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Perry 2006
Westward ExpansionGrowth of the Nation
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Original 13 Territories
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After the French and Indian War
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Map 13 of 45
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Land Lost by Indians to 1783
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Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
After the American Revolution
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The Northwest Territory• French fur traders explored the area in the 1600s• France ceded the territory to Britain at the end of the French
and Indian Wars• Proclamation of 1763 prohibited settlement west of the
Appalachian Mountains • Britain ceded the area north of the Ohio River and west of the
Appalachians to the United States at the end of the American Revolution
• Several states had competing claims on the territory. Refused to ratify the Articles of Confederation if states were allowed to keep their western territory
• The majority of the territory became public domain land owned by the U.S. government.
• Difficulties with Native American tribes and with British trading outposts presented obstacles for American expansion until military campaigns of Gen. "Mad" Anthony Wayne against the Native Americans culminated with victory at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794 and the Treaty of Greenville of 1795.
• Jay's Treaty, in 1794, temporarily helped to smooth relations with British traders in the region, where British citizens outnumbered American citizens throughout the 1780s.
• Ongoing disputes with the British over the region was a contributing factor to the War of 1812. Britain irrevocably ceded claim to the Northwest Territory with the Treaty of Ghent in 1814.
• When the territory was created, it was inhabited by about 45,000 Native Americans and 2,000 traders, mostly French and British.
• The territory included all the land of the United States west of Pennsylvania and northwest of the Ohio River. It covered all of the modern states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin, as well as the northeastern part of Minnesota. The area covered more than 260,000 square miles
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Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Expansion of the United Stateswith Louisiana Purchase 1803
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Reducing Government• Jefferson entered office with a
straightforward agenda. His goal was to reduce the influence of the national government in the lives of the American people.
• Jefferson – reduced taxes – cut the size of the federal bureaucracy– reduced the size of the army to just over
3,000 men.
• Jefferson did not intend to destroy the government created by the Constitution, or undo the acts of the Federalists.
• He let the Bank of the United States continue to function, knowing that its term would run out in 1811.
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Jefferson and the CourtsThe Judiciary Acts
The Constitution did not fully explain the role of the judicial branch. Congress filled in the details with the Judiciary Acts of 1789 and 1801. These acts created a national court system headed by the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court would settle differences between state and federal laws.
Adams Appoints Judges
Just before he left office, Adams appointed judges to federal courts who would be sympathetic to Federalist views. The appointment of these midnight judges angered Jefferson, who wanted to appoint his own judges.
Marbury v. Madison
Marbury v. Madison arose when Jefferson tried to deny the appointments of some judges. Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that it was against the Constitution for the Supreme Court to order the executive branch to let appointee William Marbury take his judicial office.
Judicial Review In this ruling, the Court established the power of judicial review, in which courts decide whether or not laws are constitutional. It also allows federal courts to review state laws and court decisions to make sure they are constitutional. In this way, the Court plays an important role in preserving the federal union
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Jefferson’s Program in the West
The Land Act of 1800
Under the Land Act of 1800, Americans were able to buy land in the western territories in small parcels and on credit. This encouraged the development of the frontier.
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The Louisiana Purchase• Thomas Jefferson decided to use the
power of the national government to aid in the nation’s expansion by keeping the Mississippi River open (it was a vital trade route)
• When Napoleon took over much of the Spanish land in the west, he gained control of the mouth of the Mississippi at New Orleans.
• The French used this to get money from the Americans Pay to pass through).
• In 1803, Jefferson sent James Monroe and Robert Livingston to Paris to buy the city of New Orleans. (They could spend up to $10 million)
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The Louisiana Purchase• Napoleon would have liked to start
a French Empire in the Americas, but he had recently been unable to stop a rebellion in Haiti, so he changed his mind.
• He refused to just sell New Orleans, it was all of the territory or nothing.
• Monroe/Livingston offered $15 million (hoping Congress and the President would approve)
• Jefferson was hesitant (did he have the right to buy land, spend this much money)
• The purchase dramatically increased the size of the United States and its national debt.
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The Lewis and Clark Expedition
• Congress agreed to finance an expedition to explore the area purchased.
• Meriwether Lewis and William Clark lead the expedition.
• Spring 1804• Goal: search river routes to the western
ocean, make contact with natives, gather information on natural resources
• French-Canadian fur trapper and his wife Sacajawea, a Shoshone Indian went as interpreters.
• Reached the Pacific in 1805• Filled in the details of the lands to the west
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The Election of 1804
• Although the Federalists were a strong force in national politics, they began to lose support.
• They opposed the widely popular Louisiana Purchase, and farmers in the new lands in the South and West tended to support Jeffersonian Republicans.
• Jefferson’s popularity, combined with a weakened Federalist Party, led to his landslide victory in the 1804 election.
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Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton
• Jefferson’s Vice President, Aaron Burr, was infuriated when Alexander Hamilton ruined his bid for the Federalist nomination in the New York governor’s race.
• This was not the first time that Hamilton had prevented Burr from scoring a political victory, and Burr challenged him to a duel.
• After killing Hamilton in this duel, Burr found his political career ruined.
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Increasing Tensions With Europe
The Chesapeake•When Jay’s Treaty, which ensured peace between the United States and Britain, expired in 1805, European nations were back at war with each other.•French warships attacked American ships trading with Britain. British ships interfered with American ships trading with France. •In 1807, a British ship, the Leopard, attacked the USS Chesapeake, inflicted 21 casualties, and searched the ship for deserters from the British navy.
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Foreign Issues: The Embargo of 1807
• Jefferson imposed an embargo in response to British and French attacks on American trading ships
• Embargo: a restriction on trade with other countries
• Many Americans did not like the Embargo– Crippled New England economy– Didn’t hurt the British or French– National Government interference in
economy
• The Embargo would eventually be repealed
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James Madison 4th President
Presidential Term1809-17
Other Notable AccomplishmentsKnown as the Father of the ConstitutionPresident Jefferson's Secretary of State
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Foreign Issues: The War of 1812
• Many Americans, including members of Congress, blamed the British for ongoing frontier violence between Native Americans and white Americans – saying the British Encouraged Native Americans to resist settlement of the west
• Anger toward Britain increased due to the British practice of impressment, the act of forcing people into military service.
• British ships regularly stopped American ships at sea and removed men to serve in the British navy.
• June of 1812: President Madison urged congress to declare war on Great Britain– U.S. only had a small army and navy and no
foreign assistance– Would have to deal with British and Native
Americans hoping to block westward expansion
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Foreign Issues: The War of 1812
• The Land War – The United States had only a small army and
navy, giving it a disadvantage against Britain.
– Americans tried to push into Canada and conquer the British
– Poorly equipped and led Americans were beaten by the British
• The Naval War – Despite the much larger size of the British
navy, Americans at first won a number of battles at sea.
– Victories such as the one by the USS Constitution (“Old Ironsides”) raised American morale.
– However, the superior British navy soon blockaded the United States coast and cut off the trade (British ships outnumbered American ships 20 to 1)
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The Burning of Washington, D.C
• August 24, 1814 the British started burning Washington, the Capitol and White House were burned
• From Washington, the British moved on to Baltimore, where American forces turned them back.
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• The valiant defense of the fort by 1,000 dedicated Americans inspired Francis Scott Key to write “The Star-Spangled Banner.”
• Regardless of the “rockets red glare, the bombs bursting in air” the defenders of Fort McHenry stopped the British advance on Baltimore and helped to preserve the United States of America – “the land of the free and the home of the brave.”
• Following the Battle of Baltimore during the War of 1812, the fort never again came under attack. However, it remained an active military post off and on for the next 100 years.
Battle of Baltimore September 13-14, 1814
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The War Ends
• New Englanders suffered tremendous losses in trade during the war.
• In December 1814, the Hartford Convention was held to consider leaving the nation. Instead, the convention called for constitutional amendments to increase New England’s political power.
• The War of 1812 officially ended on December 24, 1814, with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent, which restored all old boundaries between the United States and British territory in North America.
• The treaty did not, however, resolve many of the issues that had caused the war, such as the British practice of impressment.
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Foreign Issues: The War of 1812
• Battle of New Orleans– Because of slow communication,
fighting continued after the peace treaty
– On January 8th the British tried to take New Orleans
– General Andrew Jackson defended the city, the British suffered 2,036 casualties, the Americans, 21
– The victory raised morale and allowed Americans to end an unhappy war on a positive note.
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Postwar BoomGrowth and Prosperity•American economy entered a period of growth and prosperity after the War of 1812•Trade with Europe boomed, and banks lent an abundant amount of credit. Agriculture was being shipped to Europe•With credit available at American banks more people started moving west•Americans began moving westward at an incredible rate. People bought hundreds of thousands of acres from Indiana to Louisiana•James Monroe and the Republican Party dominated American politics, as the Federalists faded out of existence.
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James Monroe 5th President
Presidential Term1817-25
'Monroe was so honest that if you turned his soul inside out there would not be a spot on it.'
anti-FederalistMissouri Compromise
Monroe Doctrine
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Nationalism at Home
Protecting Contracts
In Dartmouth College v. Woodward, the Marshall Court ruled that states cannot interfere with private contracts. This ruling later came to protect businesses from regulation, stabilizing the national economy.
Many Americans came to think of President James Monroe’s two terms in office (1817–1826) as the Era of Good Feeling. During Monroe’s terms, the Supreme Court, under Chief Justice John Marshall, made several important decisions that strengthened the federal government’s role in the national economy.
Regulating Commerce
In Gibbons v. Ogden, the Court declared that states could not interfere with Congress’s right to regulate business on interstate waterways. This ruling increased steamboat competition, helping open up the American West for settlement.
Supporting the National Bank
In McCulloch v. Maryland, Marshall ruled that Congress had the right to charter the Bank of the United States even though the Constitution did not specifically mention it. Marshall based his argument on the “necessary and proper” clause in the Constitution.
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Nationalism Abroad• President Monroe, together with Secretary of
State John Quincy Adams, began a new approach to American foreign policy.
• One of Monroe’s main goals was to ease tensions with Great Britain, which remained high after the War of 1812.
• In 1817, the United States and Great Britain signed the Rush-Bagot Agreement, which called on both nations to reduce the number of warships in the Great Lakes region. The following year, the two countries set the northern border of the United States at 49˚ North latitude.
• Monroe was also concerned that other European countries, recovering from several years of warfare, would resume their efforts to colonize the Western Hemisphere.
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The Monroe DoctrineIn a speech on December 2, 1823, President Monroe
established a policy that every President has since followed to some degree. The Monroe Doctrine had four main parts:
1. The United States would not become involved in the internal affairs of European nations, nor would it take sides in wars among them.
2. The United States recognized the existing colonies and states in the Western Hemisphere and would not interfere with them.
3. The United States would not permit any further colonization of the Western Hemisphere.
4. The United States would not permit any further colonization of the Western Hemisphere.
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The Panic of 1819 The First Great Depression
• In 1819, America experienced its first depression, or severe economic downturn.
• London banks demanded the U.S. pay back loans
• U.S. bank demanded American public pay back loans
• Many Americans who had borrowed too much money in previous years were financially ruined.
• Nation’s capital dried up• Reform government to improve
economy
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Events Leading to the Civil War
•Failure to Settle Slavery at the Signing of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution
•Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
•Missouri Compromise•Nullification Crisis
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More Events•Dred Scott Decision•Fugitive Slave Law•War with Mexico•Compromise of
1850/Great Compromise•Turners Rebellion•Kansas-Nebraska Act•Uncle Tom’s Cabin•Election of 1860
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Basic Issues Before the Civil War
•Slavery-allowed in the South, Not allowed in the North
•States Rights/Succession- Can a State Leave the United States?
•Sectionalism-life was very different in the South than the North
•Should New States Have Slavery?
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Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
• James Madison and Thomas Jefferson Wrote that a State Could Nullify a Federal Law if it were Unconstitutional.
• Increased “States Rights”
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The Missouri Compromise/Compromise of 1820
• In 1819, Congress began debating the admission of Missouri to the United States.
• The basic issue at was slavery.
• South– if Congress could forbid slavery in
Missouri, then it would forbid it elsewhere
• North– liberty of African Americans– upset the balance of free and
slave states in the South’s favor
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The Missouri Compromise• Henry Clay developed a
compromise to resolve the issue.
• Under the Missouri Compromise, – Missouri would enter the United
States as a slave state– Maine would enter as a free state
(once a part of MA )– All new states created above 36’
30' N latitude (the southern border of Missouri) would have to be free states
– Kept the balance in the Senate between slave/free states
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Jefferson on the Missouri Compromise
• However, the questions raised by these issues would soon be impossible to ignore.
• Jefferson – “I tremble for my country when I
reflect that God is just: that His justice cannot sleep forever.”
– He did not like that the issue of slavery was being put off
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Annexation of Texas•Texas Fought For
Independence from Mexico
•1845-US/Annexes or Adds Texas to the United States
•Slave State•Helps Start War with
Mexico
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War With Mexico•1846-1848•Many Future Civil War
Generals Fight Together•US Gets: California,
Nevada, Utah, Parts of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico
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Gadsden Purchase•1853•America Buys Additional
Land in the Southwest from Mexico
• Includes Parts of Arizona
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The Big Question
•Would New Territory Allow Slavery or Not?
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Ticket Out•List the 3 Main Causes of the Civil War
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The Controversial Election of 1824
• Three major candidates competed for the presidency in 1824. For the first time, no candidate had been a leader during the Revolution.
• These candidates were Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, Speaker of the House Henry Clay, and General Andrew Jackson.
• Jackson was regarded by many as a wildcard candidate, an outsider famous for his war victories.
• While in Congress, Clay had supported what he called the American System, a policy of government-backed economic development and protective tariffs to encourage business growth.
• No candidate won a majority of electoral votes. As required by the Constitution, the House of Representatives voted to decide the election. Clay helped win victory for Adams, who made Clay his Secretary of State days later.
• Angry Jackson supporters claimed that Adams and Clay had made a “corrupt bargain” to deny Jackson the presidency.
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John Quincy Adams Sixth President1825-1829
First President who was the son of a President Secretary of State
Congressman Established a national university
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The Nullification Crisis• State Power Vs. National
Government• 1828: Congress passed a new
tariff putting a high tax on imports in order to encourage manufacturing within the U.S.
• Most manufacturing took place in the north which made the south have to pay higher prices to benefit the north
• 1832 – South Carolina declared the tariff null and void
• Compromised…but raised the question of the power of the states
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“Native Americans Lose Their Land”• Treaties were made, treaties
were broken• All land west of the 95th
meridian was Indian Country…until the white settlers decided they wanted it as well
• The Bureau of Indian Affairs, created to deal with Native American Issues tried to extinguish Native American land claims through treaties and yearly payments
• 1850s, the government supported the idea of forcing Indians onto reservations.
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War in the Old Northwest• 1790s, the Miami, Delaware, Shawnee, and
other Native American groups came together to fight American expansion.
• With the help of the British in Canada, and led by warriors such as Little Turtle and Blue Jacket, they won several victories over the United States.
• The tide turned when the British withdrew their support and a new national army, known as the Legion of the United States, was formed.
• At the 1794 Battle of Fallen Timbers in present-day northwestern Ohio, the Legion defeated the Native Americans. As a result, several groups of Native Americans were forced to accept the Treaty of Greenville in 1795.
• According to the Treaty of Greenville, these groups relinquished the southern two thirds of Ohio and accepted that the Ohio River would no longer be a permanent boundary between their land and that of the white settlers.
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Native American ReactionsDifferent Strategies•In the early 1800s, Native American leaders proposed ways to deal with the United States.•These strategies included
–accepting white culture –blending Indian and white cultures –returning to Indian religious traditions–taking military action
Acceptance and Blending•Some Native Americans, including Little Turtle, tried to live peacefully with white settlers.•Others, including a Seneca named Handsome Lake, wanted to blend Native American customs with those of the white Americans.
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Other Native American StrategiesReturning to Indian Traditions•In Indiana, Tenskwatawa, called for a return to traditional Native American ways.•Tenskwatawa was opposed to assimilation.•From his home on a reservation, Handsome Lake urged Native Americans to focus more on their traditions than on war.
Taking Military Action•Tenskwatawa’s older brother, Tecumseh, believed that Native Americans needed to overcome local differences and unite in order to resist United States expansion.•Tecumseh’s forces were defeated by those of the United States at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. The battle shattered morale and eroded confidence in Tenskwatawa’s leadership.
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Cultural AdvancementIncreased prosperity meant that more Americans had the time to devote themselves to scholarship and art.
• Mercy Otis Warren • playwright and political activist • urged women to take part in intellectual activities in addition to their
responsibilities in the home. • Benjamin Rush
• doctor, scientist, and revolutionary. • argued that there was a physical basis for mental illness.
• Benjamin Banneker • mixed African American and white ancestry • writer, inventor, mathematician, and astronomer• surveyed the site of the nation’s new capital of Washington, D.C.
• Charles Willson Peale • painter, soldier, politician, scientist, and inventor. • Founded, Peale’s Museum, helped bring the enjoyment of art and
science to ordinary citizens. • Phillis Wheatley
• African American poet born into slavery. • Educated by her owners when they recognized her intelligence • Earned international fame for her poetry
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Education and Republican VirtuesEducation•Americans began to see education as a way to develop a rich and uniquely American culture.•Although some state constitutions called for free public schools, few state governments provided them, and private academies filled the gap.
Republican Virtues•Americans wanted their schools to teach republican virtues, the virtues that the American people would need to govern themselves in the new republic.•Republican virtues included
– self-reliance– hard work– Frugality– Harmony– sacrificing individual needs for the common good.
•Many Americans looked to women to set the standard for republican virtues.
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Social ChangesPopulation Growth
•In 1780, about 2.7 million people lived in 13 states; by 1830, about 12 million people lived in 24 states.•Much of this rise was due to an increase in the number of children born to each family. •The large number of children meant that most of the American population was young. •In 1820, half of all Americans were under 17 years of age.
Mobility
•The United States was a mobile society, one in which people continually move from place to place. •Many Americans sought opportunity by moving west. •People often lived in the company of strangers whose social position was not well defined.
New Rules for Courtship and Marriage
•As American society became less ordered and less certain, women began putting more effort into choosing the right marriage partner.•Many preferred a long period of courtship before marrying.•Marriage was a matter of survival for many women, since few decent employment opportunities existed.
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Religious Renewal
• The Second Great Awakening, the powerful religious movement of the early 1800s, began in the backcountry of Kentucky and Tennessee.
• The Second Great Awakening was an evangelical movement which affected Protestant Christians.
• Evangelical faiths were democratic in character, allowing any believer to achieve salvation and emphasizing the importance of the congregation, over church leaders.
• The revival, or meeting, was popular during this time. At a revival, people were brought back to a religious life by listening to preachers and accepting belief in Jesus.
• The revival movement brought women increased power.
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New Denominations and African American WorshipNew Denominations
•During the Second Great Awakening, many Protestant denominations, or religious subgroups, experienced rapid growth.•These denominations included the Baptists, Methodists, Unitarians, Mormons, and Millennialists.
African American Worship•A large number of African Americans turned to evangelical religion.•In many churches, white and black traditions blended together. •Members of both groups sang spirituals, or folk hymns.•Some African Americans felt unwelcome in predominately white churches. •African Americans began starting their own churches, with several joining to found the African Methodist Episcopal Church in 1816.
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Crossing the Appalachians• The American population sought new lands,
away from the crowded Atlantic Coast, where families could create bright and secure futures.
• Many Americans loaded up wagons and headed for the region west of the Appalachian Mountains.
• Settlers took several main routes west, including the Cumberland Road. Many of these routes ended in the Ohio Valley.
• Most settlers moved as families, although some young men moved alone. Once they settled on a piece of land, families worked hard to clear their land of trees and underbrush, plant crops, and build a log cabin.
• Most new settlers were white, but many African Americans also crossed the Appalachians.
• By 1830, hundreds of thousands of Americans had settled in the Michigan Territory and the three new states of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois.
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Forcing Native Americans WestThe Government’s Removal Plan•Settlers seeking land west of the Appalachians did not want to compete with Native Americans.•The government created a plan to pressure Native American groups to move further west to the Louisiana Territory, an area which lay well beyond current settlements and was seen as unfit for farming.
Native American Response•While most Native American groups peacefully cooperated with federal agents, some fought bitterly against removal.•Diseases brought by white settlers caused epidemics which reduced the Native American population.
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Expanding Into Florida• 1795-Pinckney Treaty
– Florida would be controlled by Spain– U.S. allowed free use of the
Mississippi River through Spanish lands.
– U. S. and Spain agreed to control the Native Americans within their borders.
• The U.S. began acquiring parts of Florida in 1810.
• Spain was preoccupied with uprisings in its other colonies, the Seminoles, a Native American group living in Florida, increased their raids on settlements in northern Georgia.
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The Seminole WarsFirst Seminole War
1817 to 1818 General Jackson Invades•General Jackson, assigned to protect the settlers, thought that the United States should possess Florida. •Jackson chose to invade Spanish Florida.•Jackson’s forces quickly swept through Florida. Although Congress threatened to condemn him, most Americans applauded his actions.•President Monroe and his Secretary of State, John Quincy Adams, decided to make the best of Jackson’s actions.•Monroe and Adams accused Spain of breaking the Pinckney Treaty by failing to control the Seminoles.
The Adams-Onís Treaty•Spain was in a poor position to argue with the United States. Spanish representative Luiz de Onís and Adams developed the Adams-Onís Treaty.•According to this treaty, Spain agreed to give up Florida to the United States. •The United States agreed to cede its claims to a huge territory in the present-day southwestern United States. •The treaty also fixed the boundary between the Louisiana Purchase and Spanish territory in the West.
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Map 8 of 45
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Expansion of the United Stateswith Louisiana Purchase 1803 and Additions of Various Other Territories Highlighted
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Two New Parties Face OffThe American System and the National Republicans• Adams and Clay pushed
for laws authorizing the federal construction of roads, canals, bridges, and other public improvements.
• Supporters of Andrew Jackson in Congress blocked such plans at every turn.
• Supporters of Adams and Clay began calling themselves the Adams Party or National Republicans, later to be known as Whigs.
Jackson and the Election of 1828•Supporters of Andrew Jackson called themselves Jacksonians or Democratic Republicans. Historians now call them Jacksonian Democrats.•Jackson won the presidential election of 1828 by a large margin. •Many men who did not own property were allowed to vote for the first time. These voters chose Jackson, the candidate they felt was a man of the people.
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Andrew Jackson Seventh President
1829-1837 More nearly than any of his predecessors, Andrew Jackson was
elected by popular vote; as President he sought to act as the direct representative of the common man.
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Jackson as PresidentAndrew Jackson as President 1829–1837
• Jackson’s Inauguration When Jackson was inaugurated, supporters immediately rushed forward to greet him. They followed him into the White House to try to get a glimpse of their hero, the first President from west of the Appalachians.
• Jacksonian Democracy Jackson’s support came from thousands of new voters. New laws that allowed all white men to vote, as well as laws that let voters, rather than state legislatures, choose electors, gave many more people a voice in choosing their government.
• The Spoils SystemThe practice of patronage, in which newly elected officials give government jobs to friends and supporters, was not new in Jackson’s time. Jackson made this practice, known as the spoils system to critics, official.
• Limited GovernmentJackson believed in limiting the power of the federal government and used his veto power to restrict federal activity as much as possible. His frequent use of the veto helped earn him the nickname “King Andrew I.”
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The Tariff Crisis• Before Jackson’s first term had begun, Congress
passed the Tariff of 1828, a heavy tax on imports designed to boost American manufacturing.
• The tariff greatly benefited the industrial North but forced southerners to pay high prices for manufactured goods.
• In response to the tariff, South Carolina claimed that states could nullify, or reject, federal laws they judged to be unconstitutional. It based this claim on a strict interpretation of states’ rights, the powers that the Constitution neither gives to the federal government nor denies to the states.
• South Carolina nullified the tariffs and threatened to secede, or withdraw, from the Union, if the federal government did not respect its nullification.
• A compromise engineered by Senator Henry Clay ended the crisis. However, the issue of states’ rights continued to influence the nation.
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The Indian Crisis
Indian Uprisings
In 1832, a warrior named Black Hawk led about 1,000 Indians back to their fertile land, hoping to regain it peacefully. The clashes which resulted became known as the Black Hawk War. In 1835, a group of Seminoles in Florida, led by a chief named Osceola, began the Second Seminole War, a conflict which was to continue for nearly seven years.
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Indian Removal ActSecond Seminole War from 1835 to 1842 • 1820s – plantation owners were buying the best cotton-
farming land in the South• Farmers wanted to expand west – the “Five Civilized
Tribes”-- the Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw and Seminole people lived on the fertile land in this area
• Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi began to take control of Indian lands, which broke Federal treaties
• Jackson, who is president by this time, supported the actions
• 1830 Congress passed the Indian Removal Act which authorized him to give Native Americans land in parts of the Louisiana Purchase in exchange for lands taken from them in the east.
• Forcibly relocated about 100,000 natives• Took 100 million acres and gave them 32 million acres in
what is now Oklahoma
Third Seminole War from 1855 to 1858 • started because Americans from a fort in Georgia
destroyed the crops of the main Seminole leader by burning them.
• Final clash over land between the Seminole settlers and white settlers
• By the time the conflict was finished there were few Seminoles in Florida -- and when Bowlegs (Seminole leader) surrendered, he had only forty warriors with him.
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The Cherokees• Had adopted to white culture, took
up farming, home styles, clothing and religion of white neighbors
• Government modeled on U.S. government
• Developed a system of writing• 1829 – Gold was found on Cherokee
land in western Georgia• White miners and farmers flooded
land• State seized 9 million acres• Cherokees used the U.S. system
and sued
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The Cherokees• Chief Justice John Marshall ruled
that they had no legal standing in American courts because they were not U.S. citizens or a foreign country.
• Cherokees tried to work with the Senate
• Cherokees tried to appeal to the American people
• Cherokees pursued their case through a U.S. citizen (missionary Samuel Worcester)… justice said Georgia did not have authority
• Georgia ignored the ruling, and the President supported the state
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The Cherokees• 1838 – The United States Army
rounded up more than 15,000 Cherokees into camps while settlers burned their homes and farms
• The men, women, and children were then forced to march westward for 116 days in the Trail of Tears
• ¼ died of cold or disease, troops refused to let them rest
• The $6 million it cost to relocate them was subtracted from the $9 million payment to the Cherokees for their lands
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The Bank WarThe Bank of the United States•Like many Americans, Jackson viewed the Bank of the United States as a “monster” institution controlled by a small group of wealthy easterners.•Supported by Senators Henry Clay and Daniel Webster, the charter’s president, Nicholas Biddle, decided to recharter the bank in 1832, four years earlier than necessary.•Clay and Webster thought that Jackson would veto the charter, and planned to use that veto against him in the 1832 election.
Jackson Vetoes the Charter•Jackson vetoed the bill to recharter the bank, claiming that the back was a tool of the greedy and powerful.•Despite Clay and Webster’s intentions, the veto did not hurt Jackson’s campaign. Jackson won reelection in 1832 by a huge margin, defeating Clay, the National Republican candidate.•The National Republicans never recovered from this defeat. Two years later, they joined several other anti-Jackson groups to form the Whig Party.
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WESTWARD MOVEMENT
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Manifest Destiny
• Manifest Destiny is a phrase that expressed the belief that the United States had a divinely inspired mission to expand, spreading its form of democracy and freedom. Originally a political catch phrase of the 19th Century, Manifest Destiny eventually became a standard historical term, often used as a synonym for the territorial expansion of the United States across North America towards the Pacific Ocean.
John O’Sullivan, a New York journalist coined the term Manifest Destiny
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Bound for the Pacific• Some Americans believed that it was their
nation’s manifest destiny, or obvious or undeniable fate, to extend its reach from the Atlantic to the Pacific.
• Several Native American groups had lived in the Oregon Country, the area that stretched from northern California to the southern border of Alaska, for centuries.
• White settlers known as mountain men began trading with these Native Americans in the late 1700s.
• The United States, Great Britain, Russia, and Spain all claimed rights to the Oregon Country. Russia and Spain soon gave up their claims, and the United States and Great Britain agreed to joint occupation of the area.
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Manifest Destiny
• 1846 Great Britain and the United States reached a peaceful agreement that divided the Oregon Country along the 49th parallel
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Turner’s Frontier Thesis
Up to our own day American history has been in a large degree the history of the colonization of the Great West. The existence of an area of free land, its continuous recession, and the advance of American settlement westward explain American development.
The frontier produced a man of coarseness and strength...acuteness and inquisitiveness, [of] that practical and inventive turn of mind, quick to find expedients [ways to achieve goals]...[full of] restless and nervous energy; that dominant individualism, working for good and evil, and withal that buoyancy and exuberance which comes with freedom....
The paths of the pioneers have widened into broad highways. The forest clearing has expanded into affluent commonwealths. Let us see to it that the ideals of the pioneer in his log cabin shall enlarge into the spiritual life of a democracy where civic power shall dominate and utilize individual achievement for the
common good.
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Oregon Trail
• Wagon trains brought thousands of pioneers along the Oregon Trail, the main route across the central plains and the Rocky Mountains. The Oregon Trail took settlers through mountain passes, low spots that allow travelers to cross over to the other side of a mountain range.
• Traders traveled along the Santa Fe Trail to Santa Fe, New Mexico.
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Moving West• Motivation
– The Civil War had displaced thousands of farmers, former slaves, and other workers.
– Eastern farmland was too costly.– Failed entrepreneurs sought a second chance in a
new locations.– Ethnic and religious repression caused people to
seek the freedom of the west.– Outlaws sought refuge.– enjoyed the challenge – A new start– own boss– flee racial violence or exploitation– land to settle on or sell for a profit
• Challenges– trip westward was often difficult and expensive – encountered hardships, such as disease, on their
travels – struggled for basic necessities– had to collect rain water for drinking or drill wells, – work tough prairie sod to plant crops, – make their own clothes, soap, and other necessities.
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Moving West• Who?
– German-speaking immigrants arrived seeking farmland. They brought the Lutheran religion with its emphasis on hard work and education.
– Lutherans from Scandinavia settled the northern plains from Iowa to Minnesota to the Dakotas, many pursuing dairy farming.
– Irish, Italians, European Jews, and Chinese settled in concentrated communities on the West coast. They took jobs in mining and railroad construction that brought them to the American interior.
– After the Civil War, thousands of African Americans rode or walked westward, often fleeing violence and exploitation.
– Benjamin “Pap” Singleton led groups of southern blacks on a mass “Exodus,” a trek inspired by the biblical account of the Israelites’ flight from Egypt to a prophesied homeland. The settlers called themselves Exodusters. Some 50,000 or more Exodusters migrated west.
– Majority of settlers where white men who moved to the West. Many were in their youth and came to tame the wild frontier some of them becoming Mountain Men.
– Women: able to file claims on their own land, experienced long period of solitude, launched active campaigns for suffrage.
– Missionaries traveled west, hoping to convert Native Americans to Christianity.
– Members of the Mormon faith also moved west, seeking their own land outside the United States. Many Mormons settled in Salt Lake City and other towns in what became the Utah Territory.
• Working together: Families cooperated in raising houses and barns, sewing quilts, and husking corn.
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Moving West• Big business and state
governments obtained huge land grants.– The Pacific Railways Acts (1862,
1864) gave the Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railroad companies land from the Federal Government.
– Morrill Land-Grant Act (1862)– Homestead Act (1862)
• Legally enforceable property rights
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Lands for SettlementMorrill Land-Grant Act•Created in 1862•Act would provide support for state colleges. Under the act, the federal government distributed millions of acres of western lands to state governments. States could sell the land to fund agricultural “land-grant” colleges
Homestead Act• Created by President Lincoln
in 1862• Offered 160 acres of public
land to anyone who met the following requirements:
1. 21 years of age or the head of a family
2. American citizens or immigrant who had filed for citizenship.
3. $10.00 registration fee4. Build a house and live on
the claim at least 6 months of the year.
5. Farm the land actively for 5 consecutive years before they could claim ownership
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Farming • Although farmers had high hopes, farming on
the Great Plains was not paradise. • They had to deal with unpredictable rainfall,
extreme weather, drought, and debt. • Improvements:
– Dry farming (because of the dryness they learned to plant crops that did not require a lot of water.)
– new plows, threshers, and other equipment,
– government publications on farming techniques led to much larger output.
• Businesses came in and established large farms, or BONANZA farms – grew food to supply to the east.– The massive output flooded markets and
caused prices to fall, which hurt farmers’ ability to pay their debts.
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California Gold Rush
• No event was more important in attracting settlers to the West than the discovery of gold at Sutter’s Mill in California in January 1848
• Newspapers reported and gold fever struck
• California’s 1848 population: 14,000• California’s 1849 population: 100,000• Natives were forced to work in mines ;
population dwindled from 150,000 to 35,000 in 1860
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Mining• Thousands of settlers, mostly unmarried men,
poured into California.• The miners brought the wild to the west. Most of
the people arriving for the lure of quick wealth were hard people – they worked and played hard.
• Placer mining - shoveled loose dirt into boxes or pans and ran water over it…but that only got the dirt that was loose in the soil, most of it was buried that required serious machinery to dig, which meant the single miner couldn’t do it alone.
• When the businesses of mining started coming in, it brought stability with it, took over individual claims.
• Towns sprang up overnight where gold was found, and disappeared when most of the gold was extracted. Ghost towns, or abandoned communities, dotted the area.
• When the metal was gone, many mining cities became ghost towns, and the mining was left in control of big companies that could afford the investment needed.
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The Spread of Western Mining
Chapter 14, Section 3
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A Cowboy’s Life: Cattle Drive on the Chisholm Trail
• Cowboys herded thousands of cattle to railway centers on the long drive.
• The Chisholm Trail was one of several trails that linked grazing land in Texas with cow towns to the north.
• Cowboy life was hard. The men were up at 3:30 in the morning and were in the saddle up to 18 hours a day. They had to be constantly alert in case of a stampede.
• The leading cause of death was being dragged by a horse. Diseases such as tuberculosis also killed many cowboys.
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Ranching• The Americans adopted Mexican ranching equipment, and
dress and began raising Texas longhorn cattle.• Before the Civil War, pork had been Americans’ meat of
choice. But then cookbooks snubbed pork as “unwholesome” and the nation went on a beef binge.
• Abilene, Kansas, became the first “cow town,” a town built specifically for receiving cattle.
• Business boomed into the 1860s and 1870s – the destruction of the buffalo had emptied the land for grazing. – removal of Native Americans to reservations, – extension of rail lines into western lands. – Beef shipments became less expensive with the invention of
refrigerated railroad cars.– population growth in the East increased the demand for beef.– Trails (Chisholm, Goodnight-Loving, etc) helped get cattle to
markets.– At first fences were great they helped control the cattle and saved
the ranchers from tracking down open-range cows.
• The Ranching Bust– use of barbed wire to fence off farm land was the main factor that
cut down on available range land – overstocking the market – Winters of 1885 and 1886 froze cattle /starvation, – summer drought in between the winters– Farmers could make a living with much less land than the ranchers.
More framers than ranchers, so government supported farmers.
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New Technology Eases Farm Labor
Reduced labor force needed for harvest. Allows farmers to maintain larger farms.Mechanized Reaper
Keeps cattle from trampling crops and uses a minimal amount of lumber, which was scarce on the plains.Barbed Wire
Allows cultivation of arid land by using drought-resistant crops and various techniques to minimize evaporation.Dry Farming
Allows farmers to cut through dense, root-choked sod.Steel Plow
Smoothes and levels ground for planting.Harrow
Powers irrigation systems and pumps up ground water.Steel Windmill
Cross-breeding of crop plants, which allows greater yields and uniformity.Hybridization
Keeps cattle from trampling crops and uses a minimal amount of lumber, which was scarce on the plains.
Improved Communication
Array of multiple drills used to carve small trenches in the ground and feed seed into the soil.Grain Drill
Farms controlled by large businesses, managed by professionals, raised massive quantities of a single cash crop.Bonanza Farm
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Continued Conflict with Native Americans• In the 1830s, President Jackson
supported the removal of Indian peoples to lands west of the Mississippi in the Great Plains.
• Numerous Native American groups lived on the Great Plains, the vast grassland that lies between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains. These included the Crow, the Cheyenne, the Sioux, the Comanche, the Blackfeet, the Apache, the Navajo, the Pawnee, and the Mandan.
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The Life of the Plains Indians
• Before the eastern settlers arrived, changes had affected the lives of Native Americans on the Great Plains, the vast grassland between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains.
• Relations with the French and American fur traders allowed the Plains Indians to trade buffalo hides for guns. Guns made hunting for buffalo easier.
• The introduction of the horse brought upheaval. Warfare among Indian nations rose to new intensity when waged on horseback.
• Many Native Americans continued to live as farmers, hunters, and gatherers. Others became nomads, people who travel from place to place following available food sources, instead of settling in one location.
• The rise of warrior societies led to a decline in village life, as nomadic Native Americans raided more settled groups.
• After the Civil War, railroad companies began pushing their way deeper into the west.
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Indian Wars and Government Policy
• Before the Civil War, Native Americans west of the Mississippi continued to inhabit their traditional lands.
• Settlers’ views of land use contrasted with Native American traditions. Settlers felt justified in taking the land because they would use it more productively. Native Americans viewed them as invaders.
• Government treaties tried to restrict movement of Native Americans by restricting them to reservations, federal lands set aside for them.
• Some federal agents negotiated honestly; others did not.
• Many settlers disregarded the negotiations entirely and stole land, killed buffalo, diverted water supplies, and attacked Indian camps.
• Acts of violence on both sides set off cycles of revenge.
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Attempts to Change Native American Culture
• Many people believed that Native Americans needed to give up their traditions and culture, learn English, become Christians, adopt white dress and customs, and support themselves by farming and trades.
• This policy is called assimilation, the process by which one society becomes a part of another, more dominant society by adopting its culture.
• In 1887 the Dawes Act divided reservation land into individual plots. Each family headed by a man received 160 acres.
• Many Native Americans did not believe in the concept of individual property, nor did they want to farm the land. For some, the practices of farming went against their notion of ecology. Some had no experience in agriculture.
• Between 1887 and 1932, some two thirds of this land became white owned.
More on the
Dawes Act
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The Opening of Indian Territory• Fifty five Indian nations were forced into
Indian Territory, the largest unsettled farmland in the United States.
• During the 1880s, squatters overran the land, and Congress agreed to buy out the Indian claims to the region.
• On April 22, 1889, tens of thousands of homesteaders lined up at the territory’s borders to stake claims on the land.
• By sundown, settlers called boomers had staked claims on almost 2 million acres.
• Many boomers discovered that some of the best lands had been grabbed by sooners, people who had sneaked past the government officials earlier to mark their claims.
• Under continued pressure from settlers, Congress created Oklahoma Territory in 1890. In the following years, the remainder of Indian Territory was open to settlement.
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Key Events in the Indian Wars, 1861-1890
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Key Events in the Native American Conflict
1864 Colonel John Chivington and his men slaughter between 150 and 500 Cheyenne of Colorado Territory in the Sand Creek Massacre.
1865 Federal government decides to build a road through Sioux territory. Sioux launch a two-year war against the United States army.
1874 Federal government sends Lt. Colonel George Custer to investigate rumors of gold in the Black Hills of Sioux territory. He reports that there is a lot of gold in the Black Hills. Settlers and miners begin to search the hills for gold. Hostilities resume between the Sioux and the army.
1876 Nearly 2,000 Sioux warriors attack Custer’s troops at the Battle of Little Big Horn. Custer and more than 200 soldiers are killed.
1890 At the Massacre at Wounded Knee, U.S. soldiers open fire on unarmed Sioux grieving the death of Sitting Bull, killing 200.
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Chief Sitting Bull - Sioux• Sitting Bull, Lakota Medicine Man and
Chief was considered the last Sioux to surrender to the U.S. Government.
• Sitting Bull had a vision in which he saw his people victorious over the white soldiers.
• General Custer and a regiment of the seventh cavalry attacked the seven bands of the Lakota Nation along with several families of the Cheyenne and Arapaho.
• The attack was clearly in violation of their treaty. Precisely as Sitting Bull had seen in his vision, every white soldier was killed that day at Big Horn along with a few Native Americans.
• Following the success of the battle, Sitting Bull and his followers headed for Canada.
• Sitting Bull remained a powerful force among his people, and upon his return to the U.S. would counsel the tribal chiefs who greatly valued his wisdom.
• Shortly after his return, the federal government again wanted to break up the tribal lands.
• They persuaded several "government appointed chiefs" to sign an agreement, whereby the reservation was to be divided up.
• Missing from the list of recipients was Sitting Bull's name. Jealousy and fighting among the Lakota eventually led to his death. It was reported that he was murdered by tribal police who had been sent to arrest him.
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Chief Joseph – Nez Perce“I Will Fight No More Forever”
Surrender Speech by Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce
I am tired of fighting. Our chiefs are killed. Looking Glass is dead. Toohulhulsote is dead. The old men are all dead. It is the young men who say yes or no. He who led the young men is dead.
It is cold and we have no blankets. The little children are freezing to death. My people, some of them, have run away to
the hills and have no blankets, no food. No one knows where they are--perhaps
freezing to death. I want to have time to look for my children
and see how many I can find. Maybe I shall find them among the dead.
Hear me, my chiefs. I am tired. My heart is sick and sad. From where the sun now stands, I will fight
no more forever.
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Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Land Lost by Indians to 1890Highlighting Land Lost 1784-1850 and Land Lost 1851-1890
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The Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890 is known as the event that ended the last of the Indian wars in America. As the year came to a close, the Seventh Cavalry of the United States Army brought an horrific end to the century-long U.S. government-Indian armed conflicts.
On December 29, devotees of the newly created Ghost Dance religion made a lengthy trek to the Pine Ridge Reservation. Members of the Miniconjou Sioux (Lakota) tribe led by Chief Big Foot and the Hunkpapa Sioux (Lakota) followers of the recently slain, Sitting Bull, attempted to escape arrest by fleeing south through the rugged terrain of the Badlands. There nearly 300 Lakota men, women, and children -- old and young -- were massacred.
WOUNDED KNEE
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Native Cultures Destroyed• Loss of buffalo for food, clothing, shelter,
fuel, and tools.• Loss of Indian Cultures due to Christian
missionaries idea that Indians needed to be “civilized”
• Dawes Act of 1887 – forced Indians onto permanent lands. Land was not suitable for farming and most Indians not interested. Land was sold to speculators.
• Indian Land opened to settlers by government. Loss of buffalo for food, clothing, shelter, fuel, and tools.
End of the Frontier• Territories applied for and became states• National parks established to preserve land.• 1890 Census Bureau claims there is no longer a
frontier
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Frontier Myths
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Frontier Myths
The Romantic Image of
the Cowboy hero
miner
outlaw
gang leader
righteous defender of
justice
Frontier Realities
Diverse Western SettlersWomen
Chinese and Japanese
African Americans
Impact on the LandNative American Cultures
Wiped out the BuffaloDestroyed mountains and wildlife
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Frontier Myths and RealityFrontier Myth Frontier Reality
The typical Western settler was a restless, adventurous white male.
Settlers: male. Female, white, and minorities
The American frontier was a land of unlimited economic opportunity.
The western economy experienced alternate boom and bust periods.
Frontiersmen upheld democratic ideals.
Western settlers upheld democracy for themselves, but many did not extend it to minorities such as Native Americans and Asians
The settlement of the West represented progress.
Western settlement damaged the land and depleted natural resources.
People in the West were colorful, heroic, and larger than life.
Legendary characters were based on the greatly exaggerated exploits of real western figures.
The West was the place in which young men could resist the forces of civilization that had made easterners soft.
Tough, inventive pioneer women experienced many of the same hardships as men.
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The Wild West: Some elements of the frontier myths were true. Yet, many wild towns of the West calmed down fairly quickly or disappeared.
By the 1880s, the frontier had many churches and a variety of social groups. Major theatrical productions toured growing western cities. The East had come West.
Taming the Frontier
By 1890, the United States Census Bureau announced the official end of the frontier. The population in the West had become dense, and the days of free western land had come to an end.
The End of the Frontier
In 1893, historian Frederick Jackson Turner claimed that the frontier had played a key role in forming the American character. The Turner Thesis, as his view came to be called, stated that frontier life created Americans who were socially mobile, ready for adventure, bent on individual self-improvement, and committed to democracy.
Turner’s Frontier Thesis
The Wild West remains fixed in popular culture and continues to influence how Americans think about themselves. Many stereotypes–exaggerated or oversimplified descriptions of reality, and frontier myths persist today despite our deeper understanding of the history of the American West.
Myths in Literature, Shows, and Song
Frontier Myths
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Westward Expansion
Causes•Big businesses put western land up for sale•Morrill Land-Grant Act provides state government with millions of acres to sell.•Homestead Act give land to settlers willing to farm•European immigrants, people seeking opportunity, and people fleeing racial prejudice in the East seek land in the West.•California Gold Rush draws thousands of fortune seekers.
Effects•Violence erupts between settlers and Native Americans.•Many Native American groups are destroyed or displaced.•Challenges of prairie farming lead to increased mechanization.•Bonanza farms and cattle ranching industries develop.•Frontier myths influence national identity.
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Jackson’s Successors
• Ill health led Jackson to choose not to run for a third term. His Vice President, Martin Van Buren, was elected President in the 1836 election.
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Martin Van Buren Eighth President
1837-1841 Van Buren lacked Jackson’s popularity. In addition, an
economic depression occurring during Van Buren’s term led many voters to support the Whig candidate, William
Henry Harrison, in the next election.
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William Henry Harrison
Ninth President1841
A month after taking office as President in 1841, Harrison died of
pneumonia.
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John Tyler Tenth President1841-1845
Harrison’s Vice President, John Tyler, took over as President. Tyler had been chosen for strategic reasons, and the Whigs had never
expected him to assume the presidency. Tyler blocked much of the Whig program, leading to four years of political deadlock.
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Hispanic North AmericaSpanish Colonies•In the late 1700s, Spain faced growing threats to its North American territory.•The Spanish government tried to ease these threats by establishing better relations with the Comanche and the Navajo.•Spain also attempted to secure the area that is the present-day state of California. B•eginning in the late 1700s, Spanish soldiers and priests built a network of missions and presidios, or forts, along the California coastline.
California and New Mexico•Presidios and missions in California thrived, due in part to the Native Americans who were forced to work for them.•Spanish settlements in present-day Texas and New Mexico were not as successful. •Settlements in New Mexico began to revive in the late 1700s.
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Mexican Independence • Mexico gained its independence from Spain
through the Treaty of Córdoba, signed on August 24, 1821.
• The new government in Mexico loosened the rules affecting trade with American merchants.
• As a result, the northern parts of Mexico, including present-day California, New Mexico, and Texas, began trading more with the United States than with other parts of Mexico.
• In 1833, the Mexican government took control of California’s missions and farmland and handed them over to wealthy, influential Mexican citizens.
• These new Mexican policies allowed the United States to develop strong economic ties with California and New Mexico long before it gained political control over these territories.
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Texas IndependenceMexico and American Settlers•Mexican policy in the 1820s encouraged American immigration. •By 1830, more Americans than Mexicans lived in Texas.•As their numbers swelled, Americans demanded more political control. •In particular, they wanted slavery to be guaranteed under Mexican law.
Santa Anna and Texan Self-Rule•In 1833, General Antonio López de Santa Anna took power in Mexico, soon making himself dictator.•Santa Anna’s actions united Texans behind the cause of self-rule. •A clash between settlers and Mexican troops in October 1835 began the Texas War for Independence, with Sam Houston commanding the rebel forces.
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Texas Fights for Independence• At the Battle of the Alamo in December 1835,
Santa Anna held rebel forces under siege for 13 days before overcoming the Texan Alamo fortress. Over 100 Texans were killed.
• On March 2, 1836, Texans formally declared the founding of an Independent Republic of Texas.
• On April 28, with shouts of “Remember the Alamo!” Sam Houston lead 900 Texans to the San Jacinto River where they defeated Santa Anna’s troops and forced him to sign a treaty recognizing the Republic of Texas.
• Texans elected Sam Houston as their first president and drafted a constitution modeled on that of the United States.
• The constitution included a provision which prevented the Texas Congress from interfering with slavery.
• The Texas War for Independence would influence United States relations with Mexico as well as the issue of slavery in America.
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Annexation of Texas• During the 1830s and 1840s, many
Americans favored expanding Unites States territory.
• After winning its independence from Mexico, Texas voted in 1836 to be annexed, or joined, to the United States.
• Most Southerners and Democrats approved of annexing Texas, hoping to create additional slave states out of the Texas territory.
• Northerners and Whigs, though, did not want to shift the balance of power to the South. Both sides also worried that annexation would lead to war with Mexico.
• Texas was annexed in early 1845, and became the twenty-eighth state in the Union later that year.
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James K. Polk Eleventh President
1845-1849
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Why Stop at Texas?• President Polk wanted the
territory all the way to the Pacific
• He offered to buy the land for $30 million
• Polk sent troops to “defend the border” – Mexican troops fired on the soldiers, and Polk had an excuse to seize Mexican lands
• With American blood lost on American Soil, Polk convinced Congress to declare war…
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The Mexican War 1846-1848• Beginnings of the Mexican War
– A dispute over the southern border of Texas– President Polk’s dreams of acquiring Mexican
lands– and a skirmish in April 1846 led to the Mexican
War.• The United States declared war on May 13,
1846 • The Bear Flag Revolt
– Before news of the war had reached California, settlers there declared an independent Republic of California. The uprising became known as the Bear Flag Revolt after the bear pictured on the new republic’s flag.
• By January 1847, United States forces had taken control of the territories of New Mexico and California.
• The fighting continued in Mexico until September 14, 1847, when America captured Mexico City, the capital of Mexico.
• 1848 the war ended with an American victory
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The Mexican
War
The Mexican War provided an opportunity to extend America’s borders across the continent.
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The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo •The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the Mexican War with substantial gains for the United States.•In the treaty, Mexico recognized the Rio Grande as the border of Texas and gave up its claims to Texas, California, and New Mexico in return for $15 million.
Gadsden Purchase 1853 • Five years later, Mexico sold 30,000 square miles of land to the United States for $10 million. This included land that became southern New Mexico and Arizona.
Results of the Mexican War•The Mexican War, together with the Gadsden Purchase and the 1846 division of Oregon, established the borders of the continental United States as they are today.•In Mexico, bitterness developed toward the United States that would last for decades.•New American territory in the West opened the door to an even larger wave of western migration.
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The Wilmot Proviso• Another important effect of the Mexican
War was its role in bringing the question of slavery to the forefront of American politics.
• Congress faced a decision about whether or not to allow slavery in the newly acquired territories. Its decision could tip the balance of political power toward either the North or the South.
• The Wilmot Proviso - first attached to an 1846 bill, stated that slavery would be forbidden in new territories acquired from Mexico.
• The Wilmot Proviso never became law. However, it revealed the growing gap between the North and the South over slavery.
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Zachary Taylor Twelfth President
1849-1850
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Protestant RevivalistsThe Revivalist Movement•During the early 1800s, a social reform movement rooted in Protestant religious faith emerged.•The reformers believed that God was all-powerful but that God allowed people to make their own destinies.•Revivalists gave speeches, helped slaves escape, and worked for women’s right to vote and other social issues.
Notable Reformers•Charles Grandison Finney of New York was a lawyer and Presbyterian minister who emphasized individuals’ power to reform themselves.•Lyman Beecher was also an important revivalist figure. He taught that good people would make a good country, and he raised 13 children, including reformer Catherine Beecher and antislavery author Harriet Beecher Stowe.
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The Transcendentalists• A philosophical movement called
transcendentalism emerged among writers and philosophers in New England. Transcendentalists believed that through a process of spiritual discovery and insight, people could rise above, or transcend, the material world.
• Transcendentalists taught that people should live self-reliant, moral lives. To many, this meant helping to reform society.
• Two transcendentalist writers became renowned figures. Ralph Waldo Emerson’s Essays and Henry David Thoreau’s Walden earned them worldwide fame as well as a place in the American literary tradition.
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The Temperance Movement• The most widespread social reform
movement during the early 1800s was the temperance movement, an organized campaign to eliminate alcohol consumption.
• Temperance reformers opposed alcohol consumption, arguing that it threatened family life and caused employee absenteeism.
• Members of the movement encouraged people to take pledges of abstinence, or refraining from doing something, in this case drinking alcohol. They also worked for political change to ban the sale of alcohol.
• Some states, beginning with Maine in 1851, passed laws banning the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages. However, protests soon led to the lax enforcement or the repeal of most of these laws.
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Public EducationEmergence of Public Education
Desire for Public Education• Beginning in the 1820s, many working-class and
middle-class Americans demanded tax-supported public schools. They felt that a democracy required citizens who were literate, informed, and morally upright.
Opposition Views• Others did not want their tax money to support schools.
Many rural families depended on their children’s labor and did not want them to be required to attend school.
Horace Mann• Horace Mann helped Massachusetts pioneer school
reform, encouraging other states to do the same. He also established the grade level system, consistent curricula, and teacher training programs.
Moral Education• Early public education was designed to teach
Protestant moral values as well as reading and other skills. Students learned thrift, obedience, honesty, and temperance from books such as McGuffey’s Readers.
The Limits to Reform• African Americans and girls often did not have the same
opportunity to attend school that white boys did. When African Americans did attend schools, they were often segregated, or separated according to their race.
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Reforming Prisons
• In the early 1800s, many states built prisons to house people who had committed crimes. These prisons were supposed to allow inmates to reflect on their sins and possibly later rejoin society as law-abiding citizens.
• Beginning in 1841, Boston schoolteacher Dorothea Dix visited prisons and found deplorable conditions. These conditions included crowded living spaces, lack of heat, lack of proper food and clothing, and lack of treatment for mentally ill inmates.
• Dix submitted a report of her findings to the Massachusetts legislature. Her testimony convinced Massachusetts and other states to improve prison conditions and to build separate hospitals for the mentally ill.
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Utopian Communities• Instead of working for larger reform, some
reformers aimed to create small societies dedicated to social and political perfection. These societies, called utopian communities, arose across the United States.
• One of the most well-known utopian communities was New Harmony in Indiana, founded in 1825 by Scottish industrialist and social reformer Robert Owen.
• Most utopian communities were religiously oriented. One group in particular, the Shakers, aimed to lead lives of productive labor, moral perfection, and equality.
• Despite their goals, most utopian communities, including New Harmony, fell victim to laziness, selfishness, and quarreling.
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Private Roles for WomenCultural and Legal Limits on Women•Industrialization meant that many women, especially in comfortable households in the North, were freed from some household chores and given more time to devote to other tasks.•Women were expected to raise children, entertain guests, perform community service, and complete tasks around the house. These cultural norms were backed by laws such as those that prevented women from voting or prevented married women from owning property.
Reform at Home•Some reformers, including Catherine Beecher, sought reform within the rules of the time.•Beecher helped establish the Hartford Female Seminary, where she also taught.•Beecher’s A Treatise on Domestic Economy offered women household advice and inspired them to help build a stronger America through their work in the home.
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Public Roles for WomenFighting for Reform•For many women, participating in the reform movements of the late 1800s was a first taste of life outside the home.•Women participated in many aspects of reform, including writing, speaking, and marching in parades to support their cause.•Through these activities, many middle-class women became aware both of their inferior position in society and of their ability to fight to change it.
Fighting for Abolition•Many women entered the public world of politics by participating in the fight to end slavery.•Women saw parallels between their status and that of African Americans.•Some men objected to women’s participation in the abolitionist movement, believing that women should use their influence only within their families.
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A Women’s Rights Movement
• American women delegates to the first World Anti-Slavery Convention in London, England, in 1840 were outraged when the convention voted to prohibit women from participating.
• Two of these women, Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, turned their anger into action. In 1848, they organized their own convention on women’s rights.
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The Seneca Falls Convention• The women’s rights convention that Mott and
Stanton organized, called the Seneca Falls Convention, was the first of its kind in United States history.
• At the convention, Stanton read her Declaration of Sentiments, a document which echoed the language of the Declaration of Independence.
• The convention passed 12 resolutions, including a controversial one calling for suffrage, or the right to vote, for women. Women opposed to suffrage argued that women should use their influence only within their homes.
• No African American woman attended the convention. Although many found the abolitionist movement to be a more pressing concern, some, including Sojourner Truth, were active in the women’s movement as well.
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Progress for Women’s Rights
Although some gains came more slowly, many women began attending college and taking on careers in fields previously reserved for men. Some notable women of this period include:
• In 1851, Elizabeth Blackwell became the first American woman to earn a medical diploma.
• Maria Mitchell became the nation’s first female astronomer, becoming highly successful in her field.
• Author and editor Margaret Fuller criticized cultural traditions that restricted women’s roles.
• Editor Sarah Josepha Hale published articles about women’s issues for almost 50 years.
