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Name__________________________________________Date___________Class_______Period_____Quaestio:________________________________________________________________________________
NuncAgenda:A Dangerous Baby?Could a newborn infant be a threat to a king? Accordingtoanancientlegend,thebabywhogrewuptobeKingCyrustheGreatofPersiawasindeedathreat.Cyrus,thelegendsays,wasthegrandsonofAstyages,kingoftheMedes.Theking’sdaughterhadmarriedCambyses,aprinceofthePersians,apeopletheMedeshadconquered.Shortlyafterthecouple’sfirstson,Cyrus,wasborn,thekinghadadreamthatthebabywouldgrowuptooverthrowhim.Afraidthedreamwouldcometrue,heorderedhisservantstokillyoungCyrus.Notwantingtokillahelplessbaby,oneoftheservantstookCyrusoutofthecityandgavehimtoanoldshepherdtoraise.Undertheshepherd’scare,CyrusgrewtobeacleverandcapableleaderwhowantedtofreehispeoplefromrulebytheMedes.Whenhereachedadulthood,Cyrusledarebellion,overthrewhisgrandfather,andmadehimselfthenewking.QUESTION:Doyouthinkthislegendistrue?Whyorwhynot?Whydoyouthinkthislegendexists?
Persia and Imperial Rule
Persian Origins • PersianethnicgrouporiginatedinPars,smallareainsouthwestern___________
– Iran(landoftheAryans)isaregionbetweenMesopotamiaandtheIndusValley,whichwasinlatertimesoftencalledPersia
• ThecloseancestorsofthePersians,andotherIranianpeoplesliketheMedes,were_________________________________pastoralnomadswhohadshiftedtosedentarylifebutwerestillclosetotheirnomadicroots
• TotheNorth,theirIraniccousins(Scythians,Sarmatians,Kushans)remained___________________anddominatedtheSteppe
Regional Recap • ThemightyIronAgeempireofthe____________________(911–609BCE)wastoppledbyan
alliancebetweentheChaldeans,Medes,andScythians.• WhiletheChaldeansfoundedtheNeo-BabylonianEmpireinMesopotamia,the_________________
EmpireconqueredallofIran,includingthePersians
Cyrus the Great • 559BCE:_______________theGreatbecamekingofPersia• GrandsonofMedianEmperorthroughmother• RebelledagainstandconqueredMedianEmpire,andthentookover___________________(aka
___________________),includingwealthyLydia,andtheNeo-BabylonianEmpireinMesopotamia• HismilitarycombinedideasfrombothSettledCivilizedEmpireBuildersANDSteppeNomadicTribal
Confederations• Amassedlarge___________________(footsoldiers),includingtenthousandwell-trained
heavily-armoredsoldierscalledtheImmortals• Theirgreateststrengthwasthelargenomadic-style____________________(soldierswith
horses),includingbotharmoredhorseridersandarcherson___________________,whichmovedfasteranddidmoredamage
• “ThearmoredPersianhorsemenandtheirdeathdealingchariotswereinvincible.Nomandaredfacethem.”—Herodotus
• Cyruswasknownforhistolerantrule,whichhelpedhim_______________________(strengthenandmaintain)power
• Forbadehissoldiersfromlootingandburningcities• Allowedconqueredpeoplestokeeptheirlanguage,________________,andreligion,didnot
forcehisonthem• Freedthe____________fromcaptivityinBablyon,allowedthemtoreturntoPalestineand
rebuildtheirHolyTemplein_______________________thattheBabylonianshaddestroyed• CyrusmentionedintheBible:“ThisisthewordofCyruskingofPersia:TheLordtheGodof
heavenhasgivenmeallthekingdomsoftheearth,andhehimselfhaschargedmetobuildhimahouseatJerusaleminJudah.ToeverymanofhispeoplenowamongyouIsay,Godbewithhim,andlethimgouptoJerusaleminJudah,andrebuildthehouseoftheLordtheGodofIsrael,theGodwhosecityisJerusalem.”—HebrewBible(Ezra1:2-3)
• CulturalTolerancemadegood_______________________sense• Largeempiresare__________________,withtherulingethnicityandcultureintheminority• Previoussedentaryempires(Assyrians,Neo-Babylonians)oftenforcedtheirwilluponthose
theyconqueredtoshowdominance,creatinghatred• Cyrusfollowedthe______________________modelofnomadicconfederations,which
madetheconqueredpeoplemoreacceptingofhisruleandlesslikelytorebel
Darius the Organized
• CambysesIIsucceededhisfatherCyrusandconqueredEgypt,butwasnottolerantandfaced___________________________
• DariusIsoonrosetobecomethenewemperor.• HenotonlyconquerednewterritoriesinEurope,theCentralAsianSteppe,andtheIndusValley,
butalsomademanyorganizationaland________________________improvementstotheempire• Developedacentralized_________________________-complexlyorganizedgovernmentwith
manypeople(civilservants)workingindifferentroles• BuiltthecapitalcityofPersepolis• ExpandedthesystemstartedbyCyrusofsatrapies-provincesrunby___________________-
governorsinchargeoflocaladministrationonbehalfofthecentralruler(theemperor)• Sentspiestowatchthemtomakesuretheystayedloyal
• Replacedirregulartributepaymentswithorganizedformaltaxcollectiontofundthegovernment• Furtherorganizedmilitaryandcreatedtheworld’sfirstorganizednavy• Standardized_________________–ideaborrowedfromLydia,facilitatedtradeandgreweconomy• RoadNetwork
• ___________________________stretchedfromSusainIrantoSardisinWesternAnatolia• Enabledswiftmovementoftroops• _________________servicetosendinformationviarelaymessengersonhorses• Facilitatedtrade
• Increasedspectacleandceremonyaroundthepositionofemperor(self-aggrandizement)• Worerobesandjewels• Requiredvisitorstobow• CalledhimselfShahanshah-___________________________
Questions:Workasagrouptogiveatleastoneexampleinthesummarychartandanswerthethree
AP-stylemultiplechoicequestions.BesuretodiscussWHYyouarechoosingeachanswer.
Cyrus DariusHowdidheexpandhispower?
Howdidheconsolidatehispower?
TributebearersfromlandssubjecttoAchaemenidrulebringrams,horses,andfabricstotheimperialcourtatPersepolis.Representativesoftwenty-threelandsofferedtributeattheimperialnewyearfestival.1.TheinteractionsdepictedintheimagebestreflectevidenceofthedevelopmentofthecityofPersepolisas
Aamagnetforritualsofareligiousnature.Bapowerfulmilitaryoutpost.Cacenterofculturaldiversity.Dahubofadministrativeactivity.
2.Thebearingoftribute,asdepictedintheimage,ledmostdirectlytowhichofthefollowingdevelopmentsunderAchaemenidrule?
ATheabolishmentofexistingregionallawsBTheestablishmentandcollectionoftaxleviesCThelossoflocalethnicidentitythroughassimilationDThederegulationofforeigncurrency
3.Thesubjects,suchasthoseshownalongthewallintheimage,weremostlikelyabsorbedintotheempirethroughwhichofthefollowing?
AImprovementsinroadsandcommunicationsBLaboringonpublicworksprojectsCStandardizationofthelegalsystemDDirectrulebyregionalgovernors