daripersian

reading booklet

PIMSLEURSIMON & SCHUSTER’S

®

Graphic Design: Maia Kennedy

© and ‰ Recorded Program 2009 Simon & Schuster, Inc.

© Reading Booklet 2009 Simon & Schuster, Inc.Pimsleur® is an imprint of Simon & Schuster Audio, a division of Simon & Schuster, Inc. Mfg. in USA.

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iii

Dari Persian

Voices

English-Speaking Instructor ...................... Ray BrownDari-Speaking Instructor .................. Jalil Abdul KarimFemale Dari Speaker ............................... Zala IbrahimiMale Dari Speaker ................................ Javed Rezayee

course Writers

Mirza Amiri ♦ Joan Schoellner

editors

Delaram Soltani ♦ Beverly D. Heinle

reVieWer

Adela Raz

executiVe Producer

Beverly D. Heinle

Producer & director

Sarah H. McInnis

recording engineers Peter S. Turpin ♦ Kelly Saux

Simon & Schuster Studios, Concord, MA

acknowleDgments

For more information, call 1-800-831-5497 or visit us at

www.Pimsleur.com

v

lesson one

.1

.2

.3

.4

.5

.6

.7

.8

.9

.10

.11

.12

.13

.14

.15

.16

.17

.18

.19

.20

reading lessons

The Dari Language. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Written Dari . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Alphabet Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Reading Lessons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Lesson One. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Lesson Two . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Lesson Three . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Lesson Four . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Lesson Five . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Lesson Six . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Lesson Seven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Lesson Eight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Lesson Nine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Lesson Ten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Lesson Eleven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Lesson Twelve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Lesson Thirteen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Lesson Fourteen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Lesson Fifteen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Lesson Sixteen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Lesson Seventeen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Lesson Eighteen (without diacritical marks) . . . . . . 33Lesson Eighteen (with diacritical marks) . . . . . . . . 34

taBle oF contents

Dari Persian

lesson 1

Dari is one of the two official languages of Afghanistan, and it’s the native tongue of about half of the population. The other official language is Pashto, spoken by about 35 percent. In addition, about 11 percent of Afghans speak a Turkic language (either Uzbek or Turkmen) and there are numerous other languages as well, such as Baluchi, Pashai, and Nuristani. Many Afghans are bilingual, often speaking more than one language as well as several dialects of those languages.

Although both Dari and Pashto are official languages, Dari is the primary means of communication. It’s taught in schools and heard on national radio, and it serves as the language of business and higher education. Because of its long and venerable literary tradition and its historical prestige, it has a higher social status than Pashto. Dari is also spoken by some two and a half million people in Iran, Pakistan, and neighboring regions. As well as the official form (the form taught in this course, formerly called “Kabuli Dari”), it has a number of variants.

the Dari language

2

Dari Persian

the Dari language (continued)

Also called “Dari Persian” or “Eastern Persian,” Dari is one of the three major Persian dialects; Modern Persian or Farsi (spoken in Iran) is another, and Tajik (spoken in Tajikistan) is the third. Dari and Tajik are considered a purer form of Persian – that is, they show less Arab influence – but all three dialects are more or less mutually intelligible. All belong to the Indo-Iranian group of languages, which is a sub-family of the Indo-European languages.

Old Persian dates back to at least 500 BC; over time, it gradually evolved to Middle Persian, or Dari Persian. During the reign of the Sassanids, who ruled over the eastern regions of Persia from 224-651 AD, it became the official court language. In fact, the name “Dari” most likely stems from the Persian word darbar, meaning “court.” As the prestige dialect, it spread to other regions as well.

After the Muslim conquest of Persia in the middle of the seventh century, Arabic replaced Dari as the official language of the Persians. This period lasted approximately two hundred years. During this time, Dari continued to evolve; it was influenced by Parthian (a middle Iranian language) and Arabic, and it was written with the Arabic script.

3

Dari Persian

the Dari language (continued)

Scholars consider this linguistic amalgamation to be the mother of both present-day Dari and Modern Persian / Farsi.

The differences between Dari Persian and Modern Persian / Farsi developed over time. Largely because of its mountainous geography, the people of the eastern region (including Afghanistan) had less contact and interaction with other foreign languages than those of the western region. Modern Persian continued to be influenced by Arabic, as well as by some European languages, especially French. Dari Persian, on the other hand, remained “purer” and more classical, preserving its original language style and expressions. Today, Farsi Persian and Dari Persian are considered two different dialects.

4

Dari Persian

written Dari

Dari uses a modified version of the Arabic alphabet, with thirty-two letters as opposed to twenty-eight in Arabic. Dari does not have capital letters, but uses an adapted form of Western punctuation. Written Dari has the following characteristics:

• Itisreadfromrighttoleft,exceptfornumbers,which go from left to right.

• Dari lettersaredistinguishedbyone, two,orthree dots, which are placed above or below the letter – or, in some cases, by the lack of dots.

• As in English handwriting, most Dari lettersconnect to those that follow them. However, seven letters, called “non-connectors,” connect only to letters that precede them.

• Whenlettersconnecttoaprecedingletter,theyoften modify their shape, undergoing a reduction when the two are joined together.

• Somelettersalsomodifytheirshapeaccordingto their position in a word – depending on whether they appear in initial, medial, or final position.

5

Dari Persian

written Dari (continued)

• In standard written Dari, the so-called“short vowels” are usually omitted. They may be represented by diacritical marks, as they are in these reading lessons. The three “long vowels,” however --- often appearing in transliteration as “aa,” “oo,” and “ee” --- are separate letters and are written.

• The appearance of some letters may vary,depending on the choice of font.

A complete listing of the Dari alphabet and the diacriticals follows. The alphabet is listed as a two-page spread. You should use this chart for reference only, as all the information you need to do the readings is contained on the audio.

6

Dari Persian

(Read from right to left.)

Symbol in Transliteration

Final (Connected) Medial Initial

aa / ’ ا / ا ا / ا ا

b ب ب ب

p پ پ پـ

t ت ت ت

s ث ث ث

j ج ج ج

ch چ چ چ

h ح ح ح

kh خ خ خ

d د د د

z ذ ذ ذ

r ر ر ر

Dari alphabet chart

7

Dari Persian

(Read from right to left.)

Name Name in Transliteration Letter

الف alef ا

ه ـ ب be ب

په pe پ

ته te ت

ثه se ث

جـیم jeem ج

چه che چ

حه حلوا he halwa ح

ـه خ kheh خ

دال daal د

ذال zaal ذ

رہ re ر

Dari alphabet chart

8

Dari Persian

(Read from right to left.)

Symbol in Transliteration

Final (Connected) Medial Initial

z ز ز ز

zh ژ ژ ژ

s س س س

sh ش ش ش

s ص ص ص

z ض ض ض

t ط ط ط

z ظ ظ ظ

‘(glottal stop)

ع ع ع

gh غ غ غ

f ف ف ف

q ق ق ق

Dari alphabet chart (continued)

9

Dari Persian

(Read from right to left.)

Name Name in Transliteration Letter

زہ ze ز

ژہ zhe ژ

سـین seen س

شـین sheen ش

صـاد saad ص

ضـاد zaad ض

طوی toi ط

ظوی zoi ظ

عـین ayn ع

غـین ghayn غ

ـه ف fe ف

قـاف qaaf ق

Dari alphabet chart (continued)

10

Dari Persian

(Read from right to left.)

Dari alphabet chart (continued)

Symbol in Transliteration

Final (Connected)

Medial Initial

k ک ک ک

g گ گ گ

l ل ل ل

m م م م

n ن ن ن

w / oo و و و

h ه ه ه

ee / y ي ي ی

11

Dari Persian

(Read from right to left.)

Dari alphabet chart (continued)

Name Name in Transliteration Letter

کـاف kaaf ک

گـاف gaaf گ

الم laam ل

مـیم meem م

noon نـون ن

واو waw و

هی دو چشمه he do cheshma ه

یا yaa ى

12

Dari Persian

(Read from right to left.)

Dari alphabet chart (continued)

Name in Transliteration Diacritical Sound

fat’ha / zabar ا / a / as in hat

kasra / zir ا / e / as in shell

zama / pish ا / o / as in home

mad آ/ aa / as in

father or awe

In Dari there is a special letter combination, ال, called lam alef la, which represents the letter lam followed by alef.

In addition, there is another letter, Arabic in origin, that functions both as a letter and as a diacritical. It is the hamza (ء). Like the diacriticals, it sits above the line of writing. When used as a letter, it can appear anywhere in the word, and it indicates a glottal stop. When used as a diacritical, it makes some words that end in a vowel possessive; in this case it appears over the final vowel and has a / ye / sound. In either case, the hamza is rarely used and is omitted from modern keyboards.

13

Dari Persian

the reading lessons

There are eighteen Dari reading lessons recorded at the end of the program. You may choose to do the readings along with the units, after every other unit or so, or all together after completing the rest of the course. Feel free to repeat the reading lessons as often as necessary for practice with the Dari alphabet and the sounds it represents.

Some of the words and phrases you will read are taught in this course, but most are not, and --- especially in the early lessons --- a number of them are simply syllables rather than actual words. Actual words are used more and more as the number of letters introduced increases, and by Lesson Eighteen you will be reading for meaning.

15

Dari Persian

(Read from right to left.)

lesson one

.11

.12

.13

.14

.15

.16

.1

.2

.3

.4

.5

.6

.7

.8

.9

.10

زازا

آد

آز

آدا

آداز

آزا

ا

دا

داد

دادا

زا

داز

زاد

دازا

زادا

زاز

16

Dari Persian

(Read from right to left.)

.11

.12

.13

.14

.15

.16

.1

.2

.3

.4

.5

.6

.7

.8

.9

.10

ساز

آسار

آدزار

دازار

زاسا

سادزار

lesson two

آزاد

را

راز

زا

راد

دار

زار

رازاد

سا

سارا

17

Dari Persian

(Read from right to left.)

.11

.12

.13

.14

.15

.16

.1

.2

.3

.4

.5

.6

.7

.8

.9

.10

lesson three

باد

بادساز

سبز

سرشار

سر شر

دبرا

رار

سازا

شاد

شارد \ سارد

زاشار

ز

در

زرد

سرد

سز

18

Dari Persian

.11

.12

.13

.14

.15

.16

.1

.2

.3

.4

.5

.6

.7

.8

.9

.10

lesson Four

دازشبذ

ا

اسب

اسرار

سبر

ارساب

شارسار

سردار

زاداشا

بربر

برادر

سرداب

شراب

ذار

زرد \ ذرد

ذار \ دار

19

Dari Persian

.11

.12

.13

.14

.15

.16

.17

.18

.1

.2

.3

.4

.5

.6

.7

.8

.9

.10

lesson Five

راز \ راژ

رژاش

اسرار

ابراز

سراس

بس \ بش

آژا

ازدا

ازاذ

باب

آبشار

راش

براش

شاباش

د

دزا

ز بر

ژاسا

20

Dari Persian

.11

.12

.13

.14

.15

.16

.17

.18

.1

.2

.3

.4

.5

.6

.7

.8

.9

.10

lesson six

آسداش

ازدارژ

آشاذ

ارظاب

بژار

دراش

شباب

شازب

سژا

رشداش

ادار

اشا

ظرد

آظر \ آذر \ آزر

ابراظ

رباس

آژاب

شبراظ

21

Dari Persian

.11

.12

.13

.14

.15

.16

.17

.18

.1

.2

.3

.4

.5

.6

.7

.8

.9

.10

lesson seven

تژاجز

بجز

آتراژب

راجد

برج

اتر

تشت

جدا

آسبد

آذازاظ

تر

برتر

رت

د

سرب

ترش

آبظرب

جا

22

Dari Persian

.11

.12

.13

.14

.15

.16

.17

.18

.1

.2

.3

.4

.5

.6

.7

.8

.9

.10

lesson eight

سرب \ صرب

جردن

آصان

صرات

نص

اساص

ساصان

سص

جز

شدت

تراز

نزد

نبرد

زرد \ نرد

سانس

شارج

سات

صند

23

Dari Persian

.11

.12

.13

.14

.15

.16

.17

.18

.1

.2

.3

.4

.5

.6

.7

.8

.9

.10

lesson nine

قـا

قرن

قران

شیک

ذاق

برق

قند

ایش

درج

ژانت

صاد

شیر

اینجا

جیب

ایشان

دارین

کتاب

کران

24

Dari Persian

.1

.2

.3

.4

.5

.6

.7

.8

.9

.10

.11

.12

.13

.14

.15

.16

.17

.18

.19

.20

lesson ten

میرم

داریم

باید

شایان

یانکى

کمى

مین

شاید

یـم

درى یاد دارین؟

دربند

قیر

تاک

مشت

ماش \ صاش

سمت

بیکران

درى

کرمى

ایرابى

25

Dari Persian

.1

.2

.3

.4

.5

.6

.7

.8

.9

.10

.11

.12

.13

.14

.15

.16

.17

.18

.19

.20

lesson eleven

زاغ

باغ

برغ \ برق

بکغ

فرار

فارغ

غربان

برف

غرف

ظفر

آمریکا

تکسى

قاجار

شام

یک

آقای تاج

برای کى؟

غاز

غریق

غند \ قند

26

Dari Persian

.1

.2

.3

.4

.5

.6

.7

.8

.9

.10

.11

.12

.13

.14

.15

.16

.17

.18

.19

.20

lesson twelve

خدا

رخ

سیخ

خان

قرض

مریض

باخ

براى شما

خریداری

باید برم خریداری.

جرم

شرغى

زاف

غذای افغانی

ضرب

آضرى \ آذرى

مزار

مرض

خام

خم \جم

27

Dari Persian

.1

.2

.3

.4

.5

.6

.7

.8

.9

.10

.11

.12

.13

.14

.15

.16

.17

.18

.19

.20

lesson thirteen

برو

پاپا

پر \ بر

پنیر

پسر

رپ

پاپ

خون - وادم \ خونوادم

پروان

خوب نیست.

میبخشین

ضاب

وفا

وقت

آوا

نانوا

ودا

خوب

دود

روز

28

Dari Persian

.1

.2

.3

.4

.5

.6

.7

.8

.9

.10

.11

.12

.13

.14

.15

.16

.17

.18

.19

.20

lesson Fourteen

لیوان

الو

الش

دالر

االن

سالم

دال

پول

تخت رستم

خالص

خیابون

جوید

پیام

چپ

چیپ \ جیپ

چرا

پیچ

راچ

چاى

لوس

29

Dari Persian

.1

.2

.3

.4

.5

.6

.7

.8

.9

.10

.11

.12

.13

.14

.15

.16

.17

.18

.19

.20

lesson Fifteen

ملیح

صبح

تعجب

بعد

تعجیل

بیع

بلع

فرع

حمام

ساعت چند اس؟

پامچال

الال

چقدر

حال

حال شما

حرف

عد

غر \ عر

عرب

فرح

30

Dari Persian

.1

.2

.3

.4

.5

.6

.7

.8

.9

.10

.11

.12

.13

.14

.15

.16

.17

.18

.19

.20

lesson sixteen

خاث

طب

طاب \ ظاب

لیطر

بط

شثط

طریق

ثابت

لباث

بفرماین.

تعمیر

زحمت

غایب

ترجیح

مرتع

ثم

ثاب \تاب

ثام \ سام \ صام

کثیف

پاث

31

Dari Persian

.1

.2

.3

.4

.5

.6

.7

.8

.9

.10

lesson seventeen

ثبر

عدث

رابط

هاها

هدا

نهصد

بهار

گرون

گوش

(continued on page 32)سیگار

32

Dari Persian

.11

.12

.13

.14

.15

.16

.17

.18

.19

.20

شوهر

خوبه

خانه

هوتل ستاره

بزرگ

چى گفتین؟

اوالد دارین؟

چند میشه؟

کجاست؟

غذاى افغانى خوب اس.

lesson seventeen (continued)

33

Dari Persian

lesson 18 (without diacriticals)

سالم.

چطورهستین؟

خوب هستم، تشکر.

میفهمین ساعت چنداس؟

پنج اس.

چاى میخواین؟

زحمت نکشین.

میبخشین، حالی مه باید برم.

مى خایم بازار برم.

درست اس، خداحافظ.

.1

.2

.3

.4

.5

.6

.7

.8

.9

.10

34

Dari Persian

سالم.

چطورهستین؟

خوب هستم، تشکر.

میفهمین ساعت چنداس؟

پنج اس.

چاى میخواین؟

زحمت نکشین.

میبخشین، حالی مه باید برم.

مى خایم بازار برم.

درست اس، خداحافظ.

.1

.2

.3

.4

.5

.6

.7

.8

.9

.10

lesson 18