Perspective in Communication May 2008

8/14/2019 Perspective in Communication May 2008

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When it come to communication, now-a-

days there are two buzz words:

Communication

Information Technology


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The word `Communication' comes from Latin word

`Communico' - meaning `share'. It is communication

more than anything else which has been responsible forthe shrinking of time and distance and with the

development of space technology time and distance

have lost their conventional meaning, permitting men

and women all over the world to share theirexperiences, frustrations and successes. Present day

the world has become a GLOBALVILLAGE. Man is

in a shrinking Globe and expanding Universe. Society

is often described as essentially people in

communication - Communication in simple terms isnothing but discriminating response to a stimulus. The

"quickness of the response" is increasing in leaps and

bounds day by day.


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In the past few decades, persons and institutions

have been progressively unsettled by the rapid pace

of social and technological changes brought about

by Communications (telephony, TV etc.). In earlier

times the world around us seemed more stable andmajor changes in values, institutions and technology

evolved more slowly. It took centuries for the

Middle Ages to become the Renaissance, yet many

of us have experienced major technologicalrevolution in one life time in the last century.


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We are presently getting on the crest of thethird wave which is INFORMATION &

COMMUNICATION REVOLUTION more

appropriately termed as `IT' -Information

Technology, the first being agriculture & thesecond being ``Industrial Revolution'. As we

become increasingly networked, our worlds will

grow smaller and bigger simultaneously.


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The conventional communication tools are:

Telegraphy using copper wire line

Telephony using copper wire line

Television

New papers, books, etc.

Means of Transport

All these have undergone a tremendous changes. A few new names

for the present day communication techniques are:

Electronic/Voice MailSpace Communications

Private Data Service using VAST

Auto Text Service

Video text service (Fascimile)Radio trunking/paging

Cellular Mobile Telephone (PCS)

Wireless in local loops

Local National & International information exchange

intelligent Networks & Integrated Services Networks


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New ones are:Mobile Satellite Telephone - Personal Communication

Systems INFOSAT (information satellite)

A major shift from analogue to digital domain

An increase in the value of software as opposed to

hardware content

Extension of optical technology towards the local loop

coupled with increasing use of optical switches and optical

processing

Use of wireless in access technology - New access &

Modulation codes

Ultra broad band services

Extensive use of spread spectrum and code division

multiple access techniques.


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Services planned / in existence are:

Virtual Private Networks. / PCS - PersonalCommunication Services

Call Collect Services / Desk top Video conferencing

Card Phone Services/ Tele-education/Telehealth/

TeleshoppingVideo Telephone / Interactive Video & Video on

demand

Multimedia transmission / reception /e-mail/e-

Governance/e-commerceGlobal positioning/timing system along with SATNAV

Digital TV, Direct TV to Home

MOST IMPORTANT - THE INTERNET & WORLD

WIDE WEB


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All these need either terrestrial or satellite channels to

serve the user. The present day scenario looks like:

Cable TV

Television

DVD

VideoCameraPrinter

PDA

Desktop PC

Cellular

Telephone

Fax

Pager

Internet

Cellular

Internet TV

Video on

Demand

Home Banking

Internet

Telephony

Network

Computing

Video

conferencing

Smart Card

Space

World

Wide

Web

Terrestrial

Credit Card

A FUTURE COMMUNICATION SCENARIO

AUDIO SYSTEM


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Everyday we manage to bounce radio waves of

Artificial repeater that we have put into space at

around 36000 kms height over the Earth. It is no magic

that all these Artificial Radio Repeaters termed as

Communication Satellites are found at that altitude.For at that distance from Earth, these objects orbit this

planet with an orbital period of ~24 hours, precisely

matching the rotation of the Earth, these objects

appear fixed over a single spot on the Equator. It is thisaspect due to that we term these objects as

geosynchronous or geostationary satellites.


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GEO

20,000 KM MEO

10,000 KM MEO

VARIOUSORBITS

800 KM MEO

10,000 KM MEO

Space Communication is provided by satellites in various

orbits. Satellites have been put in to all these orbits and

successful communication links have been established. It will

be a matter of large discussion if one starts explaining the pros& cons of the orbits & their satellites.


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VARIOUS CONVENTIONAL SATELLITE

COMMUNICATION SERVICES:

Telephony/TV Broadcasting/Data reception anddistribution/Direct Television broadcasting/Disaster

warning/Continuous weather monitoring/Spacecraft

Vehicle Tracking and Commanding/ Intersatellite

links/ Mail /Internet/Data mining

Position (GPS) and time determination / Moving

motor vehicle tracking etc.

* The commercial communication satellite servicesare rapidly becoming a large & global business

increasing from $11 billion in 1992 to $20 billion in

1996 and $75 billion by year 2005. (Projections have

come down to $$66.5 billion due to iridium failureand overall slump in the market)


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Before one goes ahead with communication

satellites, it will be quite important & relevant

to talk about latest arrival on thecommunication technology scene : the

INTERNET & THE WEB. Internet the

new incarnation of mass

communication is becoming quitepopular. Internet the parasite which

has almost eaten away the host - the

telecom channels, is influencing our

every sphere of life.


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The next stage 3.0 has been denoted "The information

Super High Way". Internet 3.0 could provide

symmetrical, high bandwidth links that can

simultaneously carry telephone, video (Television) anddata. Ideally bandwidth could be at a maximum

capacity of the copper wire that link central offices &

homes at a minimum of 6-25 MBPS.

In assessing the societal implications of powerfulhistorical forces, it is essential to take the long view.

However, when events are developing as rapidly as they

are on the internet, it is meaningless to look out further

than 15 years.

The safest prediction is that by 2010 or 2015 the

Internet, as we know it, will no longer exist. There will

just be the Net a ubiquitous, broadband data dial-tone

provided by a cable telephone, wireless or satellite

operators.


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The changes won't occur in isolation, but they

will be going on simultaneously, resulting in

unpredictable, unanticipated synergy. In turn,

this will lead to truly profound changes in

society & the present technological paradigm.

To help all these & to spread the net at a faster

pace even to inaccessible & remote places

Satellite Communication plays a major role,

besides the conventional terrestrial links,

optical links etc., which cater to cities and

larger population bases owning to the

economics.


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Having talked about INTERNET let us come back to space

communications.

The most popular one is going to be :

MOBILE PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS

Th d t ti hi h b i ll d


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The ground stations which are becoming smaller and

smaller day by day will be of pocket size calculator.

The size of the ground station & that of satellites have

gone a tremendous change over years.


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Before commenting on any technology or the market it

is advisable to look on the s-curve

New technologies and markets are generally

characterized by an S- Shaped growth curve

STAGE 2 ----> Rapid growth driven by mass

adoption

STAGE 3 ---> Failing off with the adoption by

the most conservative population

STAGE 1 -->Emerging having slow growth

spurred by early adopters


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It will take time for the market to develop because

MSS is the only solution for inaccessible areas &

communication during disaster.

MSS operation as of today are planning to give two

way broadband internet 200 kbps (for Global Star)200 Kbps to 30 Mbps (fixed) by ACes. Even

INMARSAT is planning to give 144-432 Kbps

personal multimedia communication (PMC) using

INMARSAT-4 Satellite. New ICO is planning togive `3G' telephony.


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In the foreseeable future new equipments and

techniques will be used in satellite technology which

will extend and improve the possibilities of satellite

communications beyond our present imaginations.Some of these we discuss today:

The size of Geo satellite will continue to

increase . Incremental improvements are

foreseen in intelligent bus design whichtakes care of the spacecraft control traffic

control and particularly the thermal

control to allow the use of prime power

beyond 10 to 15 KWS.

Small GEOs for smaller capacity routes

will also be used (one may seriously start

thinking about I-2000 and even Met Sat

bus for Indian conditions).


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Greater Transmit

power and more

complex antennas onthe satellites will

make operations

possible with a large

number of very small

Earth stations.

DBS/DTH services

with 300 - 500

channels.The servicemay broadcast

multimedia &

internet .


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Phased array - orbit

re-configurable

antennas with digital

beam forming capable

of dynamically sharing

RF power, controlling

EIRPs and generating

large number of spotbeams will be used

extensively. This may

call for large

deployable antennas (>25 meter in diameter),

complex feed systems.

The similar systems

may be even needed

for ground networks.


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Efficient signal processors and switching equipment

will enable signal processing to be performed

onboard right down to operations similar to

switching in exchanges which will provide better

mesh connectivity. ATM switches onboard space

crafts may be used. Onboard multiplexing of digital

TV transmission may be done.

Networking technology for the seamless integration

of high data rate communication satellites &

terrestrial facilities.

Direct connections between satellites (Inter satellite

links) will shorten the transmission routes. The ISLs

could be in millimeter waves or even in optical

domain.


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The use of higher frequency bands (Ka band and V

band) & frequency reuse by multiple beams will

enlarge the available bandwidths and thus the

transmission capacity. Future even space laser

communication technique may be employed to

increase the data rates to giga bits.

Miniaturization of electronics will enhance the

launch capabilities & reduce the cost.

High speed two way INTERNET - through VSAT.

This avoids the installation of broad band access

through terrestrial network. It can provide upto

40 MBPS links.


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The new breed of satellites will be agile, flexible,

intelligent & powerful. They will have digital

bandwidth. This makes the services they carry aneasy fit in the present digital networks with a specific

provider ground equipment. They will:

Switch & route high data rates instantaneously among

thousands of users.

Continuously change the antenna beam patterns/eirp

as traffic demands

Buffer and multiplex data

Null interference, providing a strong, clear signal &use of adaptic arrays & processing.

Cross link to other satellites (ISL: Optical or V-band)

Use of Soft radio


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The future satellites will be :

Small Geo - co-located at a single point. Suitablefor small transponder demands even suitable for

DTH-Ka Band

Large Geo - Suitable for multiple established

services/Ku & Ka Band Mini/micro/mono & pico satellites.

The satellite driven broadband system become more

popular because it provides the last mile solution whichis a great boon for developing countries.


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Satellites have innate advantage that make them an attractive

alternative or complement to terrestrial broadband circuits.

First is speed they can be built , launched and put into service

in as little as 12 to 24 months providing the last mileconnection. It also provides bandwidth on demand. User pays

for the time which he utilizes.

Although broad band satellites are considered to be poor

cousins of OFC - No country requires more than what satellitecannot give. Europe requirement is 450 Mbits/s and US bound

capacity is 3.5 Gbits/S.

Many times one feels that for the over capacity of the fibre one

has to pay while for space based links you pay for the time youuse.


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The satellite platform will have multiple reconfigurable

antennas/transmitters with dynamic power sharing /Receivers in various frequency ranges / large

reconfigurable switching matrices at baseband and at

RF level / intersatellite links permitting signals to be

exchanged between satellites according to changing

requirements / complex and efficient analog / optical /digital signal processors / New modulation technique

and multiple access techniques.

It will be sufficiently broadband systems & may haveeven optical space communication components.


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Presently man is in a shrinking globe and also in

expanding universe with lots of technological surprises

for the technological pandits. We are becoming

increasing networked thereby our world is growingsmaller & bigger simultaneously. Space

Communication in all its forms will complement the

terrestrial technologies. Vision is always of one of hope

for human betterment.

OBP, ISL,Phased Array


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CONFUSION

CONVERGENCE and FUSION of

various Communication Technologies

Broad Band Satellite Links

Video Conferencing

DBS - 300 Channels Mobile

BroadbandI

nternet

LifeTim

eMovie

Network

OFC

CableT

V

E-mail

Here

X A 0

GEO,MEO,LEOAda

ptiveA

rray

GPS

WAA

S,LAAS

SBAS


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INSAT IRSLAUNCH

VEHICLES

INDIAN NATIONAL SPACE SYSTEMS


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(M t l )


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C-band Fixed Satellite Service ; Ku-band Fixed Satellite Services ; Broadcast Satellite Services ; and

Mobile Satellite Services

One of the largest domestic satellite communication systems in ASIA Pacific Region (174

transponders & growing)

INSAT-1

INSAT-2 C,D

INSAT-2 A ,B

(12C , 5Ext-C)

(12Ext-C,3KU,MSS)

(24C,6Ext-C,2S,MSS)

(24C,6Ext-C)

APPLE

GSAT 1(12C,6Ext-C,6KU)

Uniquely tailored to develop innovative grass rootlevel applications

(Meteorology)

INSAT SYSTEM

(4C,2KU,MSS)

(6Ext-C,6KU)

INSAT 4 Series

INSAT-3D

Satellites in operation at present

(INSAT 2E,3A,3B,3C,3E,Kalpana,GSAT-2,GSAT-3,INSAT- 4A, HAMSAT)

GSAT 4 , 5

INSAT- 4B , 4C

ONGOING

(12C,12KU)

(12C,12KU,10 KU)

(Ka Band,12C,6

Ext .C)

(6 Ch.IMAGER,19

Sounder)

GEO SatellitesGEO Satellites


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INSAT-2E

KALPANA-1 INSAT-3C

48

55

74

83

INSAT-3E

GSAT-2

INSAT-3B

93.5

INSAT-3A

GEO SatellitesGEO SatellitesEDUSAT

95

42

32

2 3

C Band Ext C

Band

Ku Band BSS MSS

174 Transponders Capacity

INSAT-4A
http://www.free-graphics.com/cgi-bin/lines.cgi?action=view&link=lines?=banner_2.gif&img=12


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S O C S


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--

4000 GTO

629

GSLV-MkIII

3 ( 2001-04)8 (94 03)FLIGHTS

1800 GTO1200 SSOPAYLOAD (kg)

400294WEIGHT(t)

GSLVPSLV

ISRO LAUNCHERS


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Chandrayaan-1 Mission to Moon


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Chandrayaan 1 Mission to Moon- Objective : Simultaneous Chemical and

mineralogical mapping of the Moon

- Lunar polar 100Km Orbit, 2 years life

- ISRO Instruments:

Terrain Mapping Camera

Hyper Spectral Imager

Lunar Laser Ranging Instrument

High Energy X-ray spectrometer and

Moon Impacter ?

- Opportunity Instruments :

M3 , JPL/NASA

miniSAR , APL/NASA

SIR-2 , MPS/ESACIXS, RAL/ESA

SARA, Swedan/ESA & SPL ISRO

RADOM Bulgaria

1305 Kgs Liftoff, 505kgs Dry mass,

590kgs Lunar orbit BOL mass

3 axis stabilised, 700w solar power

Launcher PSLV XL

Schedule 2007 - 2008

ASTROSAT - A Multi wavelength Space Observatory


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g p y

International Collaboration

Canadian Space Agency

University of Leicester, UK

SXT UVITLAXPC CZT SSM

ORBIT : 650 Km, 8 deg. Inclination

WEIGHT : 1550 Kg

LAUNCH : 2008 on PSLV from India

Indian Space Research Organization

Tata Institute of Fundamental Research

Indian Institute of Astrophysics

Inter University Centre for Astronomy & Astrophysics

Raman Research Institute


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GEO Satellites Technologies/CapabilitiesGEO Satellites Technologies/Capabilities


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GEO Satellites Technologies/CapabilitiesGEO Satellites Technologies/Capabilities

The Countrys satellite based services from theThe Countrys satellite based services from the

operational INSAT system and to realise &operational INSAT system and to realise &

demonstrate new space technologies in-orbit.demonstrate new space technologies in-orbit.

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENTS


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RECEIVERS- C, Ku Band

EQUIPMENT PANEL

COMMUNICATION PAYLOAD ELEMENTS


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HYBRID MICRO CIRCUITS

DC-DC CONVERTERPSKDemodulator

Chip-On-BoardAmplifier

MINIATURISATION HMC MCMs


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POWER GENERATION & STORAGE

70 AH Battery

INSAT 4A


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ELECTRO OPTICAL ELEMENTS : SENSORS & OPTICS

Digital Sun Sensors & Sensor Electronics

Star Sensor

Static Earth Sensor

Dual Cone Earth Sensor

Fine Sun Sensor


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Evolution of space technology in

INDIA

(1970-2006)

Al sheet structure Graphite & Titanium


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Al sheet structure Graphite & Titanium

SPACECRAFT STRUCTURE : I-2K BUS


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I-1K BUS I-2K BUS I-3K BUS

SPACECRAFT STRUCTURE

100 Cm diameter Rocket 3 5 mtr Rocket


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100 Cm diameter Rocket 3.5 mtr Rocket


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400 Kg Space craft 4000kg Space craft

Arybhatta INSAT 4C

INDIAN IMAGING CAPABILITY - SATELLITES


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LOCAL AREA IMAGING

1:2000/4000/1:8000SCALES

STEREO CAPABILITY

STEP AND STARE

METSAT

IRS-P4

IRS-1C/1D

IRS-1C/1D

IRS-1C/1D,P6

LISS

TESIRS-P6

EVERY 2 DAYS IMAGING

1:250K SCALES

OCEAN APPLICATIONS

EVERY 5 DAYS IMAGING

1:250K SCALES

NATIONAL SURVEYS

EVERY 30 MIN. IMAGING

1:1M+ SCALES

CLIMATE/WEATHER

EVERY 22 DAYSIMAGING

1:50K SCALES

DETAILED RESOURCESSURVEY

EVERY 5 DAYS

IMAGING 1:12500 SCALES

LARGE SCALEMAPPING

STEREO CAPABILITY


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Optical Remote Sensing RADAR imaging


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Optical Remote Sensing RADAR imaging

RISATIRS


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CMOS / BIPOLAR ASICS,FPGA,DSP,GaAsFETMMIC,MEMS

PCB MLB MLHMCs 1KBS(Memory) 128 GB(SSR) Cold compressed gas

bottle spin stabilization 3 Axis Stabilization VHF,UHF, L,S,C,X,Ku Ka & V Bands Orbital Accuracy 1-5 Kms


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THANK YOU

Documents

Perspective in Communication May 2008