Personality Development Middle School

8/19/2019 Personality Development Middle School

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Chapter 10:Social and Personality Development

in Middle Childhood


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In This Chapter


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Theories of Social and Personality

Development

Psychoanalytic Theories

Freud: challenge is to form emotional bonds

with peers and move beyond sole earlier

formed bonds

Erison: challenge is to develop a sense of

competence and willingness to work toward

goal

Industry versus Inferiority Stage


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DevelopmentTrait !pproach

What trait or traits describe you best?


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The "i# Five Personality Traits


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Development

Social$Co#nitive Perspectives

"andura and reciprocal determinism

Three components

Person component (traits)

Behavior

nvironment

These three mutually

influence one another


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Fi#ure 10%1 "andura&s Determinism Model


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Self$ConceptThe Psycholo#ical Self

Psycholo#ical self: Person!s understanding of

his or her enduring psychological

characteristics

"ore comple#

$omparisons in self%descriptions

&ess tied to e#ternal features


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Self$ConceptSelf$Efficacy

Self$efficacy: Individual!s belief in their capacity

to cause intended events

Social comparisons

ncouragement from valued sources

'ctual e#periences


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Self$ConceptThe 'alued Self

(ature of self$esteem


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Self$ConceptSelf$Esteem

)ey components

iscrepancy between what desires and

perceived achievement

Perceived support from important people


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Self$Concept*ri#ins of Self$Esteem

irect e#perience with success or failure

&abels and udgments from others

*alue attached to some skill or +uality

affected by peers! and parents! attitudes


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Fi#ure 10%+ ,arter&s -esearch on Social Support.

Domain 'alues and Self Esteem


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!dvances in Social Co#nitionSelf$Concept

The Child as Psycholo#ist

,ocuses on internal traits and motivations of

others

Better understanding that same person

plays different roles in life

&ess emphasis on e#ternal appearance


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Fi#ure 10%/ Chan#es in Children&s Descriptions of

*thers


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Self$ConceptMoral -easonin#: Pia#et

Moral reasonin#: -udgments about rightness

and wrongness of specific actions

"oral realism

"oral relativism


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The Social orld of the School$!#ed Child

Family -elationships

Parental Epectations

Parents recogni.e children!s increasing

abilities to self%regulate

$ulture may play a role in the age of

e#pected behaviors


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Parental Epectations

Boys given more autonomy

/irls held more accountable

Parental authoritative style more often

produces socially competent children


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*nly Children and Si2lin#s

*nly children

's well adusted as children with siblings

Si2lin#s

Positively contribute to children!s social

and emotional understanding


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Friendships

Peer importance increases in middle

childhood

0Best ,riend1 emerges

,riendships depend on reciprocal trust by age

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,riends help with problem solving and conflictmanagement


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Fi#ure 10%3 ! 10$4ear$*ld&s Eplanation of

Friendship


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5ender Se#re#ation

$ultural influence

'ge of appearance

Playmate preference

Playmate style by gender


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5ender Se#re#ation

Boundary violations

Play group composition by gender

Play focus

$ooperative play


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Patterns of !##ression


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Patterns of !##ression

/irls display more relational aggression

Both boys and girls increase retaliatory

aggression

Can you think of examples to illustrate each

kind of aggression?


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Social Status

Social status: egree to which children are

accepted by peers


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The Social orld of the School$!#ed ChildT6o Types of -e7ected Children

4ow are these types of reected children alike?

4ow are do they differ?


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The Social orld of the School$!#ed ChildT6o Types of -e7ected Children

5eglected or reected

*ery different frompeers6 shy6 highly

creative

7 h e i n v i s

i b l e

c h i l d


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Influences "eyond Family and Peers!fter$School Care Pros and Cons

P-*S8!D'!(T!5ES C*(S8DIS!D'!(T!5ES


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Influences "eyond Family and PeersPoverty

$hildhood poverty rate

8ate is higher for younger children

$haracteristics of parents in poverty


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Fi#ure 10%9 Poverty. !#e and Time


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Influences "eyond Family and Peers

Poverty

Children in poverty

"ore often ill

&ower average I9 scores

Perform poorly in school

#hibit more behavior problems


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Influences 2eyond Family and PeersInner$City Poverty


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Influences 2eyond Family and PeersInner$City Poverty

Children of inner$city poverty may #ro6 up

#posed to street gangs and street

violence

In over%crowded homes

Subect to more abuse and drug use

Witnessing or becoming victims of more

violent crimes Subect to P7S


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What are three factors that schools can focuson to help a student develop their sense of

industry?

Since we know poverty is a maor factor in poor

developmental outcomes for education6 whatcan we do to encourage poor students to besuccessful?

9uestions 7o Ponder 9uestions 7o Ponder


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True or False

7here is a causal link between viewing

violent television and aggressivebehavior in children:


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Television

Prosocial 2ehavior

nhanced by +uality programs that teach children

moral and social values

"r: 8ogers! 5eighborhood

Sesame Street


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Computers and the Internet

conomic differences

;ses

/ender differences


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'ideo 5ames

Influences on child behavior

*iolent content and game preferences


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Influences "eyond Family and Peers

Policy ;uestion

Test$"ased -eform(ational !ssessment of Educational

Pro#ress

5'P< 07he 5ation!s 8eport $ard1 'ssessment of educational improvement

07eaching to the test1

Student efforts

Fi#ure 10%< (!EP !vera#e Scores *ver


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Fi#ure 10%< (!EP !vera#e Scores *ver

Time

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Personality Development Middle School