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PersonalityPersonality
Pittsburgh Mind-Body Center Pittsburgh Mind-Body Center
Summer InstituteSummer Institute
20062006
Overview of TalkOverview of Talk
• What’s personalityWhat’s personality
• Insights into doing personality Insights into doing personality
researchresearch
• Major dimensions of personalityMajor dimensions of personality
• Personality and healthPersonality and health- Which dimensions matter from common Which dimensions matter from common
pathway model?pathway model?
Informally Defining the Informally Defining the DomainDomain
• Captures prominent characteristics Captures prominent characteristics
(individual uniqueness)(individual uniqueness)
• Consistency and continuity in Consistency and continuity in
behaviorbehavior
– Across timeAcross time
– Across situationsAcross situations
• Internal locus of causationInternal locus of causation
Formally Defining the Formally Defining the DomainDomain
Personality is a dynamic Personality is a dynamic
organization, organization, inside the personinside the person, of , of
psychophysical systems that create psychophysical systems that create
the person’s the person’s characteristic patterns characteristic patterns
of behavior, thoughts, and feelingsof behavior, thoughts, and feelings..
Gordon Allport (1961)Gordon Allport (1961)
Personality AssessmentPersonality Assessment
• Physiological assessmentPhysiological assessment
• Peer/other ratingsPeer/other ratings
• Structured interviewStructured interview
• Self-reportSelf-report
– ProjectiveProjective
– ObjectiveObjective
Scheier’s DictumsScheier’s Dictums
• Don’t judge a scale by it’s title!Don’t judge a scale by it’s title!
• Decompose, don’t aggregate!Decompose, don’t aggregate!
• Factor analysis is more subjective Factor analysis is more subjective
than than you think!you think!
Scheier’s DictumsScheier’s Dictums
• Don’t judge a scale by it’s title!Don’t judge a scale by it’s title!
• Decompose, don’t aggregate!Decompose, don’t aggregate!
• Factor analysis is more intuitive Factor analysis is more intuitive
than than you think!you think!
Optimism vs. DepressionOptimism vs. Depression
• I felt hopeful about my future. I felt hopeful about my future.
• I rarely count on good things I rarely count on good things happening to me.happening to me.
Optimism vs. DepressionOptimism vs. Depression
• I felt hopeful about my future. I felt hopeful about my future. (D)(D)
• I rarely count on good things I rarely count on good things happening to me. (O)happening to me. (O)
Self-Esteem vs. AnxietySelf-Esteem vs. Anxiety
• I am able to do things as well as I am able to do things as well as most other people.most other people.
• I lack self-confidence.I lack self-confidence.
Self-Esteem vs. AnxietySelf-Esteem vs. Anxiety
• I am able to do things as well as I am able to do things as well as most other people. (SE)most other people. (SE)
• I lack self-confidence.I lack self-confidence. (A) (A)
Depression vs. Activity levelDepression vs. Activity level
• I like to be off and running as I like to be off and running as soon soon as I wake up in the as I wake up in the morning. morning.
• I could not get going.I could not get going.
Depression vs. Activity levelDepression vs. Activity level
• I like to be off and running as I like to be off and running as soon soon as I wake up in the as I wake up in the morning. (A)morning. (A)
• I could not get going. (D)I could not get going. (D)
Optimism vs. NeuroticismOptimism vs. Neuroticism
• You have usually been optimistic You have usually been optimistic about your future. about your future.
• I’m always optimistic about my I’m always optimistic about my future.future.
Optimism vs. NeuroticismOptimism vs. Neuroticism
• You have usually been optimistic You have usually been optimistic about your future. (N)about your future. (N)
• I’m always optimistic about my I’m always optimistic about my future. (O)future. (O)
Evaluating Personality Evaluating Personality ScalesScales
Conceptual definitionConceptual definition
(variable)(variable)
Operational definitionOperational definition
(item)(item)
Scheier’s DictumsScheier’s Dictums
• Don’t judge a scale by it’s title!Don’t judge a scale by it’s title!
• Decompose, don’t aggregate!Decompose, don’t aggregate!
• Factor analysis is more Factor analysis is more
intuitive than intuitive than you think!you think!
Hypothetical Hypothetical AssociationsAssociations
KSSKSS
SymptomsSymptoms XX
Immune functionImmune function
ReactivityReactivity XX
MorbidityMorbidity
MortalityMortality
Hypothetical Hypothetical AssociationsAssociations
EIEI AA OO WW
SymptomsSymptoms ?? ?? ?? ??
Immune FunctionImmune Function
ReactivityReactivity ?? ?? ?? ??
MorbidityMorbidity
MortalityMortality
Hypothetical Hypothetical AssociationsAssociations
EIEI AA OO WW
SymptomsSymptoms XX XX XX XX
Immune FunctionImmune Function XX XX
ReactivityReactivity XX XX XX
MorbidityMorbidity XX
MortalityMortality XX
Hypothetical Hypothetical AssociationsAssociations
EIEI AA OO WW
SymptomsSymptoms XX XX XX XX
Immune FunctionImmune Function XX XX
ReactivityReactivity XX XX XX
MorbidityMorbidity XX
MortalityMortality XX
OO
LOTLOT NEUROTICISMNEUROTICISM
OptimismOptimism
EmotionalEmotionalInstabilityInstability
WorryWorry
AnxietyAnxiety
WW
AAOO
EIEI
OO
LOTLOT NEUROTICISMNEUROTICISM
OptimismOptimism
EmotionalEmotionalInstabilityInstability
WorryWorry
AnxietyAnxiety
WW
AAOO
EIEI
OO
LOTLOT NEUROTICISMNEUROTICISM
OptimismOptimism
EmotionalEmotionalInstabilityInstability
WorryWorry
AnxietyAnxiety
WW
AAOO
EIEI
Scheier’s DictumsScheier’s Dictums
• Don’t judge a scale by it’s title!Don’t judge a scale by it’s title!
• Decompose, don’t aggregate!Decompose, don’t aggregate!
• Factor analysis is more intuitive Factor analysis is more intuitive
than than you think!you think!
Steps in Factor Steps in Factor AnalysisAnalysis
• Derive intercorrelation matrix of itemsDerive intercorrelation matrix of items
• Do the factor analysisDo the factor analysis
• Examine the pattern of “factor loadings”Examine the pattern of “factor loadings”
– Correlations between items and underlying Correlations between items and underlying
hypothetical factorshypothetical factors
• Label the factorsLabel the factors
– Taking into account factor loadings of itemsTaking into account factor loadings of items
What’s My Name?What’s My Name?
1.1. I rarely get into arguments.I rarely get into arguments.
2.2. I’d rather be a leader than a follower.I’d rather be a leader than a follower.
3.3. I’m a pretty easygoing person.I’m a pretty easygoing person.
4.4. I like to be with people.I like to be with people.
5.5. I’m really inefficient.I’m really inefficient.
6.6. I enjoy interacting socially.I enjoy interacting socially.
7. I hate to give up on projects once I’ve started 7. I hate to give up on projects once I’ve started them.them.
8. 8. I can be cold at times.I can be cold at times.
9.9. It’s important for me to do well at work.It’s important for me to do well at work.
Factor LoadingsFactor Loadings
Factor A B C
Item 1 .62 .15 .01
Item 2 .03 - .08 .49
Item 3 .54 .04 - .20
Item 4 .10 .11 .56
Item 5 -.12 - .62 .18
Item 6 .07 .08 .50
Item 7 - .02 .72 .12
Item 8 - .72 .07 -.06
Item 9 .08 .48 .08
Factor AFactor A
Item 1.Item 1. I rarely get into arguments. (.62)I rarely get into arguments. (.62)
Item 3.Item 3. I’m a pretty easygoing person. (.54)I’m a pretty easygoing person. (.54)
Item 8.Item 8. I can be cold at times. (- .72)I can be cold at times. (- .72)
Factor BFactor B
Item 5.Item 5. I’m really inefficient. (- .62)I’m really inefficient. (- .62)
Item 7.Item 7. I hate to give up on projects once I hate to give up on projects once
I’ve I’ve started them. (.72)started them. (.72)
Item 9.Item 9. It’s important for me to do well at It’s important for me to do well at
work. (.48)work. (.48)
Factor CFactor C
Item 2.Item 2. I’d rather be a leader than a follower. I’d rather be a leader than a follower.
(.49) (.49)
Item 4.Item 4. I like to be with people. (.56)I like to be with people. (.56)
Item 6.Item 6. I enjoy interacting socially. I enjoy interacting socially. (.50)(.50)
Major Dimensions of Major Dimensions of PersonalityPersonality
• ExtraversionExtraversion
• EmotionalityEmotionality
• AgreeablenessAgreeableness
• ConscientiousnessConscientiousness
• Openness to experienceOpenness to experience
The “Big Five”The “Big Five”
Problems with the Big Problems with the Big fivefive
• Aggregation vs. decomposition Aggregation vs. decomposition problemproblem
• Identification of dimensions not Identification of dimensions not clearclear
• Some dimensions aren’t representedSome dimensions aren’t represented
Problems with the Big Problems with the Big fivefive
• Aggregation vs. decomposition Aggregation vs. decomposition problemproblem
• Identification of dimensions not Identification of dimensions not clearclear
• Some dimensions aren’t representedSome dimensions aren’t represented
Labels Used to Refer to The “Big 5” Labels Used to Refer to The “Big 5” Factors: Factors:
Fiske (1949), Norman (1963), Borgatta (1964), Fiske (1949), Norman (1963), Borgatta (1964), Digman (1990), and Costa & McCrae (1985)Digman (1990), and Costa & McCrae (1985)
Factor 1:Factor 1:– Social adaptabilitySocial adaptability– SurgencySurgency– AssertivenessAssertiveness– ExtraversionExtraversion– ExtraversionExtraversion
Labels Used to Refer to The “Big 5” Labels Used to Refer to The “Big 5” Factors: Factors:
Fiske (1949), Norman (1963), Borgatta (1964), Fiske (1949), Norman (1963), Borgatta (1964), Digman (1990), and Costa & McCrae (1985)Digman (1990), and Costa & McCrae (1985)
Factor 2:Factor 2:– ConformityConformity– AgreeablenessAgreeableness– LikeabilityLikeability– Friendly complianceFriendly compliance– AgreeablenessAgreeableness
Labels Used to Refer to The “Big 5” Labels Used to Refer to The “Big 5” Factors: Factors:
Fiske (1949), Norman (1963), Borgatta (1964), Fiske (1949), Norman (1963), Borgatta (1964), Digman (1990), and Costa & McCrae (1985)Digman (1990), and Costa & McCrae (1985)
Factor 3:Factor 3:– Will to achieveWill to achieve– ConscientiousnessConscientiousness– ResponsibilityResponsibility– Will to achieveWill to achieve– ConscientiousnessConscientiousness
Labels Used to Refer to The “Big 5” Labels Used to Refer to The “Big 5” Factors: Factors:
Fiske (1949), Norman (1963), Borgatta (1964), Fiske (1949), Norman (1963), Borgatta (1964), Digman (1990), and Costa & McCrae (1985)Digman (1990), and Costa & McCrae (1985)
Factor 4:Factor 4:– Emotional controlEmotional control– EmotionalityEmotionality– EmotionalityEmotionality– NeuroticismNeuroticism– NeuroticismNeuroticism
Labels Used to Refer to The “Big 5” Labels Used to Refer to The “Big 5” Factors: Factors:
Fiske (1949), Norman (1963), Borgatta (1964), Fiske (1949), Norman (1963), Borgatta (1964), Digman (1990), and Costa & McCrae (1985)Digman (1990), and Costa & McCrae (1985)
Factor 5:Factor 5:– Inquiring intellectInquiring intellect– CultureCulture– IntelligenceIntelligence– IntellectIntellect– Openness to experienceOpenness to experience
Problems with the Big Problems with the Big fivefive
• Aggregation vs. decomposition Aggregation vs. decomposition problemproblem
• Identification of dimensions not Identification of dimensions not clearclear
• Some dimensions aren’t representedSome dimensions aren’t represented
What’s This?What’s This?
= .17 EX - .30 EM + .13 A + .16 C = .17 EX - .30 EM + .13 A + .16 C + .14 O+ .14 O
Hint:Hint:
Optimism in Head & Neck Cancer Optimism in Head & Neck Cancer PatientsPatients
• Sample…Sample…
• 101 newly diagnosed head & neck cancer 101 newly diagnosed head & neck cancer patients at a university hospital in Francepatients at a university hospital in France
• 94 were male94 were male• Average age = 58.3 yearsAverage age = 58.3 years• 35 had early stage cancer; 35 stage III; and 31 35 had early stage cancer; 35 stage III; and 31
stage IVstage IV
Optimism!Optimism!
Optimism (LOT-R) = Optimism (LOT-R) =
.17 EX - .30 EM + .13 A + .16 C .17 EX - .30 EM + .13 A + .16 C + .14 O+ .14 O
Multiple R = .54Multiple R = .54
R Square = .27R Square = .27
Personality and Physical Personality and Physical HealthHealth
Several potential personality Several potential personality variables implicated:variables implicated:
• Hostility/cynicismHostility/cynicism
• Style of emotional suppressionStyle of emotional suppression
• PessimismPessimism
• Depressed affectDepressed affect
Hostility/CynicismHostility/Cynicism
Associated with:Associated with:
• CHD incidenceCHD incidence
• Major CHD events (MI, CHD death)Major CHD events (MI, CHD death)
• Total mortalityTotal mortality
• CHD risk factorsCHD risk factors
Emotional SuppressionEmotional Suppression
Associated with:Associated with:
• CHD incidenceCHD incidence
• Subclinical CVD markersSubclinical CVD markers
• Cancer incidence/progressionCancer incidence/progression
• HIV progressionHIV progression
• AsthmaAsthma
Emotional Suppression and Emotional Suppression and Subclinical CVDSubclinical CVD
(Matthews, Owens, Kuller, et al., 1998)(Matthews, Owens, Kuller, et al., 1998)
541 premenopausal woman were 541 premenopausal woman were evaluated for standard CVD risk factors evaluated for standard CVD risk factors and psychosocial attributes at baseline, and psychosocial attributes at baseline, including trait anger, anxiety, anger-in, including trait anger, anxiety, anger-in,
and public self-consciousnessand public self-consciousness
10 years later 200 women who had been 10 years later 200 women who had been menopausal for at least 5 years were menopausal for at least 5 years were
scanned for carotid atherosclerosis using scanned for carotid atherosclerosis using B-mode ultrasoundB-mode ultrasound
Scans scored for average intima-media Scans scored for average intima-media thickness and plaque indexthickness and plaque index
Mean Anger-in Scores by Mean Anger-in Scores by Intima- Media ThicknessIntima- Media Thickness(data from Matthews, Owens, Kuller, et al., 1998)(data from Matthews, Owens, Kuller, et al., 1998)
13
13.5
14
14.5
15
15.5
16
Anger-in Score
1st Quartile 2nd Quartile 3rd Quartile 4th Quartile
Intima-media Thickness
Optimism/Pessimism Optimism/Pessimism and Physical Well-beingand Physical Well-being
• Rehospitalization following CABG surgery Rehospitalization following CABG surgery
• Recovery from heart transplantationRecovery from heart transplantation
• All-cause mortality; cardiovascular- and All-cause mortality; cardiovascular- and
cancer-cancer- specific mortalityspecific mortality
• Cancer death and MI incidenceCancer death and MI incidence
• Impaired immune functionImpaired immune function
Associated Associated with:with:
Optimism in Head & Neck Cancer Optimism in Head & Neck Cancer PatientsPatients
• Examined whether pessimistic head and Examined whether pessimistic head and neckneck
cancer patients have a greater risk of deathcancer patients have a greater risk of death
1 year after diagnosis than do optimistic1 year after diagnosis than do optimistic
patientspatients
Allison, P.J., Guichard, C., Fung, K, Gilain, L. (2003). Dispositionaloptimism predicts survival status 1 year after diagnosis in head andNeck cancer patients. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 21(3), pp. 543-548.
Optimism in Head & Neck CancerOptimism in Head & Neck Cancer PatientsPatients
Relationship Between Dispositional OptimismRelationship Between Dispositional OptimismAnd 1-Year Survival StatusAnd 1-Year Survival Status
Age, yearsAge, years 35-4935-49 5.155.15 1.63 - 16.39 1.63 - 16.3950-8150-81 ref ref
VariableVariable CategoriesCategories Odds Ratio 95% CI Odds Ratio 95% CI
Cohabitation Cohabitation AloneAlone 4.144.14 1.21 - 14.17 1.21 - 14.17statusstatus Family/friendsFamily/friends ref ref
Disease stageDisease stage LateLate 4.744.74 1.65 - 13.70 1.65 - 13.70EarlyEarly ref ref
FLOTFLOT continuouscontinuous 1.121.12 1.01 - 1.24 1.01 - 1.24
DepressionDepression
Associated with:Associated with:
• Short-term mortality among MI Short-term mortality among MI patientspatients
• New CHD-related events (onset of New CHD-related events (onset of angina, non-fatal MI)angina, non-fatal MI)
• Cancer-related mortality Cancer-related mortality ??
• Disease progression among HIV+ Disease progression among HIV+ menmen
ConclusionsConclusions
• Personality factors do impact on Personality factors do impact on healthhealth
• It’s better to reveal than obscureIt’s better to reveal than obscure
• A little paranoia goes a long wayA little paranoia goes a long way
• If you do personality research, do it rightIf you do personality research, do it right