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Pest and Disease Susceptibility in the Face of Climate Change -- a Pest Update
T D Paine Department of Entomology UC RiversideT.D. Paine, Department of Entomology, UC Riverside
Climate Change: TemperatureClimate Change: Temperature
• Increases in averageIncreases in average temperatures: 3.2 to 7.2°F (1.8-4.0°C)
• Increased variability in temperatures
• Winters warming more than summers
Climate Change: PrecipitationClimate Change: Precipitation
• Some areas predictedSome areas predicted to be wetter
• Some areas predicted pto be drier
• Intensity of storm yevents predicted to increase
• Snow packs may melt and runoff faster
Global Change: ConsequencesGlobal Change: Consequences
• Change in chilling hoursChange in chilling hours• Change in temperature
accumulations (day-( ydegrees)
• Change in plants that g pcan be used
• Change in plant stress –suitability and susceptibility to pests
Oak DiseaseOak Disease• Sudden Oak Death –
Phytopthora ramorumPhytopthora ramorum• Introduced from Europe
Wid h t• Wide host range
Eruptive InsectsEruptive Insects
• Fruit tree leafrollerFruit tree leafroller• Invests newly
expanding buds in the p gearly spring
• Interaction with effects of atmospheric deposition of nitrogen on trees
Eruptive InsectsEruptive Insects
• California Oak MothCalifornia Oak Moth• Extensive defoliation
of oaks• Periodic outbreaks
Chronic ProblemsChronic Problems
• Problems that areProblems that are typically present at low levels
• Predisposition: local conditions or initial infections that spread slowly – pollution, temperature extremestemperature extremes
InsectsInsects
• SawfliesSawflies• Turpentine beetles-
Dendroctonus valens• Engraver beetles- Ips
E. Bradford Walker
Eruptive ProblemsEruptive Problems• Problems that emerge g
quickly, reach very damaging levels, and then subsidethen subside. Recurrent
• Predisposition: localPredisposition: local or regional conditions that favor rapid
d f ispread of organisms – drought, site and stand conditionssta d co d t o s
InsectsInsects
• Bark beetles –Bark beetles Dendroctonus
• Overstocked stands with competition for light and moisture
• Elimination of fire• Drought conditions• Massive tree mortality
Impact of ChangeImpact of Change• Conditions of flux that alter
l i f i d direlations of insects and diseases with forest trees – may be rapid or gradual
• Site and Stand density and• Site and Stand – density and species
• Environmental Change – pollution and land use
• Temperature – high or low thresholds
• Fire – frequency and intensityq y y• Drought – periodic or prolonged
Global Change: ConsequencesGlobal Change: Consequences
• Change in pestChange in pest complexes –invasions and establishment
• Changes in life histories – number of generations, first emergence activeemergence, active periods
Invasive Threats - PineInvasive Threats Pine
• Hylurgus lignoperda:Hylurgus lignoperda: Red-haired Pine Bark Beetle
• Found in much of southern California
• At least two generations each year
Invasive Threats - PineInvasive Threats Pine• Orthotomicus erosus:
Mediterranean Pine Engraver BeetleC tl i t l• Currently in ornamental pines in urban landscapes
• Risk of movement into native forests, particularly Pinus radiataPinus radiata
• Pine Pitch Canker-Fusarium circinatum
Invasive Threats - PineInvasive Threats Pine
• Tomicus ligniperda:Tomicus ligniperda: Pine Shoot Beetle –in North American Great Lakes region, but not in California,
tyet.
Invasive Threats - PineInvasive Threats Pine• Sirex noctilio:
Woodwasp - in North America, but not in CaliforniaCalifornia
• Introduces a pathogenic funguspathogenic fungus into trees
• Tree dies and becomes suitable for larval development
New Pests and Old ProblemsNew Pests and Old Problems
• New vector –New vector aggravate the problem
• Glassy-winged Sharpshooter
New Pests and Old ProblemsNew Pests and Old Problems
New vector – createNew vector create new problem
Oleander Leaf ScorchOlive Leaf ScorchLiquidamberq
New Pests in New SystemsNew Pests in New Systems• Josephiellap• Pink hibiscus mealybug• Diaprepes root weevil• Myoporum thrips• Tipu psyllid• Asian citrus psyllid• Asian Wooly Hackberry
AphidAphid• Goldspotted oak borer
New Pests in New SystemsNew Pests in New Systems• Josephiellap• Pink hibiscus mealybug• Diaprepes root weevil• Myoporum thrips• Tipu psyllid• Asian citrus psyllid• Asian Wooly Hackberry
AphidAphid• Goldspotted oak borer
New Pests in New SystemsNew Pests in New Systems• Josephiellap• Pink hibiscus mealybug• Diaprepes root weevil• Myoporum thrips• Tipu psyllid• Asian citrus psyllid• Asian Wooly Hackberry
AphidAphid• Goldspotted oak borer
cisr.ucr.edu
New Pests in New SystemsNew Pests in New Systems• Josephiellap• Pink hibiscus mealybug• Diaprepes root weevil• Myoporum thrips• Tipu psyllid• Asian citrus psyllid• Asian Wooly Hackberry
AphidAphid• Goldspotted oak borer
New Pests in New SystemsNew Pests in New Systems• Josephiellap• Pink hibiscus mealybug• Diaprepes root weevil• Myoporum thrips• Tipu psyllid• Asian citrus psyllid• Asian Wooly Hackberry
AphidAphid• Goldspotted oak borer
Gevork Arakelia
New Pests in New SystemsNew Pests in New Systems• Josephiellap• Pink hibiscus mealybug• Diaprepes root weevil• Myoporum thrips• Tipu psyllid• Asian citrus psyllid• Asian Wooly Hackberry
AphidAphid• Goldspotted oak borer
cisr.ucr.edu
New Pests in New SystemsNew Pests in New Systems• Josephiellap• Pink hibiscus mealybug• Diaprepes root weevil• Myoporum thrips• Tipu psyllid• Asian citrus psyllid• Asian Wooly Hackberry
AphidAphid• Goldspotted oak borer
cisr.ucr.edu
New Pests in New SystemsNew Pests in New Systems• Josephiellap• Pink hibiscus mealybug• Diaprepes root weevil• Myoporum thrips• Tipu psyllid• Asian citrus psyllid• Asian Wooly Hackberry
AphidAphid• Goldspotted oak borer
cisr.ucr.edu
New Pests on HorizonNew Pests on Horizon
• Erythrina gall waspErythrina gall wasp• Redbay ambrosia
beetle• Eucalyptus gall wasps
hawaii.gov/hdoa/pi/ppc/
New Pests on HorizonNew Pests on Horizon
• Erythrina gallErythrina gall wasp
• Redbay yambrosia beetle
• Eucalyptus gall wasps
cisr.ucr.edu
New Pests on HorizonNew Pests on Horizon• Erythrina gall wasp• Redbay ambrosia• Redbay ambrosia
beetle• Eucalyptus gall wasps• Eucalyptus gall wasps
Impact on Pest ManagementImpact on Pest Management
• Why are invasiveWhy are invasive species often such damaging pests?
• Escape from natural controls –environmental and biological
Impact on Pest ManagementImpact on Pest Management
• Damage to species orDamage to species or systems that were previously pest free
• Confound an existing IPM program
• Resolve conflicts between short term
i d lprotection and long term management