD EXECUTION

BAND-AIDS AND QUICK BAND-AIDS AND QUICK FIXESFIXES

BROKEN MAGIC WANDSBROKEN MAGIC WANDS

A WIDE VARIETY OF A WIDE VARIETY OF SHINGLES TO CHOOSE SHINGLES TO CHOOSE FROMFROM

SCARY WEIRDNESSSCARY WEIRDNESS

SPINELESSSPINELESS

MY MY INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION

TO TO PERIODIZATION…PERIODIZATION…

THE NEXT EVOLUTIONARY THE NEXT EVOLUTIONARY STEP IN MENTAL SKILLS STEP IN MENTAL SKILLS TRAINING…TRAINING…

Bridging the gap Bridging the gap between physical between physical and mental and mental trainingtraining Periodization as a Periodization as a

MST backboneMST backbone UnderstandingUnderstanding AcceptanceAcceptance UtilizationUtilization IntegrationIntegration

THE K.I.S.S. APPROACH TO THE K.I.S.S. APPROACH TO UNDERSTANDING UNDERSTANDING PERIODIZATIONPERIODIZATION

BORN IN EASTERN BORN IN EASTERN EUROPEEUROPE

SYSTEMATIC AND SYSTEMATIC AND PROACTIVEPROACTIVE

DIFFERENT NEEDS AT DIFFERENT NEEDS AT DIFFERENT TIMESDIFFERENT TIMES

TRAINING CHANGES AS TRAINING CHANGES AS NEEDS CHANGENEEDS CHANGE TYPE OF TRAININGTYPE OF TRAINING VOLUME OF TRAININGVOLUME OF TRAINING INTENSITY OF TRAININGINTENSITY OF TRAINING

MST PERIODIZATION: MST PERIODIZATION: A THREE-STEP APPROACH…A THREE-STEP APPROACH…

1.1. BECOME FAMILIAR WITH THE TEAM’S BECOME FAMILIAR WITH THE TEAM’S LONG-TERM TRAINING CYCLELONG-TERM TRAINING CYCLE

2.2. MATCH MST SKILLS TO MEET THE MATCH MST SKILLS TO MEET THE SPECIFIC DEMANDS DURING EACH SPECIFIC DEMANDS DURING EACH TRAINING PHASETRAINING PHASE

3.3. SYSTEMATICALLY MANIPULATE THE SYSTEMATICALLY MANIPULATE THE VOLUME AND INTENSITY OF MST VOLUME AND INTENSITY OF MST DURING EACH TRAINING PHASEDURING EACH TRAINING PHASE

PeakingPeaking

CompetitiveCompetitive

PreparatoryPreparatory

BaseBase

MST PERIODIZATION: MST PERIODIZATION: STEP #1STEP #1

GET TO KNOW GET TO KNOW THE LONG-THE LONG-TERM TERM TRAINING TRAINING CYCLE, CYCLE, SPECIFIC SPECIFIC TRAINING TRAINING PHASE GOALS, PHASE GOALS, AND THEIR AND THEIR DEMANDSDEMANDS

PeakingPeaking Mental readiness Mental readiness

plansplans

CompetitiveCompetitive MST MST

skillsskills

PreparatoryPreparatory MST MST

toolstools

BaseBase Foundation Foundation

skillsskills

MST PERIODIZATION: MST PERIODIZATION: STEP #2STEP #2 MATCH MST SKILLS TO MEET THE MATCH MST SKILLS TO MEET THE

SPECIFIC DEMANDS DURING EACH SPECIFIC DEMANDS DURING EACH TRAINING PHASETRAINING PHASE

IntensityVolume

MST PERIODIZATION: MST PERIODIZATION: STEP #3STEP #3 SYSTEMATICALLY MANIPULATE THE SYSTEMATICALLY MANIPULATE THE

VOLUME AND INTENSITY OF MST VOLUME AND INTENSITY OF MST DURING EACH TRAINING PHASEDURING EACH TRAINING PHASE

VOLUME AND INTENSITY VOLUME AND INTENSITY

VolumeVolume Amount of mental trainingAmount of mental training Emphasis on mental training tool Emphasis on mental training tool

developmentdevelopment

IntensityIntensity Difficulty of skillDifficulty of skill Complexity of skillComplexity of skill Specificity of skillSpecificity of skill Consequences of failureConsequences of failure Emphasis on mental skill developmentEmphasis on mental skill development

PURPOSE OF STUDY…PURPOSE OF STUDY…

IS PERIODIZED MST IS PERIODIZED MST EFFECTIVE?EFFECTIVE?

DEVELOPING MENTAL DEVELOPING MENTAL SKILLSSKILLS

INCREASING USAGE AND INCREASING USAGE AND EFFECTIVENESS OF MST EFFECTIVENESS OF MST SKILLSSKILLS

IMPROVE PERFORMANCEIMPROVE PERFORMANCE

ENCOURAGE A “PLAYING TO ENCOURAGE A “PLAYING TO PLAY GREAT” MASTERY-PLAY GREAT” MASTERY-ORIENTED MINDSETORIENTED MINDSET

ENHANCE TEAM COHESIONENHANCE TEAM COHESION

PARTICIPANTSPARTICIPANTS

INSTRUMENTSINSTRUMENTS

Test of Performance StrategiesTest of Performance Strategies 64 items64 items 5-point scale per item5-point scale per item Practice and CompetitionPractice and Competition

Self talkSelf talk Emotional controlEmotional control AutomationAutomation Goal settingGoal setting ImageryImagery RelaxationRelaxation ActivationActivation Positive thinking (competition only)Positive thinking (competition only) Attentional control (practice only)Attentional control (practice only)

DOES PERIODIZED MST ENHANCE DOES PERIODIZED MST ENHANCE THE ACQUISITION AND USAGE OF THE ACQUISITION AND USAGE OF VARIOUS MENTAL SKILLS?VARIOUS MENTAL SKILLS?

Sport Confidence InventorySport Confidence Inventory Trait self-confidenceTrait self-confidence 13 items13 items 9-point scale per item9-point scale per item

DOES PERIODIZED MST ENHANCE DOES PERIODIZED MST ENHANCE THE ACQUISITION AND USAGE OF THE ACQUISITION AND USAGE OF VAROIUS MENTAL SKILLS?VAROIUS MENTAL SKILLS?

Performance Profiling procedurePerformance Profiling procedure Individualized performance profilesIndividualized performance profiles

Athlete selected 8 critical performance Athlete selected 8 critical performance skillsskills

Each skill is rated from 0-100%Each skill is rated from 0-100% Athlete self-ratingsAthlete self-ratings Coaching staff ratings of athleteCoaching staff ratings of athlete

Overall performance profile scoreOverall performance profile score 0 – 8000 – 800

DOES PERIODIZED MST IMPROVE DOES PERIODIZED MST IMPROVE PERFORMANCE?PERFORMANCE?

THE PROGRAM…THE PROGRAM…

THREE MONTHSTHREE MONTHS SPRING TRAINING SEASONSPRING TRAINING SEASON

TEAM WORKSHOP EACH WEEKTEAM WORKSHOP EACH WEEK INDIVIDUAL MEETING EACH WEEKINDIVIDUAL MEETING EACH WEEK FOUR DATE COLLECTION PERIODSFOUR DATE COLLECTION PERIODS

PRE-PROGRAMPRE-PROGRAM MID-PROGRAM 1MID-PROGRAM 1 MID-PROGRAM 2MID-PROGRAM 2 POST-PROGRAMPOST-PROGRAM

FOUR TOURNAMENTS DURING THE FINAL FOUR TOURNAMENTS DURING THE FINAL MONTHMONTH

PeakingPeaking Recovery RoutinesRecovery Routines

Between-Point RoutineBetween-Point Routine

Pre-match PlanPre-match Plan

Mental Readiness Mental Readiness

PlansPlans

CompetitiveCompetitive Teamwork FactorsTeamwork Factors

Focus and ConcentrationFocus and Concentration

Self-ConfidenceSelf-Confidence

Mental Mental

SkillsSkills

PreparatoryPreparatory Self-talk, ImagerySelf-talk, Imagery

Relaxation, EnergizationRelaxation, Energization

Goal SettingGoal Setting

Mental training Mental training

ToolsTools

BaseBase Motivational OrientationMotivational Orientation

Awareness TrainingAwareness Training

Attitude of a ChampionAttitude of a Champion

Foundation Foundation

skillsskills

MST PERIODIZATION:MST PERIODIZATION:STEPS 1 & 2STEPS 1 & 2

MST PERIODIZATION:MST PERIODIZATION:STEPS 1 & 2STEPS 1 & 2

Developed during pre-Developed during pre-season collaborative season collaborative planning meetings with planning meetings with coaching staffcoaching staff Tailored to coaches’ Tailored to coaches’

feedback regarding team and feedback regarding team and athlete needs at various athlete needs at various training phases throughout training phases throughout the spring seasonthe spring season

Carried out during weekly Carried out during weekly team workshops and team workshops and individual meetingsindividual meetings

MST volume and intensity were regulated MST volume and intensity were regulated during individual meetingsduring individual meetings

Adherence to periodization crossover principleAdherence to periodization crossover principle Personal needs sometimes trumped periodized Personal needs sometimes trumped periodized

skill developmentskill development

MST PERIODIZATION: MST PERIODIZATION: STEP #3STEP #3

Mental Skills UsageMental Skills Usage

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

Pre-Test

Mid 1 Mid 2 Post-Test

Competition

Practice

12% increase in 12% increase in mental skills mental skills usage during usage during competitioncompetition

9.3% increase 9.3% increase in mental skills in mental skills usage during usage during practicepractice

11% increase 11% increase overalloverall

Specific Mental Skills Usage Specific Mental Skills Usage During CompetitionDuring Competition

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

Pre-Test

Mid 1 Mid 2 Post-Test

Automaticity

Relaxation

PositiveThinking

23% increase in 23% increase in automaticity automaticity during during competitioncompetition

17% increase in 17% increase in relaxation during relaxation during competitioncompetition

14% increase in 14% increase in positive thinking positive thinking during during competitioncompetition

Specific Mental Skills UsageSpecific Mental Skills UsageDuring PracticeDuring Practice

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

Pre-Test

Mid 1 Mid 2 Post-Test

Goal Setting

Relaxation

Automaticity

16% increase in 16% increase in goal setting goal setting during practiceduring practice

16% increase in 16% increase in relaxation relaxation during practiceduring practice

15% increase in 15% increase in automaticity automaticity during practiceduring practice

Self-ConfidenceSelf-Confidence

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Mid 1 Mid 2 Post-Test

Self-Confidence

6% increase 6% increase in trait self-in trait self-confidenceconfidence

Performance ProfilesPerformance Profiles

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Pre-Program Post-Program

PerformanceProfile - AthleteSelf-Ratings

PerformanceProfile - CoachRatings

23% 23% improvement in improvement in athletes’ self-athletes’ self-ratingsratings

15% 15% improvement in improvement in coaches’ ratings coaches’ ratings of athletesof athletes

POST-PROGRAM POST-PROGRAM INTERVIEWS…INTERVIEWS… Personalization is key!Personalization is key!

During the fall season, for every hour of your competition… During the fall season, for every hour of your competition… 16 minutes playing16 minutes playing 44 minutes spent between points44 minutes spent between points

Goal setting improves performance by at least 5% for most Goal setting improves performance by at least 5% for most athletesathletes 2003 record of 5-132003 record of 5-13 2003 record of 10-8 with 5% increase 2003 record of 10-8 with 5% increase

Love affairs with goal settingLove affairs with goal setting Everything was tied into their long-term goalsEverything was tied into their long-term goals Weekly goals aimed at skill development and long-term goalsWeekly goals aimed at skill development and long-term goals

Individual meetings were more helpful than group Individual meetings were more helpful than group meetingsmeetings The girls appreciated “My time”The girls appreciated “My time”

WOES AND OH NO’S…WOES AND OH NO’S…

This all sounds great. Can This all sounds great. Can you start tonight?you start tonight? On-the-fly assessmentsOn-the-fly assessments No true multiple-point No true multiple-point

baselinebaseline Single-subject, repeated Single-subject, repeated

measures, multiple measures, multiple baseline, case study, baseline, case study, blended quantitative-blended quantitative-qualitative thing!qualitative thing!

Descriptives for this Descriptives for this presentationpresentation

Lack of a more systematic Lack of a more systematic regulation of intensity and regulation of intensity and volumevolume

No control groupNo control group Wed. address by Martens Wed. address by Martens

LESSONS LEARNED…LESSONS LEARNED…

Periodization is an effective Periodization is an effective framework for delivering MST framework for delivering MST programs, but is it more programs, but is it more effective than other service effective than other service delivery methods?delivery methods?

Periodized MST contributed Periodized MST contributed to performance to performance improvements, but to what improvements, but to what extent?extent?

Personalizing to the team, Personalizing to the team, individualizing to the athlete, individualizing to the athlete, and goal setting contributed and goal setting contributed to the program’s successto the program’s success

HAPPY HALLOWEEN!HAPPY HALLOWEEN!

HappyHappy

Halloween!!Halloween!!