Fabulae Faciles:

PERSEUS

Latin&Text&with&Facing&Vocabulary&and&Commentary&&

excerpted&from&Geoffrey&Steadman’s&volume&of&the&Fabulae'Faciles'

Ritchie’s Fabulae Faciles Latin Text with Facing Vocabulary and Commentary First Edition © 2012 by Geoffrey D. Steadman revised April 2013, March 2014 All rights reserved. Subject to the exception immediately following, this book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publisher. The author has made an online version of this work available (via email) under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 License. The terms of the license can be accessed at creativecommons.org. Accordingly, you are free to copy, alter, and distribute this work freely under the following conditions: (1) You must attribute the work to the author (but not in any way that suggests that the author endorses your alterations to the work). (2) You may not use this work for commercial purposes. (3) If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same or similar license as this one. ISBN-13: 978-0-9843065-5-8 ISBN-10: 0-9843065-5-2 Published by Geoffrey Steadman Cover Design: David Steadman Fonts: Times New Roman geoffreysteadman@gmail.com

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How to Use this Commentary Research shows that, as we learn how to read in a second language, a combination of reading and direct vocabulary instruction is statistically superior to reading alone. One of the purposes of this book is to encourage active acquisition of vocabulary.

1. Master the core vocabulary list as soon as possible.

Develop a daily regimen for memorizing vocabulary and forms before you begin reading. Start with an intensive review of the running core list on the next page. Although a substantial number of core vocabulary words come within the first few lessons of the commentary, readers have encountered most of these words in first-year Latin and should be able to master the list quickly. Once readers have reviewed these words, I recommend that they consult and memorize slightly less frequent words in Fabulae Faciles as they encounter them.

2. Read actively.

Read in Latin word order. Initially, readers have a tendency both (a) to scan through the entire Latin sentence quickly to order to attain a sense of the constructions and (b) to treat the sentence as a puzzle and jump around the passage from subject to verb to object and so on. As you acquire more vocabulary and your comfort with the Latin increases, make reading in Latin word order your primary method. It is a lot of fun and with persistence very satisfying as well. Develop the habit of making educated guesses as you read. The purpose of the graded reader to provide you with an opportunity to encounter difficult constructions, particularly subjunctive clauses and indirect discourse, so frequently that you cannot help but to develop proficiency identifying and translating them. Make educated guests as you read. If you guess correctly, the commentary will reaffirm your knowledge of the Latin. If you answer incorrectly, you will become more aware of your weaknesses and therefore more capable of correcting them.

3. Reread a passage immediately after you have completed it.

Repeated readings not only help you commit Latin to memory but also increase your ability to read the Latin as Latin. Always read the words out loud (or at least whisper them to yourself). While you may be inclined to translate the text into English as you reread, develop the habit of reading Latin as Latin.

4. Reread the most recent passage immediately before you begin a new one.

This additional repetition will strengthen your ability to recognize vocabulary, forms, and syntax quickly, bolster your confidence, and most importantly provide you with much-needed context as you begin the next selection in the text.

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Abbreviations

abs. absolute acc. accusative act. active adj. adjective adv. adverb app. appositive comp. comparative dat. dative dep. deponent d.o. direct object f. feminine fut. future gen. genitive imp. imperative

impf. imperfect imper. impersonal indic. indicative i.o. indirect object ind. indirect inf. infinitive inter. interrogative m. masculine n. neuter nom. nominative obj. object pple. participle pass passive pf. perfect

pl. plural plpf. pluperfect pred. predicate prep. preposition pres. present pron. pronoun quest. question reflex. reflexive rel. relative seq. sequence sg. singular subj. subject superl. superlative voc. vocative

Perseus

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1. THE ARK

Haec n�rrantur � po�ts d� Perse. Perseus flius erat Ivis, maxim derum; avus eius Acrisius appell�b�tur. Acrisius vol�bat Perseum neptem suum nec�re; nam propter r�culum puerum tim�bat. Comprehendit igitur Perseum adhuc nfantem, et cum m�tre in arc� ligne� incl�sit. Tum arcam ipsam in mare coni�cit. Danaë, Perse m�ter, magnopere territa est; tempest�s enim magna mare turb�bat. Perseus autem in sin� m�tris dormi�bat. 2. JUPITER SAVES HIS SON

Iuppiter tamen haec omnia vdit, et flium suum serv�re cnstituit. Tranquillum igitur f�cit mare, et arcam ad nsulam Serphum perd�xit. Huius nsulae Polydect�s tum r�x erat. Postquam arca ad ltus appulsa est, Danaë in har�n� qui�tem capi�bat. Post breve tempus � pisc�tre qudam reperta est, et ad domum r�gis Polydectis adducta est. Ille m�trem et puerum benign� exc�pit, et es s�dem t�tam in fnibus sus dedit. Danaë hoc dnum libenter acc�pit, et pr tant benefici r�g gr�ti�s �git. 3. PERSEUS IS SENT ON HIS TRAVELS

Perseus igitur mults anns ibi habit�bat, et cum m�tre su� vtam be�tam ag�bat. At Polydect�s Danaën magnopere am�bat, atque eam in m�trimnium d�cere vol�bat. Hoc tamen cnsilium Perse minim� gr�tum erat. Polydect�s igitur Perseum dmittere cnstituit. Tum iuvenem ad s� voc�vit et haec dxit: "Turpe est hanc ign�vam

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Acrisius, -i m.: Acrisius, 4 add�c, -ere, -x, -ctum: to lead to, bring, 8 adhuc: still, 5 ag, agere, �g, �ctum: drive, lead, spend, 13 appell (1): call (by name), name, 12 appell�, -ere, -pul�, -puls�: drive to, 14 arca, -ae f.; chest, box, ark, 4 avus, av m.: grandfather, 2 beatus, -a, -um: blessed, happy, 3 beneficium, - n.: benefit, favor; kindness, 8 benignus, -a, -um: kind, 4 comprehend, -ere, -d, -sum: grasp, seize, 3 Dana�, -�s f.: Danae, 5 d�mitt, -ere, -ms, -missum: to drop, 3 domus, -�s f.: house, home, dwelling, 11 dnum, - n.: gift, 6 dormi, -re, -v: to sleep, 8 duc, -ere, d�x, ductus: lead, draw, bring, 5 excipi, ere, c�p, ceptum: receive, welcome9 flius, -i m.: son, 10 fnis, -is m./f.: end, limit, border, boundary, 12 gr�tia, -ae f.: graditude, favor, thanks, 10 gr�tus, -a, -um: pleasing, grateful, 1 har�na, -ae f.: sand, 1 ignavus, -a, -um: lazy, cowardly, 2 incl�d, -ere, -�s, -�sum: close in, shut in, 7 inf�ns, -fantis m. f.: infant, 2 Iuppiter, Iovis m.: Jupiter, 8 iuvenis, -is m.: youth, young man, 4 libenter: gladly, willingly, 12

lgnum, - n.: wood, 4 mater, matris f.: mother, 9 matrimnium, -i n.: marriage, 6 maximus, -a, -um: greatest, 9 minim�: least, by no means, not at all, 1 nam: for, 6 n�rr (1): to narrate, relate, 7 nec (1): to kill, slay, put to death, 9 neps, neptis m.: grandson, decendent, 2 r�culum, - n.: oracle, 11 perd�c, -ere, -x, -ctum: lead through, 4 pisc�tor, pisc�tris m.: fisherman, 1 po�ta, -ae m.: poet, 4 Polydect�s, -is m.: Polydectes, 7 pr: before, in front of, for, 9 propter: on account of, because of, 6 qui�s, qui�tis f.: rest, repose, sleep, 5 reperi, -re, repper, repertum: find out, 9 s�des, s�dis f.: seat; abode, home, 5 Seriphus, - m.: Seriphos (an island) 1 serv (1): save, keep, preserve, 1 sinus, -�s m.: bosom, lap, 1 terre, -�re, -u, territum: to terrify, scare, 5 time, -�re, -u: fear, dread, 6 tranquillus, -a, -um: calm, tranquil, 1 turb (1): to confuse, disturb, 2 turpis, turpe: ugly, shameful, 1 tutus, -a, -um: safe, secure, 3 vta, -ae, f.: life, 9 voc (1): call, summon, invoke, 2

2 haec: these (things); neut. pl. d�: about; often when object is not a place Ivis: of Jupiter; the god Iuppiter declines in the 3rd decl.: Iuppiter, Ivis, Iv�, Ivem and Ive; Ivis is gen. sg. 3 eius: gen. sg. of is, ea, id Acrisius: pred. nom. of appell�b�tur, which behaves as a linking verb 4 suum: his; reflexive possessive adj., use the subject (‘su’ as in subject!) to translate 6 in mare: acc. place to which, neuter sg. Danaë: Greek nominative, the two dots (diaeresis) indicate that the ‘e’ is pronounced separately from the ‘a’ 7 tempest�s: nom. sg., fem. 3rd decl. 9 sin�: 4th decl. abl. sg. 11 haec omnia: neuter acc. pl., add ‘things’ 12 f�cit: made (x) (y); tranquillum is an adj. in the predicative position: not ‘tranquil sea’ but ‘sea tranquil’

10 huius nsulae: gen. sg. with rex; –ius is a common gen. pronoun ending (hic) 14 qui�tam capi�bat: was taking a rest 15 qu-dam: a certain; the suffix -dam never declines but the first half of this indefinite adjective does and modifies pisc�tre (abl) 16 benign�: kindly; -� indicates an adv. 17 es: dat. pl. is, ea, id; ind. obj. of dedit 18 pr: (in return) for r�g: dat. sg. 3rd decl. noun rex, r�gis gr�ti�s �git: gave thanks; common idiom for gr�ti�s �go, here pf. 21 mults anns: for…; acc. duration 22 ag�bat: was living/spending; common idiom for v�tam ag; cf. line 18 Danaën: Greek accusative ( ‘n’ not ‘m’) 23 Perse: dat. of reference with gr�tum 25 haec: neuter pl., supply ‘things’ Turpe est: it is shameful to; the adj. turpis, turpe is neut. because an inf. is subject

Perseus

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vtam agere; iam d�dum t� adul�sc�ns es. Qu �sque hc man�bis? Tempus est arma capere et virt�tem praest�re. Hinc ab, et caput Med�sae mihi refer.” 4. PERSEUS GETS HIS OUTFIT

Perseus ubi haec audvit, ex nsul� discessit, et postquam ad continentem v�nit, Med�sam quaesvit. Di� fr�str� quaer�bat; namque n�t�ram loc ignor�bat. Tandem Apoll et Minerva viam d�mnstr�v�runt. Prmum ad Grae�s, sorr�s Med�sae, perv�nit. Ab hs t�l�ria et galeam magicam acc�pit. Apoll autem et Minerva falcem et speculum ded�runt. Tum postquam t�l�ria pedibus induit, in ��ra ascendit. Di� per ��ra vol�bat; tandem tamen ad eum locum v�nit ubi Med�sa cum c�ters Gorgonibus habit�bat. Gorgon�s autem mnstra erant speci� horribil; capita enim e�rum anguibus omnn cont�cta erant. Man�s etiam ex aere factae erant. 5. THE GORGON'S HEAD

R�s difficillima erat caput Gorgonis abscdere; eius enim cnspect� homin�s in saxum vert�bantur. Propter hanc causam Minerva speculum Perse dederat. Ille igitur tergum vertit, et in speculum inspici�bat; hc mod ad locum v�nit ubi Med�sa dormi�bat. Tum falce su� caput eius �n ict� abscdit. C�terae Gorgon�s statim � somn excit�tae sunt, et ubi rem vd�runt, r� commtae sunt. Arma rapu�runt, et Perseum occdere vol�bant. Ille autem dum f�git, galeam magicam induit; et ubi hoc f�cit, statim � cnspect� e�rum �v�sit.

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Perseus 5

abe, -re, -i, -itus: go away, go off, depart, 6 abscd, -ere, -cd, -csum: cut away or off, 5 adul�sc�ns, -entis: young (man), youth(ful), 3 ��r, a�ris n.: air, 6 aes, aeris n.: bronze, 1 ag, agere, �g, �ctum: drive, lead, spend, 13 anguis, -is m. f.: serpents, snakes, 1 Apollo, -inis m.: Apollo, 7 arma, -rum n.: arms, equipment, tools, 6 ascend, -ere, -, -�nsus: ascend, mount, 3 c�ter, -ae, -a: the other, remaining, 2 commove, -�re, -mv, -mtum: move, trouble, upset, 14 conspectus, -�s m.: sight, view, 6 conteg, -ere, -t�x, -t�ctum: cover, 1 contine, -�re, -nu, -tentum: hold or keep together, 4 d�monstr (1): to show, demonstrate, 13 difficilis, -e: hard, difficult, troublesome, 6 disc�d, -ere, -cess, -cessum: to go away, depart, 4 di�: a long time, long, 13 dormi, -re, -v: to sleep, 8 d�dum: a short time ago; just now, once, 2 ego: I, 9 �vad, -ere, �v�s, �v�sum: go out, escape, 9 excit (1): excite, rouse, incite, 8 falx falcis f.: sickle, 2 frustr�: in vain, for nothing, 13 fugi, fugere, f�g, --: to flee, hurry away, 9 galea, -ae f.: helmet, 3 Gorg, -onis f.: Gorgon, 4

Graeae, -�rum f.: Graece, 1 hinc: from this place, hence, 1 horribilis, -e: horrible, dreadful, 11 ictus, -�s m.: strike, blow, 4 ignr (1): not know, be ignorant, 5 indu, -ere, indu, ind�tum: put on, 8 inspici, -ere, -sp�x, -spectum: look upon, 1 ra, rae f.: anger, 12 magicus, -a, -um: magic, 5 mane, -�re, mans, --: to stay, wait, 9 Med�sa, -ae f.: Medusa, 6 Minerva, -ae f.: Minerva, 4 namque: for, 2 nat�ra, -ae. f.: nature, 9 occid, -ere, -cid, -csus: kill, cut down, 14 omnn: altogether, wholely, entirely, 11 p�s, pedis m.: foot, 8 praest, -st�re, -stit: stand in front, show, 6 propter: on account of, because of, 6 rapi, -ere, rapu, raptum: to seize, snatch, 5 somnus, - m.: sleep, 14 soror, sorris f.: sister, 1 speculum, - n.: mirror, 3 tal�ria, -ium: winged shoes, 4 tergum, - n.: back, 8 tu: you, 10 usque: all the way to, up to, continuously, 2 vert, -ere, vert, versum: to turn, 4 via, -ae, f.: way, road, 4 virt�s, -�tis f.: valor, manhood, excellence, 10 vta, -ae, f.: life, 9 vol (1): to fly, 3

1 agere: to live; idiom, see p. 2, line 22 iam d�dum: now for a long time; often as one word es: 2nd sg. pres. sum qu (cnsili): for what purpose hc: note the long vowel ‘’ indicates that this is the adverb ‘here’ not the pronoun 2 Tempus est: it is time; infinitives are subj. hinc: from here; compare hc above ab: sg. imperative abe 3 mihi: dat. sg. eg refer: sg. imperative, 3rd conj. refer does not retain the final “e.” Consider the mnemonic: ‘dc, d�c, fac and fer should have an “e” but it isn’t there.’ 7 frustr�: a common adverb Graeae: these 3 sisters to the Gorgons had

one eye, which they shared; Perseus stole the eye until they told him what he wanted 11 e: dat. sg. ind. object is, ea, id 12 pedibus: on…; dat. pl. with compound verb (make prefix “in-“ into a preposition) 14 speci� horribil: of horrible appearance; abl. of quality with monstra, horribil is i- stem 3rd decl. abl., speci� is 5th decl. abl. 15 aere: bronze; abl. of aes, not ��r 19 difficillima: superlative difficilis eius…cnspect�: gen. sg. the Gorgon’s 22 hc mod: in this way; abl. of manner 24 ubi: when; i.e. ‘at this point’ in time/place r�: by anger; abl. of cause or means commtae sunt: were moved; they are moved emotionally, not physically

Perseus 6

6. THE SEA-SERPENT

Post haec Perseus in fn�s Aethiopum v�nit. Ibi C�pheus qudam ill tempore regn�bat. Hic Nept�num, maris deum, lim offenderat; Nept�nus autem mnstrum saevissimum mserat. Hoc cotdi� � mar veni�bat et homin�s d�vor�bat. Ob hanc causam pavor anims omnium occup�verat. C�pheus igitur r�culum de Hammnis cnsuluit, atque � de iussus est fliam mnstr tr�dere. Eius autem flia, nmine Andromeda, virg frmsissima erat. C�pheus ubi haec audvit, magnum dolrem perc�pit. Vol�bat tamen cv�s sus � tant percul extrahere, atque ob eam causam imper�ta Hammnis facere cnstituit. 7. A HUMAN SACRIFICE

Tum r�x diem certam dxit et omnia par�vit. Ubi ea di�s v�nit, Andromeda ad ltus d�ducta est, et in cnspect� omnium ad r�pem allig�ta est. Omn�s f�tum eius deplr�bant, nec lacrim�s ten�bant. At subit, dum mnstrum exspectant, Perseus accurrit; et ubi lacrim�s vdit, causam dolris quaerit. Ill rem ttam expnunt et puellam d�mnstrant. Dum haec geruntur, fremitus terribilis audtur; simul mnstrum horribil speci� procul cnspicitur. Eius cnspectus timrem maximum omnibus ini�cit. Mnstrum magn� celerit�te ad ltus contendit, iamque ad locum appropinqu�bat ubi puella st�bat. 8. THE RESCUE

At Perseus ubi haec vdit, gladium suum �d�xit, et postquam t�l�ria induit, in ��ra subl�tus est. Tum d�super in mnstrum impetum subit f�cit, et gladi su collum eius graviter vulner�vit.

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accurr, -ere, -cucurr, -cursum: to run to, 2 adlig (1): bind to, tie to, 2 ��r, a�ris n.: air, 6 Aethiop�s, -um m.: Ethiopians, 2 Andromeda, -ae f.: Andromeda, 4 appropinqu (1): come near, approach, 8 celerit�s, -t�tis f.: speed, quickness, 7 Cepheus, - m.: Cepheus, 5 certus, -a, -um: fixed, sure, 11 cvis, -is m/f: citizen, fellow citizen, 5 collum, - n.; neck, 6 conspectus, -�s m.: sight, view, 6 conspici, -ere, -�x, -ectum: catch sight of, 3 contend, -ere, -, -tus: strive; hasten; fight 11 cottdi�: daily, 2 d�d�c, -ere: lead or bring down, launch, 10 d�monstr (1): to show, demonstrate, 13 deplor (1): lament, weep, 1 d�super: from above, 2 d�vor (1): swallow down, devour, 4 �d�c, -ere, -d�x, -ductum: lead out, draw, 3 expn, -ere, -su, -situm: set out, explain 7 extrah, -ere, -trax, -tractum: draw out, 2 f�tum, -� n.: fate, ruin, death, 2 fnis, -is m./f.: end, limit, border, boundary, 12 formsus, -a, -um: shapely, beautiful, 2 fremitus, -�s m.: roaring, roar, 2 gladius, - m.: sword, 10 Hammn, -nis m.: Hammon (Jupiter), 2 horribilis, -e: horrible, dreadful, 11 imper (1): order, command, 12

impetus, -�s m.: attack, onset, assault, 9 indu, -ere, indu, ind�tum: put on, 8 inici, -ere, -i�c, -iectum: throw in or upon, 2 lacrima, -ae f.: tear, 10 maximus, -a, -um: greatest, 9 nec: and not, nor, 10 Nept�nus, - m.: Neptune, 4 nmen, nminis, n.: name, 12 ob: on account of (acc.), 13 occup (1): occupy, seize, 8 offend, -ere, offend, off�nsum: offend, 1 lim: once, formerly, 10 r�culum, - n.: oracle, 11 pavor, pavris m.: terror, panic, 1 percipi, -ere, -c�p, -ceptum: receive, perceive, get, 5 procul: from afar, from a distance, 5 puella, -ae f.: girl, 8 que: and, 14 r�gn (1): to rule, reign, 3 r�p�s, r�pis f.: rock, cliff, 6 saevus, -a, -um: savage, fierce, 3 simul: at the same time; at once, together, 10 st (1): to stand, 8 tal�ria, -ium: winged shoes, 4 tene, ten�re, tenu, tentum: to hold, keep 13 terribilis, -e: terrible, dreadful, 5 toll, tolle, sustul, subl�tum: raise, lift up 10 ttus -a, -um: whole, entire, 14 virg, virginis f.: maiden, 2 vulner (1): wound, injure, 7

2 in fn�s: into the borders; usual meaning 3 ill tempore: at…; abl. of time when Hc: note that the ‘�’ distinguishes this adverb from the pronoun hic, ‘this one’ 3 saevissimum: superlative adj. saevus Hoc: this one; neut. sg. subject; “this (monster),” monstrum is neuter 5 mar: abl. sg. 3rd decl. i-stem noun 6 omnium: gen. pl. 3rd decl. i-stem adj. de Hammnis: of the god Hammon; a north African god often identified with Jupiter/Zeus, sometimes spelled ‘Ammon’ 7 mnstr: dat. sg. ind. obj. of tr�dere 8 nmine: by name; abl. of respect virg: nom. sg. predicate 9 haec: these (things); neut. acc. pl. vol�bat: impf. of vol�, velle, ‘to wish,’ not from vol�, vol�re, “to fly” 10 ob eam causam: for this reason

11 imper�ta: commands; ‘things having been commanded’ neuter acc. pl. PPP (pf. pass. pple) imper� 14 diem certam dxit: appointed a…day omnia: neut pl. acc. 3rd decl. i-stem ea: this; is, ea, id as an adj. is a demonstrative which can be translated as “this/these” or “that/those” 16 eius: her; gen. fem. sg. is, ea, id expnunt: explain; ‘set out (in detail)’ 20 horribil speci�: of…; see p. 5, line 14 eius: of this one; or ‘of it,’ i.e. monstrum 21 omnibus: upon all; dat. of compound verb magn� celerit�te: with..; abl. manner often ‘cum’ missing when there is an adj. 26 subl�tus est: 3rd sg. pf. pass. toll� in mnstrum: against...; often in an attack impetum…f�cit: made an attack 27 eius: his; ‘of that one,’ gen. sg.

Perseus 8

Mnstrum ubi s�nsit vulnus, fremitum horribilem �didit, et sine mor� ttum corpus in aquam mersit. Perseus dum circum ltus volat, reditum eius exspect�bat. Mare autem intere� undique sanguine nficitur. Post breve tempus belua r�rsus caput sustulit; mox tamen � Perse ict� gravire vulner�ta est. Tum iterum s� in und�s mersit, neque poste� vsa est. 9. THE REWARD OF VALOR

Perseus postquam ad ltus d�scendit, prmum t�l�ria exuit; tum ad r�pem v�nit ubi Andromeda vincta erat. Ea autem omnem spem sal�tis d�posuerat, et ubi Perseus adiit, terrre paene exanim�ta erat. Ille vincula statim solvit, et puellam patr reddidit. C�pheus ob hanc rem maxim gaudi affectus est. Meritam gr�tiam pr tant benefici Perse rettulit; praetere� Andromedam ipsam e in m�trimnium dedit. Ille libenter hoc dnum acc�pit et puellam d�xit. Paucs anns cum uxre su� in e� regine habit�bat, et in magn honre erat apud omn�s Aethiop�s. Magnopere tamen m�trem suam rursus vid�re cupi�bat. Tandem igitur cum uxre su� � regn C�phe discessit. 10. POLYDECTES IS TURNED TO STONE

Postquam Perseus ad nsulam n�vem appulit, s� ad locum contulit ubi m�ter lim habit�verat, sed domum inv�nit vacuam et omnn d�sertam. Tr�s di�s per ttam nsulam m�trem quaer�bat; tandem quart di� ad templum Di�nae perv�nit. H�c Danaë ref�gerat, quod

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Perseus 9

ade, -re, -i(v): go to, approach, 4 Aethiop�s, -um m.: Ethiopians, 2 affici, -ere, -f�c, fectum: influence, treat, 13 Andromeda, -ae f.: Andromeda, 4 appell, -ere, -pul, -puls: drive to, 14 apud: among, in the presence of (+ acc.), 9 aqua, -ae f.: water, 11 belua, -ae f.: beast, brute, monster, 1 beneficium, - n.: benefit, favor; kindness, 8 Cepheus, - m.: Cepheus, 5 circum: around, about, at, near (acc.), 1 cupi, -ere, -v, -tum: desire, long for, 4 Dana�, -�s f.: Danae, 5 d�pon, -ere, -su, -situm: put down or aside9 d�scend, -ere, -nd, -nsum: descend, 4 d�ser, -ere, -u, -sertum: to desert, 2 Di�na, -ae f.: Diana, 1 disc�d, -ere, -ss, -ssum: go away, depart, 4 domus, -�s f.: house, home, dwelling, 11 dnum, - n.: gift, 6 duc, -ere, d�x, ductus: lead, draw, bring, 5 �d, -ere, �did, �ditum: give out, put forth, 3 exanim (1): to kill, exhaust, 9 exu, -ere, -u, -�tum: take off, put off, 1 fremitus, -�s m.: roaring, roar, 2 gaudium, -i n.: gladness, joy, 9 gr�tia, -ae f.: graditude, favor, thanks, 10 honor, -ris m.: honor, glory; offering, 4 horribilis, -e: horrible, dreadful, 11 h�c: to this place, hither, 2 ictus, -�s m.: strike, blow, 4 nfici, -ere, -f�c, -fectum: stain, dye, 4 intere�: meanwhile, 7 inveni, -re, -v�n, -ventum: find, discover 8 iterum: again, a second time, 3 libenter: gladly, willingly, 12 mater, matris f.: mother, 9

matrimnium, -i n.: marriage, 6 maximus, -a, -um: greatest, 9 merg, mergere, mers, mersum: to sink, 3 meritus, -a, -um: deserved, due, just, 4 mora, -ae f.: delay, hesitation, hindrance, 14 ob: on account of (acc.), 13 lim: once, formerly, 10 omnn: altogether, wholely, entirely, 11 paene: almost, nearly, 8 pater, patris, m.: father, 12 poste�: after this, afterwards, 7 praetere�: besides, moreover, 3 pr: before, in front of, for, 9 puella, -ae f.: girl, 8 quartus, -a, -um: one-fourth, 3 redd�, ere, -did�, -dditum: give back, return 4 reditus, -�s m.: return, 5 refugi, -ere, -f�g: flee back, 5 r�p�s, r�pis f.: rock, cliff, 6 rursus: again, backward, back, 7 sanguis, sanguinis m.: blood, 6 sp�s, -e f.: hope, 15 tal�ria, -ium: winged shoes, 4 templum, - n.: temple, 3 terror, terrris m.: terror, fright, 4 toll, tolle, sustul, subl�tum: raise, lift up 10 ttus -a, -um: whole, entire, 14 tr�s, tria: three, 9 unda, -ae f.: wave, 1 undique: from everywhere, from all sides, 7 uxor, �xris f.: wife, spouse, 10 vacuus, -a, -um: empty, fear, vacant, 1 vinci, -re, vnx, vnctus: bind, tie, 4 vinculum, - n.: bond, chain, 4 vol (1): to fly, 3 vulner (1): wound, injure, 7 vulnus, -eris n.: wound, blow, 6

1 �didit: �/ex + dedit, in compound verbs vowels ‘a’ and ‘e’ often become ‘I' 4 sustulit: pf. toll�, belua is subject 5 gravire: graver; or ‘more serious,’ abl. sg. comparative adj. gravis, -e 9 prmum: first (of all); adverbial acc. 11 sal�tis: for safety; objective gen., it is equivalent to the obj. of a verb ‘hope’ adiit: pf. ad-e� terrre: abl. of cause 12 patr: dat. ind. obj. of r� + dedit reddidit: red-dedit, pf. red-d� (give back), compare to red-it from red-e� (go back)

13 maxim gaudi: with…; abl. manner, without “cum” when modified by adj. pr: (in return) for… 14 rettulit: pf. refer� with a dat. ind. obj. e: dat. sg., is, ea, id 16 paucs anns: for…; acc. of duration 23 e�: this; demonstrative adj. with regi�ne 22 s� contulit: carried himself; pf. c�nfer�, a common expression for ‘went,’ ‘moved’ 23 domum: fem. sg. modified by 2 adjectives 24 tr�s di�s: for…; acc. of duration 25 quart di�: at…; abl. time when h�c: (to) here; see also h�c and hinc

Perseus 8

Mnstrum ubi s�nsit vulnus, fremitum horribilem �didit, et sine mor� ttum corpus in aquam mersit. Perseus dum circum ltus volat, reditum eius exspect�bat. Mare autem intere� undique sanguine nficitur. Post breve tempus belua r�rsus caput sustulit; mox tamen � Perse ict� gravire vulner�ta est. Tum iterum s� in und�s mersit, neque poste� vsa est. 9. THE REWARD OF VALOR

Perseus postquam ad ltus d�scendit, prmum t�l�ria exuit; tum ad r�pem v�nit ubi Andromeda vincta erat. Ea autem omnem spem sal�tis d�posuerat, et ubi Perseus adiit, terrre paene exanim�ta erat. Ille vincula statim solvit, et puellam patr reddidit. C�pheus ob hanc rem maxim gaudi affectus est. Meritam gr�tiam pr tant benefici Perse rettulit; praetere� Andromedam ipsam e in m�trimnium dedit. Ille libenter hoc dnum acc�pit et puellam d�xit. Paucs anns cum uxre su� in e� regine habit�bat, et in magn honre erat apud omn�s Aethiop�s. Magnopere tamen m�trem suam rursus vid�re cupi�bat. Tandem igitur cum uxre su� � regn C�phe discessit. 10. POLYDECTES IS TURNED TO STONE

Postquam Perseus ad nsulam n�vem appulit, s� ad locum contulit ubi m�ter lim habit�verat, sed domum inv�nit vacuam et omnn d�sertam. Tr�s di�s per ttam nsulam m�trem quaer�bat; tandem quart di� ad templum Di�nae perv�nit. H�c Danaë ref�gerat, quod

1 5

10 15 20

25

Perseus 10

Polydectem tim�bat. Perseus ubi haec cognvit, r� magn� commtus est; ad r�giam Polydectis sine mor� contendit, et ubi e v�nit, statim in �trium irr�pit. Polydect�s magn timre affectus est et fugere vol�bat. Dum tamen ille f�git, Perseus caput Med�sae mnstr�vit; ille autem simul atque hoc vdit, in saxum versus est. 11. THE ORACLE FULFILLED

Post haec Perseus cum uxre su� ad urbem Acris rediit. Ille autem ubi Perseum vdit, magno terrre affectus est; nam propter r�culum istud neptem suum adhuc tim�bat. In Thessaliam igitur ad urbem Larsam statim ref�git, fr�str� tamen; neque enim f�tum suum vt�vit. Post paucs anns r�x Larsae luds magns f�cit; nuntis in omn�s part�s dmserat et diem �dxerat. Mult ex omnibus urbibus Graeciae ad l�ds conv�n�runt. Ipse Perseus inter alis cert�men discrum iniit. At dum discum conicit, avum suum c�s� occdit; Acrisius enim inter spect�tr�s eius cert�minis forte st�bat. 12. THE HATRED OF JUNO

Hercul�s, Alcm�nae flius, lim in Graeci� habit�bat. Hic omnium hominum validissimus fuisse dcitur. At I�n, r�gna derum, Alcm�nam derat et Herculem adhuc nfantem nec�re voluit. Msit igitur du�s serpent�s saevissim�s; hae medi� nocte in cubiculum Alcm�nae v�n�runt, ubi Hercul�s cum fr�tre su dormi�bat. Nec tamen in c�ns, sed in sc�t magn cub�bant. Serpent�s iam appropinqu�verant et sc�tum mov�bant; itaque puer � somn excit�t sunt.

1 5

10 15

20 25

Perseus 11

Acrisius, -i m.: Acrisius, 4 adhuc: still, 5 affici, -ere, -f�c, fectum: influence, treat, 13 Alcmena, -ae f.: Alcmena, 4 alius, -a, -ud: other, another, else, 9 appropinqu (1): come near, approach, 8 atrium, atri n.: atrium, 3 avus, av m.: grandfather, 2 c�sus, -�s m.: misfortune, accident, event, 8 cert�men, -minis n.: struggle, contest, 2 commove, -�re, -mv, -mtum: move, trouble, upset, 14 contend, -ere, -, -tus: strive; hasten; fight 11 conveni, -re, v�n, ventum: come together 8 cubiculum, - n.: bedroom, 1 cub (1): to lie down, recline, 1 c�nae, -�rum f.: cradle, 1 discus, - m.: discus, 2 dormi, -re, -v: to sleep, 8 duo, duae, duo: two, 10 �dc, -ere, -dx, dictum: declare, proclaim, 4 excit (1): excite, rouse, incite, 8 f�tum, -� n.: fate, ruin, death, 2 flius, -i m.: son, 10 forte fr�ter, -tris m.: brother, 5 frustr�: in vain, for nothing, 13 fugi, fugere, f�g, --: to flee, hurry away, 9 fugi, fugere, f�g, --: to flee, hurry away, 9 Graecia, -ae f.: Greece, 7 ine, -re, -, -itum: go into, enter, 4 inf�ns, -fantis m. f.: infant, 2 inrump, -ere, -r�p, -ruptum: burst in, 2 inter: between, among (+ acc.), 10 ra, rae f.: anger, 12 iste, ista, istud: that or those (of yours), 7 Itaque: and so, 8

I�n, -nis m.: Juno, 3 L�rsa, -ae f.: Larisa, 2 l�dus, - m.: game, sport; school, 2 medius, -a, -um: middle of, 10 Med�sa, -ae f.: Medusa, 6 monstr (1): to show, demonstrate, 3 mora, -ae f.: delay, hesitation, hindrance, 14 move, -�re, mv, mtum: move, arouse, 3 nam: for, 6 nec: and not, nor, 10 nec (1): to kill, slay, put to death, 9 neps, neptis m.: grandson, decendent, 2 nox, noctis, f.: night, 7 nuntius, -i m.: messenger, 12 occid, -ere, -cid, -csus: kill, cut down, 14 d, -isse: to hate, 1 lim: once, formerly, 10 r�culum, - n.: oracle, 11 Polydect�s, -is m.: Polydectes, 7 propter: on account of, because of, 6 refugi, -ere, -f�g: flee back, 5 r�gia, -ae f.: palace, 4 r�gna, -ae f.: queen, 2 saevus, -a, -um: savage, fierce, 3 sc�tum, - n.: shield, 2 serp�ns, serpentis f.: serpent, 6 simul: at the same time; at once, together, 10 somnus, - m.: sleep, 14 spect�tor, -tris m.: spectator, observer, 1 st (1): to stand, 8 terror, terrris m.: terror, fright, 4 Thessalia, -ae f.: Thessaly, 4 time, -�re, -u: fear, dread, 6 uxor, �xris f.: wife, spouse, 10 validus, -a, -um: strong, 1 vert, -ere, vert, versum: to turn, 4 vt (1): to avoid, 2

1 haec: these (things); neut. substantive r�…commtus est: see p. 5, line 24 2 contendit: hastened; common in Caesar e: (to) there; adv.; ibi is “there,” inde is “from there,” and e� is “to there” 3 magn timre: abl. of means 5 simul atque: as soon as; ‘at the same time as’ 8 rediit: pf. red-e� 9 magn terrre: abl. of means 10 istud: neut. sg. with �r�culum (cf. illud) 11 frustr�: adverb 12 f�cit: produced; i.e. organized

13 part�s: directions �dxerat: appointed 14 ad: for…; ad often expresses purpose 15 iniit: pf. in-e� 16 c�s�: by chance; 4th decl. abl. of manner eius: of that…; demon. adjective forte: by chance; abl. as adverb, f�rs 21 omnium hominum: of…; partitive gen. fuisse dcitur: is said to have been; pf. inf. sum; superlative validissimus as pred. 22 derat: plpf., simple past in sense 23 hae (serpent�s): these; nom. subject medi� nocte: in…; abl. of time when

125

Alphabetized Core Vocabulary List (Words 15 or More Times)

This is an alphabetized list of the running core vocabulary found at the beginning of this commentary. To use this book properly, readers should review and memorize the running core vocabulary as they read the stories. If they encounter a word in the text that is not found in the facing vocabulary, it is most likely in the running vocabulary and the list below. The number of occurrences of each word i was tabulated with the help by the author. �, ab, abs: (away) from, out of, 72 accipi: to receive, get, accept, 26 ad: to, toward; near, 188 animus, - m.: soul, spirit, breath, courage, pride, 18 annus, - m.: year, 18 Argonautae, -�rum m.: Argonauts, 18 at: but; mind you; but, you say, 27 atque: and, and also, and even, 21 audi, audre, audv, audtum: to hear, listen to, 22 autem: however, moreover, 81 auxilium, - n.: help, aid, assistance, 19

bs, bovis m. f.: cow, ox, bull (bobus-dat. abl.), 18 brevis, -e: short, brief, 15

capi, capere, c�p, captum: to take, capture, seize, 14 caput, capitis, n.: head; life, 20 causa, -ae f.: reason, cause; case, 31 Circ�, -�s f.: Circe, 15 coep, coepisse, coeptum: begin, 16 cognsc, -ere, -nv, -nitum: to learn, perf. know, 22 confer, -ferre: bring together, collect, carry, 18 confici, -ere: to exhaust, finish, accomplish, 16 conici, -ere, -i�c: throw together, throw, take oneself, 13 cnsilium, -i n.: plan, advice; council, assembly, 23 constitu, -ere, -u, -�tus: decide, establish, resolve, 36 corpus, corporis, n.: body, 19 cum: with (+ abl.); when, since, although, 196

d�: down from, from, about, concerning (+ abl.), 29 deus, - m.: god, divinity, deity, 19 dc, -ere, dx, dictus: say, speak, tell, call, name, 17 di�s, -� m./f.: day, time, season, 46 dmitt, -ere, -ms, -missus: send away, let go, 8 d, dare, ded, datum: give, put, make; grant, allow, 42 dolor, -ris m.: pain, grief, anger, passion, 17 dum: while, as long as, until, 35

�, ex: out from, from, out of (+ abl.), 108 �gredior, -, -gressus: go out, disembark, 18

Alphabetized Core Vocabulary 126

enim: for, indeed, in truth, 77 et: and, also, even, 287 etiam: besides, also, even, 17 Eurystheus, - m.: Eurystheus, 23 exspect (1): look out for, wait for, await, 15

faci�, -ere, f�c�, fectum: make, do, 89 flia, -iae f.: daughter, 20 fl�men, -inis n.: river, stream, 15 ger, -ere, gess, gestus: carry (on), wage, 18 gravis, -e: heavy, serious, severe; venerable, 16

habe, -�re, habu, -itus: have, hold; consider, 34 habit (1): to inhabit, live, 18 Hercules, -is m.: Hercules 121 hic, haec, hoc: this, that; he, she, it, 222 hom, -inis m./f.: man, mortal, human, 21

iam: now, already, soon, 29 I�son, -onis m.: Jason, 45 ibi: there, in that place, 21 dem, eadem, idem: the same, 15 igitur: therefore, then, accordingly, 71 ille, illa, illud: that (famous); he, she, it, 84 in: in (+ abl.) , into (+ acc.), 272 ing�ns (ingentis): huge, immense, vast, huge, 21 insula, -ae f.: island, 20 intelleg, -ere, -l�x, -l�ctum: to realize, understand, 24 interfici, -ere, -f�c, -fectum: kill, slay, destroy, 15 ipse, ipsa, ipsum: -self; the very, 50 is, ea, id: this, that; he, she, it, 230 ita: so, thus, 25 iter, itineris n.: way, road, journey, 19 iube, iub�re, iuss, iussum: to order, command, 17

labor, -ris m.: labor, hardship, task, 22 ltus, ltoris n.: shore, beach, 19 locus, - m.: place, region, situation; opportunity, 51

m�gnopere: greatly, very much, 15 magnus, -a, -um: great, large, tall; mighty, important, 79 manus, -�s f.: hand, 16 mare, maris n.: sea, 15 M�d�a, -ae f.: Medea, 27 mitt, -ere, -ms, missum: to send, let go, 18 modus, - m.: way, manner; modo (adv.) only 38 monstrum, - n.: monster, 26 mox: soon, 19 multus, -a, -um: much, many, abundant, 36

Alphabetized Core Vocabulary 127

n�vis, n�vis, f.: ship, boat, 63 n�: lest, that not, no, not, 22 neque: and not (neque…neque = neither…nor), 27 nn: not, by no means, not at all, 40 n�llus, -a, -um: none, no, no one, 24

omnis, omne: every, all, 96

par (1): prepare, make (ready), 21 pars, partis, f.: part, share, 23 pauc, -ae, -a: little, few, scanty, 22 paulus, -a, -um: little, small, 16 per: through, over, across, 23 perculum, - n.: risk, danger, peril, 31 Perseus, - m.: Perseus, 26 perveni, -re, -v�n, -ventum: to come through, arrive 19 Polyph�mus, - m.: Polyphemus, 19 possum, posse, potu: be able, can, avail, 46 post: after, behind (+ acc.); afterward, next, 32 postquam: after, when, 58 prmus -a -um: first, 16 proficscor, -, -fectus: set out, depart, 19 progredior, -gred, progressus sum: advance, 17 puer, puer, m.: boy, 17

quaer, -ere, quaesv, quaestum: to seek, ask, inquire, 21 qu, quae, quod (quis? quid?): who, which, that, 307 qu�dam, quaedam, quiddam: certain, a certain, 50 rede, -re, -v: go back, return, come back, 19 refer, -ferre, -tul, -l�tum: report, bring back, 18 regi, -nis f.: region, district, 18 regnum, - n.: (royal) power, kingdom, realm, 19 reliquus, -a, um: remaining, left (over), 15 r�s, re, f.: thing, matter, affair, business, 83 r�x, r�gis m.: king; adj. ruling, royal, 44

sal�s, -�tis f.: safety, security, health, 15 saxum, sax n.: rock, 15 s�: himself, herself, itself, themselves, 115 sed: but, moreover, however, 31 senti, sentre, s�ns, s�nsum: to feel, perceive, 16 s: if (only), whether, in case that, 20 sine: without (abl.), 19 socius, - m.: ally, companion, comrade, 33 solv, -ere, solv, sol�tum: to loosen, release, 20 species, -�i f.: sight, look, appearance, aspect, 15 spelunca, -ae f.: cave, 30 statim: immediately, on the spot, at once, 28 subit: immediately, straightaway, 19

Alphabetized Core Vocabulary 128

sum, esse, fu, fut�rum: to be, 422 summus, -a, -um: highest, greatest, top of, 29 suus, -a, -um: his, her, its, their (own), 84

tamen: nevertheless, however, 99 tandem: finally, at last, at length, in the end, 28 tantus, -a, -um: so great, so much, so large, 55 tempest�s, -t�tis f.: weather; storm, 17 tempus, -poris n.: time, 31 terra, -ae f.: land, earth, 22 timor, -oris m.: fear, dread, anxiety, 15 tr�d, -dere, -did, -ditum: to give over, hand down, 20 tum: then, at that time, 73

ubi: where, when, 56 Ulix�s, -is m.: Ulysses, 43 �nus, -a, -um: one, 14 urbs, urbis, f.: city, 19 ut: as, just as, when (+ ind.); (so) that, in order that, 112

veni, -re, v�n, ventus: come, go, 72 vide, vid�re, vd, vsum: to see, 50 vinum, vin n.: wine, 16 vir, vir m.: man, male, 23 vs, (vs), f.: force, power, violence; pl. vr�s, strength, 23 vol, velle, volu: will, wish, be willing, 22