Only after all the votes had been counted in Peru’spresidential runoff in June 2016 was it clear that77-year-old Pedro Pablo Kuczynski, a former

World Bank official, had narrowly edged out KeikoFujimori, daughter of the imprisoned former presidentAlberto Fujimori. Kuczynski took 50.1% of the total voteto Fujimori’s 49.9%, a difference of only about 42,000votes out of the more than 17 million cast. Fujimori lookedlike a sure winner until Kuczynskishifted his focus late to the sup-posed threat posed for the coun-try by Fujimori’s connection toher father and to accusations ofcorruption within her party.

Vital statisticsBirth rate per 1,000 pop-ulation (2015): 18.3(world avg. 19.5).

Death rate per 1,000population (2015): 6.0(world avg. 8.1).

Life expectancy at birth(2015): male 71.5 years;female 75.6 years.

DemographyPopulation (2016): 31,489,000.Density (2016): persons per sq mi 63.4,persons per sq km 24.5.

Sex distribution (2015): male 50.09%;female 49.91%.

Population projection: (2020) 32,824,000;(2030) 35,898,000.

Major cities (2007): met-ropolitan Lima (2011)9,130,000; Arequipa784,651; Trujillo682,834; Chiclayo524,442; Piura 377,496.

Urban-rural (2014):

Peru

Official name: República del Perú (Spanish)(Republic of Peru).

Form of government: unitary multiparty republicwith one legislative house (Congress of theRepublic [130]).

Head of state and government: President PedroPablo Kuczynski, assisted by the president ofthe Council of Ministers (prime minister)Fernando Zavala Lombardi.

Capital: Lima.Official languages: Spanish; Quechua (locally);Aymara (locally).

Official religion: none1.Monetary unit: nuevo sol (S/.); valuation (Sept.1, 2016) 1 U.S.$ = S/. 3.40; 1 £ = S/. 4.52.

Ethnic composition (2000):

Age breakdown (2015):

Religious affiliation (2007):

Area and populationarea population area population

2015 2015Departments sq km estimate Departments sq km estimate

Amazonas 39,249 422,629Ancash 35,826 1,148,634Apurímac 20,896 458,830Arequipa 63,345 1,287,205Ayacucho 43,814 688,657Cajamarca 33,247 1,529,755Callao 147 1,010,315Cusco 71,892 1,316,729Huancavelica 22,131 494,963Huánuco 36,938 860,537Ica 21,328 787,170Junín 44,410 1,350,783La Libertad 25,570 1,859,640

Lambayeque 14,231 1,260,650Lima 34,802 9,838,251Loreto 368,852 1,039,372Madre de Dios 85,183 137,316Moquegua 15,734 180,477Pasco 25,320 304,158Piura 35,892 1,844,129Puno 71,9992 1,415,608San Martin 51,253 840,790Tacna 16,076 341,838Tumbes 4,669 237,685Ucayali 102,411 495,522TOTAL 1,285,2162, 3 31,151,643

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National economyBudget (20134). Revenue: S/. 104,054,000,000 (tax revenue 85.8%, of

which VAT 46.0%, income tax 35.1%; nontax revenue14.2%). Expenditures: S/. 128,103,000,000 (currentexpenditure 79.7%; capital expenditure 20.3%).

Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture,forestry, fishing (2014): sugarcane 11,389,617, potatoes4,639,209, rice 2,874,654, plantains 1,875,5965, cassava1,187,539, dry onions 748,0785, asparagus 383,1445, cof-fee 256,2415, quinoa 114,343; livestock (number of liveanimals) 12,415,395 sheep, 5,600,000 llamas/alpacas/oth-ers, 5,578,388 cattle; roundwood 8,785,000 cu m, ofwhich fuelwood 84%; fisheries production 3,688,640(from aquaculture 3%); aquatic plants production 25,829(from aquaculture, negligible). Mining and quarrying

(2013): limestone 16,650,000; iron ore 6,788,0009; zinc 1,350,8749; cop-per 1,285,9829; lead 266,2639; molybdenum 18,1409; silver 3,4079; gold136,088 kg. Manufacturing (value in U.S.$’000,000; 2011): food andbeverages 7,962; cement, bricks, and ceramics 2,425; chemicals andchemical products 2,358; base metals 1,993; refined petroleum prod-ucts 1,777; wearing apparel 1,411; fabricated metal products 1,320.11

Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 2012–13)41,894,000,000 ([2012] 35,969,000,000), by source (2013): fossil fuels45.2%; renewable energy 54.8%, of which hydroelectric 52.4%, bio-mass 2.4%; coal (metric tons; 2012) 211,000 ([2011] 910,000); crudepetroleum (barrels; 2012–13) 64,800,000 ([2011] 67,700,000); petrole-um products (metric tons; 2012) 11,847,000 ([2011] 10,475,000); natur-al gas (cu m; 2012) 11,859,000,000 ([2011] 5,410,000,000).

Average household size (2012): 3.9.Population economically active (2015): total 17,120,000; participationrates: age 14 and over, male 81.0%; female 62.0%; unemployed 4.0%,of which youth (ages 15–24) 8.0%.

Gross national income (GNI; 2015): U.S.$194,630,000,000 (U.S.$6,200per capita); purchasing power parity GNI (U.S.$11,960 per capita).

Public debt (external, outstanding; 2014): U.S.$15,753,000,000.Land use as % of total land area (2011): in temporary crops or left fal-low 2.9%, in permanent crops 0.7%, in pasture 13.3%, forest area53.0%.

MilitaryTotal active duty personnel (November 2015):

81,000 (army 58.6%, navy 29.6%, air force11.8%). Military expenditure as percentageof GDP (2015): 1.3%; per capita expendi-ture U.S.$75.

Foreign trade10

Imports (2013): U.S.$43,357,300,000 (machinery andelectrical equipment 24.1%; mineral products16.0%; transport equipment 11.9%; chemicals andchemical products 9.7%; base metals and metalproducts 7.7%). Major import sources:

Exports (2013): U.S.$41,871,700,000 (mineral prod-ucts 41.7%, of which copper 18.2%; pearls andprecious stones or metals 20.9%, of which gold19.2%; base metals and metal products 9.6%). Major export destinations:

Transport and communicationsTransport. Railroads (2012): route length (2014)1,152 mi, 1,854 km; passenger-km 117,000,000;metric ton-km cargo 1,045,000,000. Roads(2012): total length 87,409 mi, 140,672 km(paved 13%). Vehicles (2010): passengercars 1,275,821; trucks and buses 858,614.

Education and healthLiteracy (2015): percentage of total populationage 15 and over literate 94.5%; males literate97.3%; females literate 91.7%.

Health: physicians (2010) 48,942 (1 per 591 per-sons); hospital beds (2011) 45,582 (1 per 642persons); infant mortality rate (2015) 19.6;undernourished population (2006–09)4,500,000 (16% of total population based onthe consumption of a minimum daily require-ment of 1,780 calories).

1The state recognizes Roman Catholicism as an important element in the historical and cultural devel-opment of Peru. 2Includes the 4,996 sq km area of the Peruvian part of Lake Titicaca. 3Detail does notadd to total given because of rounding. 4Preliminary. 52013. 6Finance, real estate data included inServices. 7Import duties and other taxes. 8Unemployed. 9Metal content. 10Imports c.i.f. 11Per the UNOffice on Drugs and Crime, Peru ranked second in the world in coca production (about 40,300 hectares)in 2015. 12Subscribers.

Internet resources for further information:• Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática www.inei.gob.pe• Central Reserve Bank of Peru www.bcrp.gob.pe

Structure of gross domestic product and labour force2013 2012

in value % of total labour % of labourS/. ’000,000 value force force

Agriculture, forestry, fishing 36,212 6.7 3,833,500 23.7Mining and quarrying 63,506 11.7 205,400 1.3Manufacturing 78,258 14.4 1,626,500 10.1Construction 37,053 6.8 917,600 5.7Public utilities 9,470 1.7 … …Transp. and commun. 42,975 7.9 1,190,300 7.4Trade, hotels 80,279 14.8 3,951,200 24.5Finance, real estate …6 …6

Pub. admin., defense 26,648 4.9 3,817,100 23.6Services 120,9276 22.36

Other 46,7887 8.67 600,6008 3.78

TOTAL 542,116 100.03 16,142,1003 100.0

Communications units unitsnumber per 1,000 number per 1,000

Medium date in ’000s persons Medium date in ’000s persons

TelephonesCellular 2015 34,23612 1,09912

Landline 2015 2,912 94

Internet users 2009 8,085 277Broadband 2015 1,99912 6412

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