Pesticide Use in US Crop Production: · PDF filePESTICIDE USE IN U.S. CROP PRODUCTION: ... Ann George of the U.S. Hop Industry Plant Protection Committee, ... Pesticide Use in US Crop

PESTICIDE USE IN U.S. CROPPRODUCTION: 1997

National Summary Report

Leonard P. GianessiMonica B. Marcelli

November 2000

National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy1616 P Street, NW

Washington, DC 20036

Phone: (202) 328-5048Fax: (202) 328-5133

E-mail: [email protected]: www.ncfap.org

Development of the national pesticide use database has been supported financiallyby the Office of Pest Management Policy of the U.S. Department of Agricultureunder Agricultural Research Service Cooperative Agreement 58-0790-7-039.

mailto:[email protected]

Table of Contents

1.0 Acknowledgements

2.0 Introduction

3.0 Database Parameters

4.0 Data Sources

5.0 Review Procedures

6.0 Results/Summaries

7.0 Caveats/Disclaimers

8.0 1992 Database Adjustments

9.0 Internet File Description

10.0 References – 1997 Database

11.0 References – 1992 Database

1.0 Acknowledgements

The development of the national pesticide use database was supported by a Cooperative

Agreement with the Office of Pest Management Policy (OPMP) of the United States

Department of Agriculture (USDA). We thank Al Jennings and Therese Murtagh for

their encouragement and patience for the time required to complete the project. Kent

Smith of OPMP served as the Project Officer.

Kathryn Kimble-Day and Dennis Kopp provided timely access to pesticide use reports

funded by USDA’s CSREES. Larry Wilhoit of CALDPR and Norm Bennett of USDA-

NASS provided electronic versions of databases that greatly facilitated our project’s

completion.

Several hundred extension service specialists provided us data for this project. This

project could not have been completed without their cooperation. They are all listed in

the reference list. The database was reviewed by industry specialists in the agricultural

chemical industry and by University pesticide information specialists; these individuals

are listed in Tables 6 and 7.

Of all of the individuals who helped us with this database, several were particularly

noteworthy for the efforts which they made in assembling and reviewing data for this

project: Jere Downing of the Cranberry Institute, Rocky Lundy of the Mint Industry

Research Council, Ann George of the U.S. Hop Industry Plant Protection Committee,

Dudley Smith of Texas A&M University and William Spencer of Tomen Agro.

2.0 Introduction

In 1995, the National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy (NCFAP) issued Pesticide

Use in U.S. Crop Production: National Summary Report, which summarized the national

use of 200 active ingredients on 87 crops. The 1995 report was compiled from a state-

level usage database that quantified the use of each active ingredient by crop and state.1

The 1995 NCFAP report quantified pesticide usage based on crop acreage for 1992 and

usage patterns for the years 1990-93. The 1995 NCFAP report is referred to as the “1992

Report” in the following discussion. NCFAP has prepared a more recent version of the

national pesticide usage database. This database is representative of usage patterns for

the years of 1995-98 and is keyed to crop acreage data for 1997. The more recent

NCFAP report is referred to as the “1997 Report” in the following discussion. All of the

1992 data records and summaries are included in the 1997 Report and database for

comparison purposes.

The same basic methodology was used by NCFAP in assembling the 1997 Report as was

used in assembling the 1992 Report: NCFAP has organized state and crop pesticide use

data from publicly available reports into a national database of pesticide use in U.S. crop

production. For states and crops not covered completely by the available surveys and

reports, NCFAP conducted a survey of extension service specialists for pesticide use

profile information. For some states and crops for which there are no published surveys

or reports and no expert opinions from extension service specialists, imputations were

made by assuming that the state’s pesticide use profile is identical to that of a

neighboring state.

A separate report analyzes differences between the 1992 and 1997 estimates: Gianessi,

L.P., and Cressida Silvers, Trends in Crop Pesticide Use: Comparing 1992 and 1997

Pesticide Use, National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy, November 2000.

Available at www.ncfap.org

1 Pesticide Use in U.S. Crop Production: National Data Report, National Center for Food and AgriculturalPolicy, February 1995.

3.0 Database Parameters

NCFAP’s 1997 pesticide usage database contains estimates for 220 active ingredients.

These active ingredients and their product names are listed in Table 1A. Their

manufacturers/registrants are listed in Table 1B. Fifteen active ingredients that had been

included in the 1992 database are not included in the 1997 database due to their

cancellation, withdrawal or minimal use in crop production: anilazine, carboxin,

dinocap, thiabendazole, chloramben, diethatyl ethyl, diphenamid, isopropalin, methazole,

siduron, tridiphane, fenvalerate, mevinphos, trichlorfon and trimethacarb. Thirty-five

new active ingredients have been added to the 1997 usage database. These active

ingredients can be identified in Tables 1A and 1B. (They have been assigned a triple

asterisk: “***”)

The 1997 database includes four active ingredients that have been withdrawn, canceled or

for which production has ceased since 1997. These active ingredients have been assigned

a single asterisk: “*” or a double asterisk: “**” in Tables 1A and 1B.

Thirty-seven of the active ingredients have been classified as fungicides; 66 are classified

as insecticides; 96 are classified as herbicides; and 21 are classified in the “other”

category, that includes fumigants, growth regulators and defoliants. Each active

ingredient is assigned to a single use category even though some active ingredients are

used for multiple purposes. For example, although paraquat is used as both an herbicide

and as a defoliant, all of paraquat’s uses are included in the herbicide category. Active

ingredients that have some use as nematicides are included either in the insecticide

category (such as fenamiphos, oxamyl and aldicarb) or in the “other” category (the

fumigants 1,3-D, methyl bromide, etc.).

The NCFAP database (both 1992 and 1997 versions) includes applications to cropland

only (foliar, soil and in furrow applications). Non-cropland applications are not included.

Seed treatments, greenhouse uses, ornamental uses, livestock uses, rodenticides,

mushrooms, beekeeping, animal repellants and postharvest uses also are not included.

Applications to non-bearing orchards or vineyards are not included. Pesticide usage in

governmental Areawide Eradication programs (such as boll weevil, Med-fly) are not

included.

Some crop uses of particular active ingredients for which usage has been estimated in the

1997 database have been canceled or withdrawn subsequently. For example, propargite

use is quantified in the 1997 report for apricots, green beans peaches and plums even

though these crops had been removed from labels prior to 1997. They are included since

there was legally labeled material still available for farmers to use in 1997. In some cases

the 1997 database shows usage for crops that have been canceled for active ingredients

since 1997. For example, the 1997 database includes 16 crops for methamidophos;

subsequent to 1997, 13 of these crop uses were canceled. In some cases, some crop uses

for an active ingredient included in the 1997 database are not labeled; However, usage

was permitted in 1997 under a Section 18 emergency registration.

Not all active ingredients used in U.S. crop production are included in the 1997 database.

Active ingredients used on a very small number of acres are not included (such as

rotenone, sabadilla). Active ingredients that have been introduced since 1997 also are not

included (such as imazamox, glufosinate, carfentrazone, isoxaflutole and cloransulam).

Eighty-seven crops are included in the 1997 database. These are the same 87 crops

included in the 1992 database. Several minor changes have been made. The names of

several crops have been changed. In the 1992 database the designation was “filberts” and

“plums”; these crop names have been changed to “hazelnuts” and “plums/prunes” in the

1997 report. The crop category “sod” refers to sod farms.

Estimates of crop acreage by state were drawn from the 1997 Census of Agriculture.2 In

some cases, the Census reports several categories for a crop, such as “sorghum for grain,”

“sorghum for dry forage,” and “sorghum for silage.” In these cases, NCFAP has added

2 Available on line at www.nass.usda.gov/census/

the acreage estimates from the separate categories together into a single category for

“sorghum.” Table 2 lists the 87 crops included in the NCFAP database and identifies the

corresponding Census categories. NCFAP does not include all states with acreage of

these 87 crops. Generally, NCFAP includes states that account for at least 90% of U.S.

acreage. Table 2 lists for each crop the national Census acreage total and the total for the

states included in the NCFAP database. As can be seen, the 1997 NCFAP database

includes more than 90% of the national acreage for most crops. In the summary tables of

pesticide use, NCFAP uses the national crop acreage total for only those states included

in its database.

There are some differences in the acreage estimates included for some crops in the 1992

and 1997 NCFAP databases. The 1992 database included several states with extremely

small acreage for certain crops because pesticide use data was readily available (for

example, 72 acres of cauliflower in Ohio). However, pesticide use data for these minor

acreage crops were not available for the 1997 database and no estimates were made.

There are 48 crop/state combinations (such as cauliflower/Ohio) for which estimates

were made in the 1992 database and not in the 1997 database. These dropped crop/state

combinations accounted for 42,533 total acres that were included in the 1992 database.

The dropped state/crop combinations are listed in Table 3. On the other hand, NCFAP

has added 19 crop/state combinations to the 1997 database that were not included in the

1992 database (such as cotton/Virginia). These newly included crop/state combinations

account for 7.6 million acres. The state/crop combinations added to the database are

listed in Table 4.

In the 1992 database, NCFAP used crop acreage estimates for fallowland and pasture that

were developed independently of the Census of Agriculture. In the 1997 database, the

acreage estimates for pasture and fallowland are drawn from the 1997 Census.

The 1997 Census did not publish or release state acreage totals in those cases for which

there are three or fewer growers of the crop in the state. In these cases the Census

suppresses the state acreage total and lists a “D” instead. For 14 crop/state combinations,

the 1997 NCFAP database uses the 1992 crop/state acreage estimates due to suppression

of the Census total for 1997. Those 14 state/crop combinations are listed in Table 5.

Many crops included in the Census of Agriculture are not included in the NCFAP

database: Chinese cabbage, mustard greens, chicory, endive, etc.

The NCFAP database is limited to the coterminous 48 states; Alaska and Hawaii are not

included.

4.0 Data Sources

The NCFAP 1997 pesticide use database is not specific for any particular year. While the

crop acreage data in the database represents 1997, the use surveys compiled for the

database cover the years 1994-1998.

The 1997 national database consists of 17,098 records that delineate the use of a specific

active ingredient on a crop in a specified state. Each line of data contains a reference

code that identifies the source of the data. These references are listed in section “10.0

References: 1997 Database” of this document. The sources of information are

categorized as follows:

• Surveys Conducted by the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS)

(4,080 records)

The following 10 NASS Agricultural Chemical Usage surveys were used

in assembling the 1997 NCFAP database: Field Crops (1994, 1995, 1996,

1997, 1998), Vegetables (1994, 1996, 1998) and Fruits (1995, 1997).3

NCFAP uses the NASS estimates for the following two parameters: rate

per crop year (lbs/A) and area applied (%). The NCFAP record for a

particular active ingredient/crop/state combination is drawn directly from

a particular NASS report that is referenced. In some cases it was

necessary for NCFAP to create a weighted average for a particular

crop/state/active ingredient combination when NASS reports separate

estimates for “processed tomatoes” and “fresh tomatoes” or “tart cherries”

and “sweet cherries,” etc.

The use coefficients drawn from the NASS surveys were used in the 1997

NCFAP database by multiplication times the estimate of crop acreage

from the 1997 Census of Agriculture. With this method, estimates of total

3 These reports are available on the worldwide web at usda.gov/nass/.

pounds applied are calculated. There is not an exact agreement between

the acreage estimates in the 1997 Census and those used in the NASS

Agricultural Chemical Usage reports. As a result, there is not an exact

agreement between NASS’s published estimates of pounds of active

ingredient used and NCFAP’s – even though both sets of estimates rely on

the same usage coefficients.

• Reports for individual states and selected crops funded by USDA’s Cooperative

State Research, Education and Extension Service (CSREES) and national

pesticide benefit assessments conducted by USDA’s National Agricultural

Pesticide Impact Assessment Program (NAPIAP) (1,646 records)

CSREES has funded university specialists to prepare pesticide use surveys

for many crops.4 These reports were prepared in a variety of ways. Some

are based on surveys of farmers; some are based on expert opinions from

extension service specialists. NCFAP’s 1997 pesticide use database

includes estimates from 46 of the CSREES funded reports.

Since 1995, USDA’s NAPIAP issued nine national assessment reports of

pesticides used, by state, in the production of particular crops (citrus,

tomatoes, alfalfa, strawberries, carrots, onions, asparagus, rice and

potatoes). The NAPIAP reports include estimates of the usage of

individual active ingredients for these crops on a state-by-state basis.

These estimates are based on expert opinions of university specialists.

• USDA Crop Profiles (1,256 records)

For the past several years, the USDA has funded university specialists to

develop documents known as “crop profiles,” that include descriptions of

4 For information on the CSREES and NAPIAP reports, contact Kathy Kimble-Day or Dennis Kopp atCSREES.

pest problems and control alternatives for a specific crop and state.5 Many

of the crop profiles include pesticide usage data that are based either on

growers’ surveys or expert opinion of extension specialists. For California

crop profiles, pesticide usage data are drawn from the CALDPR’s full use

reporting system (described below). NCFAP drew pesticide use estimates

from 135 crop profiles.

• State of California Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR) Annual Report

(1997) (1,312 records) The DPR records have been assigned reference code 444.

The State of California requires full reporting of agricultural uses of

pesticides. The California DPR compiles the individual use records into a

statewide summary of the use of individual active ingredients by crop.6

The published report includes estimates of pounds applied and acres

treated.

The published acres treated estimates represent cumulative acres treated,

meaning that if an acre of a crop is treated more than once with the same

active ingredient, it is counted as many times as it is treated. The

CALDPR has prepared an unpublished summary of the crop acreage

treated data including totals of “Base Acres Treated,” that counts an acre

treated with an active ingredient only once, even if it is treated multiple

times with the same active ingredient. The CALDPR also estimated the

total number of base acres of the crop in the state. By dividing the

estimate of the number of base acres treated by an active ingredient by the

number of base acres of the crop in the state, the DPR calculated estimates

of “Percent Base Acres Treated,” that is definitionally similar to NASS’s

parameter, “Area Applied, Percent.” By dividing DPR’s estimates of total

5 Crop Profiles are available on the internet at http://ipmwww.ncsu.edu/opmppiap.6 The CALDPR annual summary reports are available on the worldwide web at www.cdpr.ca.gov.

pounds applied by the estimates of base acres treated, estimates of the

annual average application (lbs/AI/A/YR) are calculated.

NCFAP obtained an electronic version of the 1997 CALDPR statewide

summary report, that includes the estimates of base acres treated and

percent base acres treated.7 NCFAP integrated the DPR data into the 1997

national database by assigning NCFAP’s standard names for crops and

active ingredients in place of CALDPR’s. In some cases, NCFAP totaled

DPR records by combining separate records for various crop subgroups

(such as lemons, grapefruit, etc.) to conform with NCFAP’s crop

definition (i.e. citrus). NCFAP also totaled DPR’s separate estimates for

different salts of active ingredients (such as 2,4-D) into a single active

ingredient total.

NCFAP recomputed the estimates of percent base acres treated by

dividing the DPR estimates of number of base acres treated by the Census

of Agriculture’s crop acreage estimates. In some cases, there is

considerable discrepancy between the Census and the DPR statewide

acreage estimates.8 As a result, NCFAP’s estimates of percent acres

treated are not in exact agreement with the unpublished DPR estimates.

NCFAP recomputes the estimates of acres treated and pounds applied by

multiplying the Census acreage estimates times the estimates of percent

acres treated and annual application amounts (lbs/AI/A/YR). Generally,

there is close agreement between NCFAP’s and CALDPR’s estimates of

total pounds of active ingredient applied by crop. In some cases, NCFAP

has drawn pesticide use coefficients for California crops from NASS

surveys and from crop profiles.

7 The database was provided by Larry Wilhoit of DPR.8 This discrepancy is discussed at length in several crop profiles from California, such as strawberries.

For methyl bromide, the statewide DPR summaries include several large

subtotals that are not disaggregated by crop, such as “uncultivated

agricultural areas” and “soil applications, preplant – outdoors.” An

examination of the detailed California usage file that contains the

individual application records revealed that much of the unspecified

methyl bromide usage is in three counties: Fresno, Madera and Tulare.

The agricultural commissioners in those three counties were contacted and

provided percentage estimates of the unspecified methyl bromide usage by

crop. These percentages were used to distribute the estimates of

unspecified methyl bromide usage in these counties to the individual crops

identified by the county commissioners.9 Usage records for methyl

bromide that were developed with this adjustment procedure are assigned

a reference code of 503.

• Survey of Extension Service Specialists (4,662 records)

Survey forms were sent to university extension service specialists asking

for profiles of active ingredient usage by crop for 1997. The survey forms

included the 1992 usage estimates. Survey forms were sent for crops and

states not included in the sources listed above (NASS, CSREES, Crop

Profiles, CALDPR).

The surveys were sent to specialists who were identified as having

participated in previous NCFAP surveys and NAPIAP assessments. In

addition, extension specialists were identified by discipline from the

published pest management handbooks issued by state university

extension services.

9 This procedure is discussed in more detail in the report The Economic Impact of the Scheduled U.S.Phaseout of Methyl Bromide available on NCFAP’s website: www.ncfap.org

277 extension service specialists responded to the survey request. They

are all listed individually in the reference list.

• Other Sources (821 records)

Several commodity organizations provided estimates of the use of

individual active ingredients by state: the Mint Industry Research Council

[344], the Cranberry Institute [336], the U.S. Hop Plant Protection

Committee [253], the Oregon Hop Commission [254], the Minnesota

Canola Council [347], and the Florida Fruit and Vegetable Association

[380]. In addition, several commodity groups’ publications include

pesticide use data that has been included in the 1997 database: the

Michigan Potato Commission [027] [514], the Mint Industry Research

Council [063] [064], the National Cotton Council [437], and Cotton Inc.

[460]. Two independent crop consultants [290] [314] and five pest

management specialists at food corporations [121] [186] [228] [373] [384]

profiled usage patterns. Usage profiles for sugarbeets in Montana, North

Dakota and Minnesota were drawn from an annual publication of the

North Dakota State University Extension Service [436]. Usage records for

Wisconsin were drawn from a report funded by the Wisconsin State

Legislature [054]. Two states with pesticide use reporting requirements

provided estimates for certain pesticides and crops for which statewide

aggregations had been tabulated: New Hampshire [445] and

Arizona [009]. One state provided estimates of use under Section 18

registrations [518]. Identification of acreage planted with herbicide

tolerant cotton varieties came from a USDA/AMS publication [519].

During the review procedure (outlined below), six individuals from

agricultural chemical manufacturers provided estimates of the usage of

individual active ingredients that are included in the 1997 database [378]

[379] [381] [493] [504] [506].

• Assignments (3,321 records)

In certain cases (91 records), it was determined that the pesticide usage

data for 1992 characterized the 1997 time period as well. In these cases

the same references that had been included in the 1992 database are

included as sources in the 1997 database: [475] [484] [492] [494] [495]

[496] [497] [505] [515].

In certain cases (43 records), usage profiles provided by the above sources

listed methyl bromide usage without listing a corresponding use amount

for chloropicrin. Since methyl bromide is always applied in combination

with chloropicrin, it was assumed that chloropicrin was used on the same

percentage of acres as methyl bromide. Chloropicrin records that are

based on this procedure are identified with a reference code of “900.”

In many cases (3,187 records), usage profiles were not available from the

above sources for a crop in certain states. In these instances, usage

estimates have been assigned by assuming that the state’s pesticide use

profile for a particular active ingredient/crop combination is identical to

that of a nearby state. Usage records that have been assigned based on the

profile for a nearby state have been assigned a reference code of “999.”

5.0 Review Procedures

A preliminary version of the 1997 usage database was sent out for review by contacts at

university extension services and at agricultural chemical companies. The state

university contacts are identified in Table 6. These individuals traditionally have been

identified as State Liaison Representatives (SLRs) to CSREES’s NAPIAP. As such their

responsibilities have included maintaining information on pesticide usage in their states.

Accordingly, they were asked to review the preliminary usage estimates for their states in

terms of accuracy and completeness. Several of these state contacts provided extensive

comments on the preliminary database; others did not respond to this request.

The industry contacts listed in Table 7 were sent the preliminary usage estimates for their

companies’ active ingredients. In some cases, no response was received regarding the

review requests. In other cases extensive comments were made regarding the accuracy

and completeness of the preliminary 1997 usage estimates. In six cases, the industry

contacts were willing to serve as sources for particular usage estimates for their products.

They are identified as references [378] [379] [381] [493] [504] and [506].

In those cases for which the industry or university contacts reported large discrepancies

between the preliminary 1997 usage estimates and industry or university data, an effort

was made to resolve the discrepancies. In some cases, the preliminary 1997 estimates

were revised by substitution of data sources. For example, a preliminary estimate may

have been based on the 1997 NASS Field Crop Survey, but, subsequently, was revised to

the 1996 Field Crop Survey if that helped to resolve discrepancies. In other cases, usage

estimates from crop profiles were substituted for NASS data that may have been utilized

initially in the preliminary database. In some cases, follow-up surveys were made with

extension service specialists to try to resolve discrepancies. In some cases, these

procedures were successful and permitted revision of the preliminary data which resulted

in estimates closer to those of industry or universities. However, in other cases, these

procedures were not successful in resolving such differences and the preliminary

estimates were not revised.

The listing of an individual or an organization in Tables 6 and 7 does not imply any

endorsement of the accuracy of the 1997 national pesticide use database. These names

are provided for informational purposes only: these are the individuals who were

contacted for the purpose of reviewing the preliminary 1997 data.

6.0 Results/Summaries

Tables 8, 9, 10 and 11 list the estimates of national usage in terms of pounds for

individual active ingredients according to pesticide type (fungicides, herbicides,

insecticides and other). These national estimates are sums of the individual records by

state and crop. These tables include the national sums by active ingredient for both 1992

and 1997. It should be noted that the insecticide Bt is not reported in terms of pounds of

active ingredient, due to its nature. Therefore, its totals are listed as blanks in Table 10.

Table 12 lists the top 10 active ingredients in each pesticide category in terms of pounds

of national usage in 1997.

Table 13 compares NCFAP’s 1997 national usage totals with EPA’s estimates of the

national usage of the 25 largest volume “conventional” pesticide active ingredients used

in agriculture. As can be seen, the NCFAP totals are within EPA’s range for 19 of the

active ingredients. NCFAP’s 1997 estimates are lower than EPA’s usage range for 1

active ingredient while being higher than EPA’s usage range for 5 active ingredients.

It should be noted that since EPA’s ranking excludes certain pesticides (such as sulfuric

acid, oil and sulfur), there is a discrepancy between EPA’s listing of the top 25 largest

volume pesticides used in agriculture and NCFAP’s. The three active ingredients noted

above (sulfuric acid, oil and sulfur) are all included in NCFAP’s highest volume 10

active ingredients listing (Table 12).

In the aggregate, there is rough agreement between the NCFAP national pesticide use

estimates for agricultural uses and estimates made by USEPA’s Office of Pesticide

Programs. Table 14 compares NCFAP’s and USEPA’s aggregate usage estimates for

1992 and 1997 by agricultural use category. The NCFAP totals for insecticides,

fungicides and other pesticides have been adjusted so that they are definitionally the same

as EPA’s: certain active ingredients are included in a category called “other chemicals”.

(See the note for Table 14.)

Eighty-seven crops are profiled for one or more of the 48 coterminous states. Table 15

lists the 87 crops and shows the total national usage amount for each crop. Table 16 lists

the 48 States and shows the total usage for each state. Table 17 lists the 10 crops and

states that rank the highest in terms of total volume of pesticide active ingredients applied

in 1997.

7.0 Caveats/Disclaimers

The NCFAP national pesticide use database is a compilation of records from a wide

variety of sources. There is no way to determine the accuracy of any of the estimates in

the database. Some of the estimates are based on surveys of farmers, others are expert

opinions from knowledgeable extension service specialists. Because of the absence of

data for many states and crops, many records have been assigned based on the data from

a nearby state. It is unclear as to how accurate this procedure is. No claims of statistical

accuracy are made with regard to the NCFAP national pesticide use database.

The NCFAP database is limited to cropland uses of pesticides only. Seed treatments,

greenhouse uses, ornamental uses, livestock uses, rodenticides, postharvest uses and

animal repellants are not included.

Although references made to the years 1992 and 1997 as the benchmark years for the

database, the data records are drawn from the years 1990-1993 and 1994-1998. The

NCFAP databases are more accurately described as circa 1992 and circa 1997.

Note: The active ingredient Bt is not estimated in terms of pounds of use. The only

usage parameter included for Bt is acres treated.

8.0 1992 Database Adjustments

In assembling the 1997 estimates and comparing them to the 1992 estimates, the need to

adjust several of the 1992 records became necessary. The rate of azinphos-methyl on

apples in Washington had been included, inadvertently, in the 1992 database as “2.02.”

Upon review of the original data source, the estimate was converted to “3.02.” In the

1997 database, in all instances, when a crop is treated with methyl bromide a companion

estimate for chloropicrin has been made. (See discussion above in Section 4.0.) This

procedure was not used for the 1992 database. Consequently, there are several instances

in the original 1992 database where methyl bromide’s use is included without a

corresponding estimate for chloropicrin. To remedy this oversight, 23 records for

chloropicrin have been added to the 1992 database so that in every instance where methyl

bromide is used, a companion chloropicrin estimate exists. In addition, three chloropicrin

estimates originally made in the 1992 database have been revised because of a significant

discrepancy between the estimates for percent crop treated between chloropicrin and

methyl bromide. In addition, to being used wherever methyl bromide is used, it also is

assumed that the same percentage of acres would be treated with both methyl bromide

and chloropicrin. In these three instances, chloropicrin had been estimated to have been

used on significantly fewer acres than had methyl bromide. In these three instances, as in

the 23 new records for chloropicrin, the estimate of percent acreage treated for

chloropicrin is assumed to be the same as for methyl bromide. An additional reference

code of “900” has been added to the 1992 database to identify those instances in which

chloropicrin usage has been assumed to have been applied in combination with

previously identified use of methyl bromide.

With these exceptions, for chloropicrin and azinphos-methyl, there is exact agreement

between the usage estimates for 1992 in this report and those previously released. Since

the 1992 database is included in its entirety on the NCFAP website, the list of references

used in the 1992 database is included in this report as Section 11.0.

9.0 Internet File Description

The entire NCFAP 1992 and 1997 pesticide use databases are available on NCFAP’s

website: www.ncfap.org A visitor to the website has several options:

(1) View this National Summary report Pesticide Use in U.S. Crop Production: 1997.

(2) View National Summary Reports for Active Ingredients by Crop. These reports are

available for both 1992 or 1997 by active ingredient. After selecting an active

ingredient and year, a national summary of use is displayed. This national summary

adds up the estimates of acres treated and pounds used from the individual database

records to national totals. The computer routine accesses a file that contains

estimates of the national acreage planted for each crop. These estimates are

displayed in this report as “NCFAP Acres” in Table 2. The routine divides the

national acreage of a crop treated with an active ingredient by the national estimate

of acres planted to compute an estimate of “% Acres Treated” that represents the

percent of the nation’s acres of the crop treated with the active ingredient. The

routine also adds up the estimates of pounds of active ingredient applied to a national

total by crop. By dividing the estimate of pounds of active ingredient applied by

crop by the estimate of acres treated, the routine computes a value for the average

annual national rate of application (Lbs AI/A) for the active ingredient on the crop.

These estimates are displayed in this report in two summary tables for each activie

ingredient: Table 18A and Table 18B, the national summaries for 1992 and 1997,

respectively.

(3) View Reports for Active Ingredients by Crop and State. These reports format the

individual data records for either 1992 or 1997. The selection can be made by either

active ingredient, crop or state. Thus, all of the records can be previewed for any

individual active ingredient. Likewise, all of the records can be previewed for a

particular crop or state. The routine allows the user to apply filters by state, crop or

active ingredient. However, there is no guarantee that a search will produce any

records that meet the specified combination. It is advised to use the option “All

pesticides” or “All crops” or “All states” initially in order to see which states or

crops or active ingredients are included for the area of interest. These tables are

included as Tables 1A and 1B in this report, including records from 1992 and 1997,

respectively.

Each record in the database is specific by active ingredient, crop and state. The following

description applies to the individual fields displayed on each record:

(a) Pesticide: 235 Unique Active Ingredient Names

There are 200 active ingredients included in the 1992 database and 220 in the

1997. One hundred eighty-five ingredients are included for both years. Fifteen

active ingredients that were included in the 1992 file are not included in the 1997

file. Thirty-five new active ingredients have been added to the 1997 file.

(b) Crop: 87 Unique Crop Names

The crop names are identical for the 1992 and 1997 databases.

(c) State: 48 State Names

(d) Acres Planted: From the Census of Agriculture (either 1992 or 1997)

(e) % Acres Treated: The percentage of the crop in the state treated with the active

ingredient on an annual basis

(f) LBS AI/Acre: The amount of the active ingredient used on a treated acre on an

annual basis

(g) Acres Treated: Acres Planted x % Acres Treated x 0.01

(h) LBS AI Applied: Acres Treated x LBS AI/A

(i) REF: The Reference Code

The reference code identifies the source of the usage parameters. These “REF’s”

are identified in Sections 10.0 and 11.0 of this report for 1997 and 1992,

respectively.

Note: The active ingredient Bt is not estimated in terms of pounds of use. The only

usage parameter included for Bt is acres treated.

(4) Download Records from the Database

The user has the option of downloading the entire database or selected records from the

database. The entire database may be downloaded in either Microsoft Excel, Microsoft

Access or common delimited text (.csv) format. Selected records may be downloaded in

comma delimited text (.csv) format only.

The entire file contains 20886 records. Each record contains fields for data for 1992 and

1997. There are records for crop uses and active ingredients that are included for 1992

and for which usage was not tabulated for 1997. This is the result of three factors:

(1) the active ingredient used was canceled subsequent to 1992; (2) the state/crop

combination is no longer tracked by NCFAP (See Table 3 for a list of state/crop

combinations not included in the 1997 database.); and (3) the active ingredient is not

reported as having been used on the crop in the state in 1997. Likewise there are records

for which the 1997 parameters are filled in while the 1992 fields are blank. These

situations arise because of three factors: (1) the active ingredient was newly introduced

subsequent to 1992; (2) NCFAP added the state/crop combination to its database

subsequent to the 1992 compilation (See Table 4 to identify state/crop combinations that

were added to the 1997 database.); and (3) the active ingredient was not reported as being

used on the crop in the state in 1992 but was reported as being used in 1997.

The format of the downloaded records is as follows:

a. Pesticide Name: 235 unique active ingredient names

b. Type: Each active ingredient is classified into one of four categories:

HerbicidesInsecticidesFungicidesOther Pesticides

c. Crop: 87 Unique Crop Names

d. State: 48 State Names

e. AC92: Acres Planted (1992 Census)

f. PCT92: Percent Acres Treated (1992)

g. Rate92: Annual Application Amount (LBS AI/A) (1992)

h. REF92: Reference Code for 1992 Estimates (See Section 11.0)

i. ACTRT92: Acres Treated (1992) PCT92 x AC92 x 0.01

j. LBS92: LBS AI Applied (1992) ACTRT92 x Rate92

k. AC97: Acres Planted (1997 Census)

l. PCT97: Percent Acres Treated (1997)

m. Rate97: Annual Application Amount (LBS AI/A) (1997)

n. REF97: Reference Code for 1997 Estimates (See Section 10.0)

o. ACTRT97: Acres Treated (1997) PCT97 x AC97 x 0.01

p. LBS97: LBS AI Applied (1997) ACTRT97 x Rate97

TABLE 1A: Active Ingredients Included in the 1997 National Pesticide Use Database

A. FUNGICIDES

Active Ingredient Trade Names

Azoxystrobin*** Abound QuadrisBenomyl BenlateCaptanChlorothalonil Bravo Echo ThalonilCopper Kocide Nucop ChampCymoxanil*** CurzateDCNA Dicloran BotranDimethomorph*** AcrobatDodine SyllitEtridiazole TerraguardFenarimol RubiganFenbuconazole*** Enable IndarFerbam CarbamateFlutolanil*** Prostar MoncutFosetyl-AL AlietteIprodione RovralMancozeb Dithane Manzate PenncozebManeb ManexMefenoxam*** Ridomil Gold Apron XLMetalaxyl Apron RidomilMetiram PolyramMyclobutanil Nova RallyOxytetracycline MycoshieldPCNB TerraclorPropamocarb*** TattooPropiconazole Orbit Tilt BreakStreptomycin AgrimycinSulfur Thiolux MicrothiolTebuconazole*** Folicur EliteThiophanate Methyl TopsinThiramTriadimefon BayletonTriflumizole*** ProcureTriforine FunginexTriphenyltin Hyd Supertin Du-TerVinclozolin RonilanZiram

* Active Ingredient canceled or withdrawn** Active Ingredient no longer manufactured*** New Active Ingredient

TABLE 1A: Active Ingredients Included in the 1997 National Pesticide Use Database (Cont.)

B. HERBICIDES


2,4-D Hi-Dep Formula 40 Weedar 642,4-DB Butyrac ButoxoneAcetochlor*** Harness SurpassAcifluorfen BlazerAlachlor Lasso Micro-Tech PartnerAmetryn EvikAsulam AsuloxAtrazine AatrexBenefin BalanBensulfuron LondaxBensulide PrefarBentazon BasagranBromacil HyvarBromoxynil Buctril BromoxButylate SutanChlorimuron ClassicChlorsulfuron GleanClethodim Select PrismClomazone CommandClopyralid StingerCyanazine Bladex Cy-ProCycloate Ro-NeetDCPA** DacthalDesmedipham BetanexDicamba Banvel ClarityDichlobenil Casoron DyclomecDiclofop HoelonDifenzoquat AvengeDimethenamid*** FrontierDiquat RegloneDiuron Direx KarmexDSMA Ansar 8100Endothall Accelerate Des-I-Cate Herbicide 273EPTC Eptam EradicaneEthalfluralin Curbit SonalanEthofumesate Nortron ProgressFenoxaprop Option II Whip AcclaimFluazifop FusiladeFlumetsulam*** BroadstrikeFlumiclorac*** Resource


B. HERBICIDES (Cont.)


Fluometuron Cotoran Meturon Flo-MetFomesafen Reflex FlexstarGlyphosate Roundup GlyphosHalosulfuron*** PermitHexazinone Velpar PrononeImazapic*** CadreImazamethabenz AssertImazaquin ScepterImazethapyr PursuitLactofen CobraLinuron Linex LoroxMCPA Chiptox RhonoxMCPB ThistrolMCPP MecopropMetolachlor DualMetribuzin Lexone SencorMetsulfuron Ally EscortMolinate OrdramMSMA Bueno 6 Ansar 6-6Napropamide DevrinolNaptalam AlanapNicosulfuron AccentNorflurazon Evital Solicam ZorialOryzalin SurflanOxyfluorfen GoalParaquat Cyclone Gramoxone StarfirePebulate TillamPendimethalin ProwlPhenmedipham Spin-Aid BetanalPicloram TordonPrimisulfuron BeaconPrometryn Caparol Cotton-ProPronamide KerbPropachlor RamrodPropanil StamProsulfuron*** PeakPyrazon PyraminPyridate ToughPyrithiobac*** StapleQuinclorac FacetQuizalofop Assure




Rimsulfuron*** Matrix Basis****Sethoxydim Poast Conclude G TorpedoSimazine PrincepSulfentrazone*** Authority SpartanTebuthiuron SpikeTerbacil SinbarThifensulfuron Pinnacle Basis****Thiobencarb Bolero AbolishTriallate Far-GoTriasulfuron AmberTribenuron ExpressTriclopyr GarlonTrifluralin Treflan Tri-4 TrilinTriflusulfuron*** UpbeetVernolate* Vernam

* Active Ingredient canceled or withdrawn** Active Ingredient no longer manufactured*** New Active Ingredient**** Basis contains two active ingredients: rimsulfuron and thifensulfuron.


C. INSECTICIDES


Abamectin Agri-Mek Avid ZephyrAcephate Orthene PayloadAldicarb TemikAmitraz Mitac OvasynAzadirachtin*** Neemix Trilogy AzatinAzinphos-Methyl Guthion SniperBifenthrin Brigade CaptureBt Novodor Condor DipelBuprofezin*** ApplaudCarbaryl SevinCarbofuran FuradanChlorethoxyfos*** FortressChlorpyrifos Lorsban Chlorfos NufosClofentezine ApolloCryolite Kryocide ProkilCyfluthrin BaythroidCypermethrin Ammo Cymbush Fury/ MustangCyromazine TrigardDeltamethrin*** DecisDiazinon D-Z-NDicofol KelthaneDicrotophos BidrinDiflubenzuron Dimilin MicromiteDimethoate CygonDisulfoton Di-SystonEndosulfan Thiodan Phaser Golden LeafEsfenvalerate AsanaEthionEthoprop MocapEthyl ParathionFenamiphos NemacurFenbutatin Oxide Vendex HexakisFenpropathrin DanitolFonofos* DyfonateFormetanate HCL CarzolHexythiazox*** SaveyImidacloprid*** Admire ProvadoLambdacyhalothrin Karate WarriorLindaneMalathion CythionMetaldehyde Deadline


C. INSECTICIDES (Cont.)


Methamidophos MonitorMethidathion SupracideMethomyl LannateMethoxychlor MarlateMethyl Parathion Penncap-MNaled DibromOil Volck Supreme Sunspray Citri OilOxamyl VydateOxydemeton-Methyl MetasystoxOxythioquinox Morestan JoustPermethrin Ambush PouncePhorate ThimetPhosmet ImidanProfenofos CuracronPropargite Comite OmitePyridaben*** Pyramite Nexter SanmitePyriproxyfen*** KnackSpinosad*** Conserve Success TracerSulprofos* BolstarTebufenozide*** ConfirmTebupirimphos*** AztecTefluthrin ForceTerbufos CounterThiodicarb LarvinTralomethrin Scout



D. OTHER PESTICIDES


1,3-D TeloneBenzyladenine*** Accel RiteSizeButenoic Acid*** RetainCacodylic Acid Cotton-Aide MontarChloropicrinCyclanilide*** FinishCytokinins Burst Promalin**** TriggrrDimethipin HarvadeEthephon Cerone Ethrel PrepFlumetralin*** PrimeGibberellic Acid Provide Progibb Promalin****Maleic Hydrazide Royal MH-30 Sprout StopMepiquat Chloride Pix Mepichlor PillMetam Sodium VapamMethyl BromideNAA Fruitone Liqui-Stik Fruit FixNAD Amid-ThinSodium Chlorate DefolSulfuric AcidThidiazuron DroppTribufos Def Folex

* Active Ingredient canceled or withdrawn** Active Ingredient no longer manufactured*** New Active Ingredient**** Promalin contains two active ingredients: cytokinins and gibberellic acid

TABLE 1B: Active Ingredients Included in the 1997 National Pesticide Use Database

A. FUNGICIDES

Active Ingredient Producers/Registrants

Azoxystrobin*** ZenecaBenomyl DupontCaptan Micro Flo Drexel UAPChlorothalonil Zeneca SipcamCopper Griffin Agtrol Micro FloCymoxanil*** DupontDCNA Gowan Wilbur EllisDimethomorph*** American CyanamidDodine UAPEtridiazole UniroyalFenarimol Dow AgroFenbuconazole*** Rohm and HaasFerbam UCBFlutolanil*** Agrevo GowanFosetyl-AL Rhone-PoulencIprodione Rhone-PoulencMancozeb Rohm and Haas Griffin AtochemManeb Atochem GriffinMefenoxam*** NovartisMetalaxyl Novartis GustafsonMetiram UAPMyclobutanil Rohm and HaasOxytetracycline NovartisPCNB Uniroyal AmvacPropamocarb*** AgrevoPropiconazole NovartisStreptomycin NovartisSulfur Atochem Drexel PlatteTebuconazole*** BayerThiophanate Methyl Atochem ClearyThiram UCBTriadimefon BayerTriflumizole*** UniroyalTriforine NovartisTriphenyltin Hyd GriffinVinclozolin BASFZiram Atochem UCB


TABLE 1B: Active Ingredients Included in the 1997 National Pesticide Use Database (Cont.)

B. HERBICIDES


2,4-D Dow Agro Albaugh2,4-DB Albaugh CedarAcetochlor*** Monsanto ZenecaAcifluorfen BASFAlachlor MonsantoAmetryn NovartisAsulam Rhone-PoulencAtrazine Novartis DrexelBenefin Dow Agro PlatteBensulfuron DupontBensulide Gowan PlatteBentazon BASFBromacil DupontBromoxynil Rhone-Poulenc Micro FloButylate Micro FloChlorimuron DupontChlorsulfuron DupontClethodim ValentClomazone FMCClopyralid Dow AgroCyanazine Dupont GriffinCycloate ZenecaDCPA** ZenecaDesmedipham AgrevoDicamba BASFDichlobenil UniroyalDiclofop AgrevoDifenzoquat American CyanamidDimethenamid*** BASFDiquat ZenecaDiuron Griffin DrexelDSMA Drexel ZenecaEndothall AtochemEPTC ZenecaEthalfluralin UAP Dow AgroEthofumesate AgrevoFenoxaprop AgrevoFluazifop ZenecaFlumetsulam*** Dow AgroFlumiclorac*** Valent




Fluometuron Novartis Griffin Micro FloFomesafen ZenecaGlyphosate Monsanto CheminovaHalosulfuron*** MonsantoHexazinone Dupont ProserveImazapic*** American CyanamidImazamethabenz American CyanamidImazaquin American CyanamidImazethapyr American CyanamidLactofen ValentLinuron Griffin DrexelMCPA Albaugh NufarmMCPB Rhone-PoulencMCPP RiverdaleMetolachlor NovartisMetribuzin Dupont BayerMetsulfuron DupontMolinate ZenecaMSMA Drexel Zeneca HelenaNapropamide United PhosphorusNaptalam UniroyalNicosulfuron DupontNorflurazon NovartisOryzalin Dow AgroOxyfluorfen Rohm and HaasParaquat ZenecaPebulate ZenecaPendimethalin American CyanamidPhenmedipham AgrevoPicloram Dow AgroPrimisulfuron NovartisPrometryn Novartis Griffin GowanPronamide Rohm and HaasPropachlor MonsantoPropanil Rohm and Haas CedarProsulfuron*** NovartisPyrazon BASFPyridate NovartisPyrithiobac*** DupontQuinclorac BASFQuizalofop Dupont




Rimsulfuron*** DupontSethoxydim BASFSimazine Novartis DrexelSulfentrazone*** Dupont FMCTebuthiuron Dow AgroTerbacil DupontThifensulfuron DupontThiobencarb ValentTriallate MonsantoTriasulfuron NovartisTribenuron DupontTriclopyr Dow AgroTrifluralin Dow Agro Griffin AlbaughTriflusulfuron*** DupontVernolate* Drexel



C. INSECTICIDES


Abamectin NovartisAcephate Valent Micro FloAldicarb Rhone-PoulencAmitraz AgrevoAzadirachtin*** Olympic Thermo Trilogy AmvacAzinphos-Methyl Bayer Gowan UAPBifenthrin FMCBt Abbott Ecogen MycogenBuprofezin*** AgrevoCarbaryl Rhone-Poulenc DrexelCarbofuran FMCChlorethoxyfos*** Dupont AmvacChlorpyrifos Dow Agro Griffin CheminovaClofentezine AgrevoCryolite Atochem GowanCyfluthrin BayerCypermethrin FMCCyromazine NovartisDeltamethrin*** AgrevoDiazinon Novartis Gowan DrexelDicofol Rohm and HaasDicrotophos AmvacDiflubenzuron UniroyalDimethoate Cheminova UAP DrexelDisulfoton BayerEndosulfan FMC AgrevoEsfenvalerate DupontEthion FMC Micro Flo CheminovaEthoprop Rhone-PoulencEthyl Parathion CheminovaFenamiphos BayerFenbutatin Oxide GriffinFenpropathrin ValentFonofos* ZenecaFormetanate HCL AgrevoHexythiazox*** GowanImidacloprid*** BayerLambdacyhalothrin ZenecaLindane DrexelMalathion Cheminova Helena UAPMetaldehyde Pace Amvac


C. INSECTICIDES (Cont.)


Methamidophos Bayer ValentMethidathion GowanMethomyl Dupont TerraMethoxychlor KincaidMethyl Parathion Atochem Cheminova Wilbur EllisNaled AmvacOil Valent Sun Wilbur EllisOxamyl DupontOxydemeton-Methyl GowanOxythioquinox OlympicPermethrin Zeneca FMCPhorate American Cyanamid UAP TerraPhosmet GowanProfenofos NovartisPropargite UniroyalPyridaben*** BASFPyriproxyfen*** ValentSpinosad*** Dow AgroSulprofos* BayerTebufenozide*** Rohm and HaasTebupirimphos*** BayerTefluthrin ZenecaTerbufos American CyanamidThiodicarb Rhone-PoulencTralomethrin Agrevo



D. OTHER PESTICIDES


1,3-D Dow AgroBenzyladenine*** Abbott AgtrolButenoic Acid*** AbbottCacodylic Acid MontereyChloropicrin Great LakesCyclanilide*** Rhone-PoulencCytokinins Abbott WestbridgeDimethipin UniroyalEthephon Agrevo Rhone-Poulenc GriffinFlumetralin*** NovartisGibberellic Acid Abbott Micro FloMaleic Hydrazide Uniroyal DrexelMepiquat Chloride BASF Micro FloMetam Sodium Amvac UCBMethyl Bromide Albemarle Great Lakes TricalNAA AmvacNAD AmvacSodium Chlorate DrexelSulfuric Acid Asarco Kennecott NorandaThidiazuron AgrevoTribufos Rhone-Poulenc Bayer


TABLE 2: Crops Included in the 1997 National Pesticide Use DatabaseCrop Census Acres NCFAP Acres % (Census Definition)

Alfalfa 21,309,784 21,301,399 99 (Alfalfa Hay)Almonds 540,276 540,222 99 (Almonds)Apples 570,320 563,655 99 (Apples)Apricots 25,776 23,454 91 (Apricots)Artichokes 10,821 10,678 99 (Artichokes)Asparagus 78,088 73,225 94 (Asparagus)Avocados 77,144 74,404 96 (Avocados)Barley 5,944,951 5,887,826 99 (Barley for Grain)Beets 10,993 9,005 82 (Beets)Blackberries 7,611 5,629 74 (Blackberries)Blueberries 69,679 62,011 89 (Tame Blueberries, Wild Blueberries)Broccoli 143,661 140,078 98 (Broccoli)Brussel Sprouts 3,315 3,185 96 (Brussels Sprouts)Cabbage 82,407 77,470 94 (Head Cabbage)Canola 533,343 526,941 99 (Canola and Other Rapeseed)Cantaloupes 108,099 100,993 93 (Cantaloupes)Carrots 135,898 133,337 98 (Carrots)Cauliflower 45,516 44,673 98 (Cauliflower)Celery 33,215 31,791 96 (Celery)Cherries 120,649 118,942 99 (Cherries, Total)

TABLE 2: Crops Included in the 1997 National Pesticide Use Database (Cont.)Crop Census Acres NCFAP Acres % (Census Definition)

Citrus 1,345,352 1,343,919 99 (All Citrus Fruit)Collards 15,703 11,587 74 (Collards)Corn 75,524,310 75,522,035 99 (Corn for Silage or Green Chop, Corn for Grain or Seed)Cotton 13,235,235 13,227,053 99 (Cotton)Cranberries 35,250 35,090 99 (Cranberries)Cucumbers 144,606 133,959 93 (Cucumbers and Pickles)Dates 6,611 6,302 95 (Dates)Dry Beans 1,939,311 1,893,661 98 (Dry Edible Beans (Excluding Dry Limas), Dry Lima Beans, Lentils)Dry Peas 317,864 233,385 73 (Dry Edible Peas, Dry Cowpeas and Dry Southern Peas)Eggplant 7,903 5,001 63 (Eggplant)Fallowland 20,905,910 19,333,869 92 (Cropland in Cultivated Summer Fallow)Figs 20,301 20,007 99 (Figs)Flax 139,776 135,474 97 (Flaxseed)Garlic 33,227 32,412 98 (Garlic)Grapes 1,004,545 999,579 99 (Grapes)Green Beans 323,756 316,793 98 (Green Lima Beans, Snap Beans)Green Onions 14,588 9,111 62 (Green Onions)Green Peas 307,672 302,138 98 (Green Cowpeas, Green Southern Peas, Green Peas (Excluding Green Cowpeas))Hazelnuts 32,721 32,235 99 (Filberts and Hazelnuts)


Hops 43,996 43,996 100 (Hops)Hot Peppers 45,032 38,651 86 (Hot Peppers)Kiwi 6,037 5,854 97 (Kiwi Fruit)Lettuce 308,501 306,875 99 (Lettuce and Romaine)Melons 37,386 37,088 99 (Honeydew Melons)Millet 353,885 348,256 98 (Proso Millet)Mint 169,847 166,691 98 (Mint for Oil)Nectarines 43,937 40,427 92 (Nectarines)Oats 2,680,958 2,666,972 99 (Oats for Grain)Okra 3,323 2,018 61 (Okra)Olives 37,714 37,714 100 (Olives)Onions 165,266 163,950 99 (Dry Onions )Other Hay 39,490,004 29,539,565 75 (Hay – Other Tame, Small Grain, Wild, Grass Silage, Green Chop (Alfalfa Hay Subtracted))Parsley 5,430 3,062 56 (Parsley)Pasture 491,045,004 489,332,861 99 (Pastureland, All Types)Peaches 180,223 172,937 96 (Peaches)Peanuts 1,352,155 1,345,916 99 (Peanuts for Nuts)Pears 77,917 74,962 96 (Pears)Pecans 519,054 509,000 98 (Pecans)


Pistachios 94,893 91,395 96 (Pistachios)Plums/Prunes 155,625 154,097 99 (Plums and Prunes)Pomegranates 4,242 4,198 99 (Pomegranates)Potatoes 1,355,241 1,353,108 99 (Potatoes, Excluding Sweet Potatoes)Pumpkins 74,354 56,422 76 (Pumpkins)Radishes 24,168 20,709 86 (Radishes)Raspberries 17,328 14,941 86 (Raspberries)Rice 3,122,120 3,110,864 99 (Rice)Rye 268,452 209,150 78 (Rye for Grain)Safflower 195,100 145,576 75 (Safflower)Seed Crops 1,327,579 1,249,301 94 (Field Seed and Grass Seed Crops)Sod 302,930 231,744 76 (Sod Harvested)Sorghum 8,936,684 8,846,903 99 (Sorghum Cut for Dry Forage or Hay, Sorghum for Silage or Green Chop, Sorghum for Grain or Seed)Soybeans 66,147,726 66,143,049 99 (Soybeans for Beans)Spinach 41,360 35,902 87 (Spinach)Squash 67,458 60,100 89 (Squash)Strawberries 53,477 52,310 98 (Strawberries)Sugarbeets 1,453,824 1,435,052 99 (Sugarbeets for Sugar)


Sugarcane 919,125 885,527 96 (Sugarcane for Sugar, Sugarcane for Seed)Sunflowers 2,534,708 2,515,133 99 (Sunflower Seed)Sweet Corn 723,023 714,381 99 (Sweet Corn)Sweet Peppers 61,581 58,849 96 (Sweet Peppers)Sweet Potatoes 77,384 76,966 99 (Sweet Potatoes)Tobacco 838,530 838,159 99 (Tobacco)Tomatoes 414,624 412,078 99 (Tomatoes)Walnuts 235,175 234,408 99 (English Walnuts)Watermelons 177,469 169,563 95 (Watermelons)Wheat 58,836,344 58,835,105 99 (Wheat for Grain, Total)Wild Rice 28,753 28,493 99 (Wild Rice)

TABLE 3: State/Crop Combinations Not Included in the 1997 NCFAP Database

State/Crop 1992 Acreage

Alabama: Grapes 280Arkansas: Sweet Peppers 69Colorado: Cauliflower 145Delaware: Apples 1,029Delaware: Carrots 680Delaware: Strawberries 118Delaware: Sweet Peppers 142Florida: Broccoli 435Florida: Cauliflower 863Florida: Onions 121Florida: Peaches 1,468Florida: Pumpkins 299Illinois: Onions 302Louisiana: Grapes 103Maryland: Carrots 394Massachusetts: Carrots 250Massachusetts: Onions 53Mississippi: Alfalfa 26,632Nebraska: Onions 199New Hampshire: Raspberries 70New Jersey: Cauliflower 168New Jersey: Onions 249New York: Celery 320North Carolina: Carrots 116North Carolina: Eggplant 300North Carolina: Green Peas 1,009North Carolina: Onions 300Ohio: Asparagus 124Ohio: Broccoli 388Ohio: Cauliflower 72Ohio: Celery 200Ohio: Eggplant 44Ohio: Green Peas 91Ohio: Plums 136Ohio: Spinach 213Oklahoma: Sweet Peppers 65Pennsylvania: Carrots 196Pennsylvania: Celery 129Pennsylvania: Eggplant 86Pennsylvania: Onions 400Rhode Island: Strawberries 112Rhode Island: Sweet Peppers 63South Carolina: Onions 300Texas: Cauliflower 900Texas: Celery 1,400Virginia: Spinach 1,000West Virginia: Strawberries 100Wisconsin: Celery 400Total 42,533

TABLE 4: State/Crop Combinations Added to the 1997 NCFAP DatabaseState/Crop 1997 Acreage

Alabama: Canola 3,148 Arizona: Hot Peppers 4,072 Arizona: Sweet Corn 2,554 California: Mint 417 California: Other Hay 754,717 California: Wild Rice 10,501 Delaware: Pasture 19,722 Florida: Okra 1,098 Georgia: Canola 4,766 Indiana: Cantaloupes 2,686 Indiana: Grapes 428 Nevada: Pasture 5,503,307 New Mexico: Peanuts 16,132 New York: Blueberries 797 New York: Raspberries 362 Oregon: Canola 5,672 Rhode Island: Sod 2,591 Texas: Fallowland 1,139,194 Virginia: Cotton 98,244

Total 7,570,408

TABLE 5: State/Crop Combinations for Which 1992 Acreage Data Used in 1997 DatabaseState/Crop Acreage

Delaware: Asparagus 248Delaware: Cabbage 680Kentucky: Seed Crops 17,798Maine: Broccoli 2,367Michigan: Seed Crops 14,596Minnesota: Seed Crops 72,637New Hampshire: Sod 944New Mexico: Sweet Peppers 1,717Ohio: Onions 500Oklahoma: Potatoes 1,352Rhode Island: Corn 2,000Tennessee: Spinach 885Washington: Broccoli 623Washington: Cauliflower 2,176

TABLE 6: State Contacts for Pesticide Use Data ReviewAlabama Jesse LaPrade Auburn UniversityArkansas Ples Spradley University of ArkansasArizona Ken Agnew University of ArizonaArizona Paul Baker University of ArizonaCalifornia Rick Melnicoe University of CaliforniaColorado Sandra McDonald Colorado State UniversityConnecticut Candace Bartholomew University of ConnecticutDelaware Susan Whitney University of DelawareFlorida Norman Nesheim University of FloridaGeorgia Paul Guillebeau University of GeorgiaIowa Sorrel Brown Iowa State UniversityIdaho Ronda Hirnyck University of IdahoIllinois David Pike University of IllinoisIndiana Fred Whitford Purdue UniversityKansas Donald Cress Kansas State UniversityKentucky Monte Johnson University of KentuckyLouisiana Mary Grodner Louisiana State UniversityMassachusetts Patricia Vittum University of MassachusettsMaryland Amy Brown University of MarylandMaine James Dill University of MaineMichigan Lynnae Jess Michigan State UniversityMinnesota William Hutchison University of MinnesotaMissouri George Smith University of MissouriMississippi Ruth Morgan Mississippi State UniversityMontana Reeves Petroff Montana State UniversityNorth Carolina Stephen Toth North Carolina State UniversityNorth Dakota Phillip Glogoza North Dakota State UniversityNebraska Shripat Kamble University of NebraskaNevada Glenn Miller University of NevadaNew Hampshire William Lord University of New HampshireNew Jersey George Hamilton Rutgers UniversityNew Mexico Richard Lee New Mexico State UniversityNew York George Good Cornell UniversityNew York Lee Stivers Cornell UniversityOhio Joseph Kovach Ohio State UniversityOklahoma Jim Criswell Oklahoma State UniversityOregon Jeff Jenkins Oregon State UniversityPennsylvania Win Hock Pennsylvania State UniversityRhode Island Steven Alm University of Rhode IslandSouth Carolina Robert Bellinger Clemson UniversitySouth Dakota Brad Ruden South Dakota State UniversityTennessee Darrell Hensley University of TennesseeTexas Rodney Holloway Texas A&M UniversityTexas Dudley Smith Texas A&M UniversityUtah Howard Deer Utah State UniversityVirginia Michael Weaver Virginia Polytechnic UniversityVermont Alan Gotlieb University of VermontWashington Catherine Daniels Washington State UniversityWisconsin Jeffrey Wyman University of WisconsinWest Virginia John Baniecki West Virginia UniversityWyoming Mark Ferrell University of Wyoming

TABLE 7: Industry Contacts for Pesticide Use Data ReviewCompany Contact

ABBOTT Ryan Solberg, Ricardo MenendezAGREVO Roger BoatmanALBAUGH Spencer VanceAMERICAN CYANAMID Randy BoomgaardenAMVAC Eric WintemuteATOCHEM Beth SearsBASF Chris JarrettBAYER Dave Crank, Guido HommelsheimCHEMINOVA Diane Allemang (JSC)DOW AGRO Jack MitenbulerDREXEL Gerald ManleyDUPONT Steve BallFMC Ruben VillasanteGOWAN Cindy BakerGRIFFIN Jim BoneHY-YIELD BROMINE Cal LewisMICROFLO Morris GaskinsMONSANTO Mike HiltonMONTEREY Lynn GeorgesNOVARTIS Gene Hill, Arn Vogt, Beth CarrollPACE Don ClaeysRHONE POULENC Spencer CohenRIVERDALE Curtis ClarkROHM AND HAAS Jay Holmdal, Jan Ollinger, Steve Longacre,

Richard Costlow, Michel CastagnerSIPCAM John FrenchTOMEN AGRO William SpencerUAP James SellUCB John KellyUNIROYAL John Wescott, Kevin Kelley, David Cote,

Richard CalibertéUNITED PHOSPHOROUS Buzz SpauldingVALENT Gail SantoroZENECA Gary Gries

TABLE 8: NATIONAL PESTICIDE USE BY ACTIVE INGREDIENTPESTICIDE TYPE: FUNGICIDES

LBS AI APPLIED PER YEAR

ACTIVE INGREDIENT 1992 1997ANILAZINE 168,835AZOXYSTROBIN 228,614BENOMYL 1,198,371 675,500CAPTAN 3,197,989 3,992,782CARBOXIN 46,968CHLOROTHALONIL 11,566,092 11,916,713COPPER 8,270,289 13,682,409CYMOXANIL 45,886DCNA 169,333 188,683DIMETHOMORPH 51,536DINOCAP 10,902DODINE 264,664 151,538ETRIDIAZOLE 193,896 91,669FENARIMOL 47,600 46,272FENBUCONAZOLE 32,818FERBAM 219,486 317,125FLUTOLANIL 24,960FOSETYL-AL 533,646 904,718IPRODIONE 873,547 689,648MANCOZEB 8,062,374 9,585,777MANEB 3,525,322 3,039,930MEFENOXAM 210,101METALAXYL 855,400 659,997METIRAM 539,206 1,385,330MYCLOBUTANIL 136,849 174,482OXYTETRACYCLINE 30,163 33,536PCNB 1,662,371 819,086PROPAMOCARB 173,885PROPICONAZOLE 281,355 493,998STREPTOMYCIN 100,029 50,434SULFUR 82,883,332 77,788,188TEBUCONAZOLE 478,568THIABENDAZOLE 155,403THIOPHANATE METHYL 498,283 453,792THIRAM 199,251 179,809TRIADIMEFON 135,112 53,098TRIFLUMIZOLE 92,481TRIFORINE 73,644 23,625TRIPHENYLTIN HYD 424,910 660,971VINCLOZOLIN 135,035 121,959ZIRAM 2,804,087 1,992,552

FUNGICIDES TOTAL 129,263,743 131,512,471

TABLE 9: NATIONAL PESTICIDE USE BY ACTIVE INGREDIENTPESTICIDE TYPE: HERBICIDES


ACTIVE INGREDIENT 1992 19972,4-D 41,938,491 40,589,9552,4-DB 980,980 603,975ACETOCHLOR 32,591,175ACIFLUORFEN 1,477,973 1,846,789ALACHLOR 51,591,633 15,159,641AMETRYN 321,656 445,571ASULAM 726,577 551,775ATRAZINE 72,315,295 74,560,407BENEFIN 478,205 161,983BENSULFURON 30,134 31,884BENSULIDE 449,951 545,406BENTAZON 7,171,284 7,749,130BROMACIL 1,333,728 614,219BROMOXYNIL 3,444,727 2,920,222BUTYLATE 8,468,938 2,251,426CHLORAMBEN 1,335,274CHLORIMURON 236,871 190,345CHLORSULFURON 46,013 59,745CLETHODIM 80,003 670,721CLOMAZONE 1,801,776 2,531,160CLOPYRALID 89,112 891,662CYANAZINE 32,189,859 20,233,056CYCLOATE 938,925 877,657DCPA 1,746,892 596,723DESMEDIPHAM 152,864 205,144DICAMBA 9,064,161 10,447,441DICHLOBENIL 65,424 43,711DICLOFOP 1,597,585 974,268DIETHATYL ETHYL 454,336DIFENZOQUAT 175,042 346,308DIMETHENAMID 5,991,003DIPHENAMID 105,009DIQUAT 161,449 266,858DIURON 3,994,531 4,370,448DSMA 1,257,802 842,665ENDOTHALL 134,016 86,622EPTC 14,457,278 8,791,984ETHALFLURALIN 2,738,309 2,422,198ETHOFUMESATE 378,488 409,666FENOXAPROP 390,976 984,697FLUAZIFOP 897,988 608,520FLUMETSULAM 308,892FLUMICLORAC 43,158FLUOMETURON 3,907,191 5,313,290FOMESAFEN 425,657 1,100,341GLYPHOSATE 16,793,371 34,817,639HALOSULFURON 53,919

TABLE 9: NATIONAL PESTICIDE USE BY ACTIVE INGREDIENTPESTICIDE TYPE: HERBICIDES (CONT.)


ACTIVE INGREDIENT 1992 1997HEXAZINONE 460,058 332,116IMAZAMETHABENZ 231,898 458,875IMAZAPIC 19,002IMAZAQUIN 924,799 756,915IMAZETHAPYR 914,090 1,253,046ISOPROPALIN 129,287LACTOFEN 227,475 389,388LINURON 2,026,683 516,133MCPA 4,540,632 5,360,932MCPB 42,475 27,542MCPP 32,584 13,415METHAZOLE 510,692METOLACHLOR 59,383,910 67,336,211METRIBUZIN 3,440,715 3,320,231METSULFURON 18,576 45,336MOLINATE 4,886,748 3,669,398MSMA 6,021,679 4,867,366NAPROPAMIDE 500,695 448,400NAPTALAM 162,366 185,376NICOSULFURON 169,743 211,881NORFLURAZON 2,670,328 2,459,703ORYZALIN 822,759 899,044OXYFLUORFEN 457,644 705,255PARAQUAT 4,658,597 6,884,630PEBULATE 673,046 343,322PENDIMETHALIN 20,281,766 27,284,718PHENMEDIPHAM 183,311 196,442PICLORAM 2,042,016 1,322,430PRIMISULFURON 47,013 133,171PROMETRYN 1,448,310 1,675,421PRONAMIDE 239,773 206,779PROPACHLOR 4,316,315 904,932PROPANIL 9,132,883 8,035,946PROSULFURON 73,076PYRAZON 340,501 118,294PYRIDATE 84,556 161,697PYRITHIOBAC 208,136QUINCLORAC 111,656 287,704QUIZALOFOP 216,204 340,818RIMSULFURON 19,774SETHOXYDIM 1,350,566 1,717,271SIDURON 745SIMAZINE 3,978,487 5,224,439SULFENTRAZONE 69,073TEBUTHIURON 111,215 115,712TERBACIL 298,026 342,277THIFENSULFURON 93,563 105,145

TABLE 9: NATIONAL PESTICIDE USE BY ACTIVE INGREDIENTPESTICIDE TYPE: HERBICIDES (CONT.)


ACTIVE INGREDIENT 1992 1997THIOBENCARB 1,473,511 1,925,093TRIALLATE 1,590,727 2,178,254TRIASULFURON 6,942 57,320TRIBENURON 33,126 63,114TRICLOPYR 115,514 590,366TRIDIPHANE 262,516TRIFLURALIN 25,686,076 22,263,693TRIFLUSULFURON 23,023VERNOLATE 520,412 181,789

HERBICIDES TOTAL 454,218,983 461,432,823

TABLE 10: NATIONAL PESTICIDE USE BY ACTIVE INGREDIENTPESTICIDE TYPE: INSECTICIDES


ACTIVE INGREDIENT 1992 1997ABAMECTIN 8,642 14,932ACEPHATE 3,389,865 2,462,354ALDICARB 4,022,468 4,277,552AMITRAZ 79,473 137,097AZADIRACHTIN 556AZINPHOS-METHYL 2,548,867 2,091,014BIFENTHRIN 116,716 110,246BTBUPROFEZIN 20,598CARBARYL 4,570,414 4,857,542CARBOFURAN 5,101,406 3,398,067CHLORETHOXYFOS 252,792CHLORPYRIFOS 14,764,535 13,463,879CLOFENTEZINE 1,537 21,467CRYOLITE 4,053,299 2,560,365CYFLUTHRIN 124,360 177,782CYPERMETHRIN 228,082 187,991CYROMAZINE 16,997 14,297DELTAMETHRIN 27,045DIAZINON 1,265,739 918,087DICOFOL 1,391,691 786,805DICROTOPHOS 666,136 359,726DIFLUBENZURON 16,470 57,112DIMETHOATE 2,619,437 1,896,947DISULFOTON 1,806,527 1,196,066ENDOSULFAN 1,796,726 1,601,195ESFENVALERATE 331,522 228,885ETHION 990,706 504,535ETHOPROP 1,449,743 1,010,807ETHYL PARATHION 2,318,251 529,379FENAMIPHOS 614,937 726,675FENBUTATIN OXIDE 414,195 265,275FENPROPATHRIN 63,368 31,839FENVALERATE 66,281FONOFOS 3,233,797 417,372FORMETANATE HCL 290,467 134,527HEXYTHIAZOX 12,802IMIDACLOPRID 272,207LAMBDACYHALOTHRIN 205,329 321,284LINDANE 61,188 39,366MALATHION 3,377,678 5,809,943METALDEHYDE 47,587 53,977METHAMIDOPHOS 1,088,479 965,584METHIDATHION 372,953 314,091METHOMYL 2,754,907 1,997,489METHOXYCHLOR 88,906 77,957METHYL PARATHION 5,961,740 5,918,849

TABLE 10: NATIONAL PESTICIDE USE BY ACTIVE INGREDIENTPESTICIDE TYPE: INSECTICIDES (CONT.)


ACTIVE INGREDIENT 1992 1997MEVINPHOS 283,887NALED 230,244 605,456OIL 51,104,310 102,336,882OXAMYL 945,861 938,838OXYDEMETON-METHYL 241,288 154,227OXYTHIOQUINOX 149,657 35,231PERMETHRIN 1,068,598 1,066,056PHORATE 4,452,622 3,218,465PHOSMET 941,175 1,333,468PROFENOFOS 2,062,744 879,776PROPARGITE 3,628,217 2,538,969PYRIDABEN 17,719PYRIPROXYFEN 13,284SPINOSAD 117,315SULPROFOS 852,352 308,039TEBUFENOZIDE 104,413TEBUPIRIMPHOS 272,177TEFLUTHRIN 238,429 576,865TERBUFOS 8,690,363 6,515,603THIODICARB 1,705,528 821,267TRALOMETHRIN 60,105 23,767TRICHLORFON 13,974TRIMETHACARB 156,800

INSECTICIDES TOTAL 149,147,575 182,402,176

TABLE 11: NATIONAL PESTICIDE USE BY ACTIVE INGREDIENTPESTICIDE TYPE: OTHER PESTICIDES


ACTIVE INGREDIENT 1992 19971,3-D 40,083,611 34,717,237BENZYLADENINE 518BUTENOIC ACID 1,475CACODYLIC ACID 135,915 47,571CHLOROPICRIN 11,086,567 13,882,188CYCLANILIDE 177,086CYTOKININS 2,970 2,518DIMETHIPIN 212,365 282,458ETHEPHON 2,701,284 5,407,986FLUMETRALIN 352,742GIBBERELLIC ACID 30,636 35,964MALEIC HYDRAZIDE 2,073,238 2,143,154MEPIQUAT CHLORIDE 123,081 182,576METAM SODIUM 29,095,179 60,023,092METHYL BROMIDE 44,196,554 32,803,943NAA 13,146 10,486NAD 3,527 2,187SODIUM CHLORATE 8,293,087 7,261,557SULFURIC ACID 17,240,871 47,994,188THIDIAZURON 325,241 326,239TRIBUFOS 3,963,864 4,918,265

OTHER PESTICIDES TOTAL 159,581,136 210,573,430

TABLE 12: Highest Volume Pesticide Active Ingredients Used in U.S. Agriculture: 1997

Fungicides 000 LBS AI/YRSulfur 77,788Copper 13,682Chlorothalonil 11,917Mancozeb 9,586Captan 3,993Maneb 3,040Ziram 1,993Metiram 1,385Fosetyl-Al 905PCNB 819

HerbicidesAtrazine 74,560Metolachlor 67,3362,4-D 40,590Glyphosate 34,818Acetochlor 32,591Pendimethalin 27,285Trifluralin 22,264Cyanazine 20,233Alachlor 15,160Dicamba 10,447

InsecticidesOil 102,337Chlorpyrifos 13,464Terbufos 6,516Methyl Parathion 5,918Malathion 5,809Carbaryl 4,857Aldicarb 4,278Carbofuran 3,398Phorate 3,218Cryolite 2,560

Other PesticidesMetam Sodium 60,023Sulfuric Acid 47,9941,3-D 34,717Methyl Bromide 32,804Chloropicrin 13,882Sodium Chlorate 7,262Ethephon 5,408Tribufos 4,918Maleic Hydrazide 2,143Flumetralin 353

TABLE 13: Comparison of NCFAP and USEPA National Agricultural Pesticide Use Estimates (1997)

Million lbs AI/Year

EPA Rank EPA NCFAP

1. Atrazine 75-82 752. Metolachlor 63-69 673. Metam Sodium 53-58 604. Methyl Bromide 38-45 335. Glyphosate 34-38 356. 1,3-D 32-37 357. Acetochlor 31-36 338. 2,4-D 29-33 419. Pendimethalin 24-28 2710. Trifluralin 21-25 2211. Cyanazine 18-22 2012. Alachlor 13-16 1513. Copper 10-13 1414. Chlorpyrifos 9-13 1315. Chlorothalonil 7-10 1216. Dicamba 7-10 1017. Mancozeb 7-10 1018. EPTC 7-10 919. Terbufos 6-9 720. Dimethenamid 6-9 621. Bentazon 6-8 822. Propanil 6-8 823. Simazine 5-7 524. MCPA 5-6 525. Chloropicrin 5-6 14

EPA's ranking includes "conventional" pesticides only. Sulfur, oil, and sulfuricacid are excluded from the EPA ranking.

Source for EPA estimates: Aspelin, Arnold L., and Arthur H. Grube, PesticideIndustry Sales and Usage: 1996 and 1997 Market Estimates, USEPA, OPP,November 1999. Available on the Internet at:

http://www.epa.gov/oppbead1/pesticides/

TABLE 14: Comparison of NCFAP’s and USEPA’s National Agricultural Pesticide Usage Estimates: 1992 and 1997

1992 1997 NCFAP USEPA NCFAP USEPA

Fungicides 46 45 53 53Herbicides 454 450 461 470Insecticides 98 90 80 82Other Conventional 143 150 163 165Other Chemicals 151 161 228 174

Total 892 896 985 944

Note: USEPA totals are from : Aspelin, Arnold L., and Arthur H. Grube,Pesticide Industry Sales and Usage: 1996 and 1997 Market Estimates, USEPA,OPP, November 1999. Available on the Internet at:

http://www.epa.gov/oppbead1/pesticides/

The NCFAP totals for insecticides, fungicides and other pesticides have beenadjusted from Tables 8, 10 and 11 by assigning the following active ingredientsto the “other chemicals” category for compatibility with USEPA’s definition:sulfur, oil, and sulfuric acid.

TABLE 15: NATIONAL PESTICIDE USE BY CROP


CROP 1992 1997ALFALFA 10,852,632 7,404,788ALMONDS 14,296,776 12,083,354APPLES 23,445,680 24,345,398APRICOTS 517,747 341,356ARTICHOKES 70,003 83,667ASPARAGUS 620,381 555,563AVOCADOS 631,488 267,402BARLEY 3,222,240 3,502,153BEETS 91,549 78,660BLACKBERRIES 112,625 119,713BLUEBERRIES 647,346 542,157BROCCOLI 934,459 919,487BRUSSEL SPROUTS 207,315 214,362CABBAGE 818,819 462,361CANOLA 5,960 377,566CANTALOUPES 1,227,397 1,794,800CARROTS 6,086,432 11,047,489CAULIFLOWER 511,501 208,643CELERY 718,012 691,379CHERRIES 2,686,743 4,519,442CITRUS 33,582,067 85,851,908COLLARDS 113,794 90,773CORN 239,613,819 225,439,648COTTON 71,511,601 75,998,748CRANBERRIES 380,723 572,644CUCUMBERS 1,728,962 1,898,305DATES 128,109 731,074DRY BEANS 5,427,799 4,828,907DRY PEAS 483,050 652,027EGGPLANT 337,357 405,387FALLOWLAND 7,845,090 9,861,689FIGS 59,890 36,565FLAX 60,382 57,869GARLIC 111,266 72,486GRAPES 56,015,421 53,037,195GREEN BEANS 1,939,696 1,918,824GREEN ONIONS 91,641 61,643GREEN PEAS 409,300 327,900

TABLE 15: NATIONAL PESTICIDE USE BY CROP (CONT.)


CROP 1992 1997HAZELNUTS 117,931 134,143HOPS 211,725 2,338,779HOT PEPPERS 73,812 1,199,079KIWI 26,482 43,477LETTUCE 2,624,568 2,459,644MELONS 336,917 446,490MILLET 60,005 15,907MINT 1,156,766 725,079NECTARINES 2,038,464 2,656,953OATS 861,782 438,749OKRA 4,248 4,520OLIVES 345,866 333,555ONIONS 2,776,047 7,214,925OTHER HAY 5,350,399 2,809,490PARSLEY 70,680 77,068PASTURE 25,003,334 21,678,185PEACHES 11,483,337 11,222,650PEANUTS 24,164,438 16,893,042PEARS 6,696,530 6,923,475PECANS 3,331,670 2,294,582PISTACHIOS 721,732 1,977,611PLUMS/PRUNES 3,984,683 5,199,259POMEGRANATES 52,719 109,592POTATOES 59,607,034 110,681,406PUMPKINS 312,554 524,823RADISHES 33,811 25,246RASPBERRIES 182,776 296,141RICE 18,825,615 19,617,495RYE 45,232 22,544SAFFLOWER 112,213 164,767SEED CROPS 1,944,526 1,796,500SOD 541,955 475,209SORGHUM 18,885,319 17,587,271SOYBEANS 74,434,680 84,745,198SPINACH 240,988 210,956SQUASH 733,857 730,801STRAWBERRIES 9,075,467 11,819,073SUGARBEETS 20,308,646 12,780,980

TABLE 15: NATIONAL PESTICIDE USE BY CROP (CONT.)


CROP 1992 1997SUGARCANE 4,401,888 6,136,189SUNFLOWERS 2,329,725 2,127,132SWEET CORN 4,634,798 3,169,404SWEET PEPPERS 5,644,789 6,622,611SWEET POTATOES 3,096,686 2,148,333TOBACCO 24,400,552 26,974,241TOMATOES 29,273,419 26,646,709WALNUTS 2,297,422 2,985,886WATERMELONS 9,716,868 3,215,142WHEAT 22,083,205 25,763,707WILD RICE 8,203 53,544

TOTAL: 892,211,437 985,920,900

TABLE 16: NATIONAL PESTICIDE USE BY STATELBS AI APPLIED PER YEAR

STATE 1992 1997ALABAMA 12,362,576 7,169,606ARIZONA 7,495,849 5,510,314ARKANSAS 21,675,555 20,113,989CALIFORNIA 153,789,664 165,716,348COLORADO 15,311,977 16,681,429CONNECTICUT 401,297 262,299DELAWARE 1,502,474 1,275,603FLORIDA 58,056,649 104,603,868GEORGIA 31,514,492 23,748,011IDAHO 24,360,905 56,750,995ILLINOIS 54,198,727 48,718,048INDIANA 30,296,854 28,320,221IOWA 53,103,261 55,817,215KANSAS 17,876,378 23,547,235KENTUCKY 10,396,935 9,070,118LOUISIANA 17,243,305 15,751,541MAINE 1,453,094 2,874,571MARYLAND 3,706,163 3,564,086MASSACHUSETTS 795,150 780,929MICHIGAN 22,151,069 21,366,385MINNESOTA 31,380,104 26,868,073MISSISSIPPI 20,402,732 16,270,442MISSOURI 20,659,490 20,778,070MONTANA 5,210,478 7,384,915NEBRASKA 33,366,324 35,579,535NEVADA 168,939 177,247NEW HAMPSHIRE 212,011 177,859NEW JERSEY 2,492,427 2,287,699NEW MEXICO 2,907,980 2,636,829NEW YORK 10,551,734 10,731,293NORTH CAROLINA 32,784,472 36,199,426NORTH DAKOTA 15,020,330 17,872,188OHIO 20,274,252 18,225,623OKLAHOMA 6,736,877 6,379,936OREGON 13,187,960 21,602,557PENNSYLVANIA 8,114,917 8,882,478RHODE ISLAND 74,327 37,727SOUTH CAROLINA 11,450,688 12,187,739

TABLE 16: NATIONAL PESTICIDE USE BY STATE (CONT.)


STATE 1992 1997SOUTH DAKOTA 15,709,041 15,816,099TENNESSEE 7,938,654 8,106,645TEXAS 29,264,359 39,357,607UTAH 2,379,746 1,025,953VERMONT 534,388 507,648VIRGINIA 8,195,353 9,725,332WASHINGTON 37,761,753 37,744,667WEST VIRGINIA 1,175,546 815,423WISCONSIN 14,180,755 15,852,242WYOMING 2,383,423 1,046,838

TOTAL: 892,211,437 985,920,900

TABLE 17: Highest Volume Pesticide Active Ingredient Usage Overall and by State and Crop: 1997Crops Million LBS AI/YR

Corn 225Potatoes 111Citrus 86Soybeans 85Cotton 76Grapes 53Tobacco 27Tomatoes 27Wheat 26Apples 24

StatesCalifornia 166Florida 105Idaho 57Iowa 56Illinois 49Texas 39Washington 38North Carolina 36Nebraska 36Indiana 28

OverallOil 102Sulfur 78Atrazine 75Metolachlor 67Metam Sodium 60Sulfuric Acid 482,4-D 411,3-D 35Glyphosate 35Methyl Bromide 33

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097. Toth, Stephen J., A Survey of Pesticide Use on Poultry and Tomatoes in NorthCarolina, Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, March 21,1995.

098. Waldron, Acie C., et al., Pesticide Use on Popcorn and Tomatoes in Ohio 1993,Ohio State University Extension, Bulletin 856, 1995.

099. Criswell, Jim T., 1994 Corn Pesticide Survey, Oklahoma Cooperative ExtensionService, March 10, 1997.

100. Ayers John Pennsylvania State University

101. Baldwin Jack Louisiana State University

102. Bean Brent Texas A&M University

103. Bessin Ricardo University of Kentucky

104. Bhowmik Prasanta University of Massachusetts

105. Boerboom Chris University of Wisconsin

106. Bonanno Richard University of Massachusetts

107. Bost Steven University of Tennessee

108. Brecke Barry University of Florida

109. Bristow Peter Washington State University

110. Brown Steve L. University of Georgia

111. Byrd, Jr. John Mississippi State University

112. Cannon Mike Louisiana State University

113. Chapin Jay Clemson University

114. Derr Jeffrey Virginia Polytechnic University

115. Doll Jerry University of Wisconsin

116. Drye Charles Clemson University

117. Edelson Jonathan Oklahoma State University

118. English Michael New Mexico State University

119. Everest John Auburn University

120. Flanders Kathy Auburn University

121. Flood Brian Del Monte

122. Forster Robert University of Idaho

123. Fortnum Bruce Clemson University

124. Freeman Barry Auburn University

125. Gallian John University of Idaho

126. Griffin Randall Clemson University

127. Hagan Austin Auburn University

128. Hale Frank University of Tennessee

129. Hammond Abner Louisiana State University

130. Harris Pat Misissippi State University

131. Hausbeck Mary Michigan State University

132. Hayes Robert University of Tennessee

133. Hein Gary University of Nebraska

134. Hershman Donald University of Kentucky

135. Hoelscher Clifford Texas A&M University

136. Hollier Clayton Louisiana State University

137. Horton Dan University of Georgia

138. Hull Jerome Michigan State University

139. Jackson Kenneth Oklahoma State University

140. Jacobsen Barry Montana State University

141. Jardine Douglas Kansas State Unversity

142. Johnson Douglas University of Kentucky

143. Jones Roger University of Minnesota

144. Karner Miles Oklahoma State University

145. Kee Ed University of Delaware

146. Keinath Anthony Clemson University

147. Kendig Andy University of Missouri

148. Klosterboer Arlen Texas A&M University

149. Lamey Arthur North Dakota State University

150. Latin Richard Purdue University

151. Legaspi Jesusa Texas A&M University

152. Lencse Reed Louisiana State University

153. Lewis Donald Iowa State University

154. Lyon Drew University of Nebraska

155. Manley Donald Clemson University

156. Masiunas John University of Illinois

157. Matheron Michael University of Arizona

158. McMullen Marcia North Dakota State University

159. Miller Robert Clemson University

160. Miller Stephen University of Wyoming

161. Miller Travis Texas A&M University

162. Milus Eugene University of Arkansas

163. Mizell Russell University of Florida

164. Mohan Krishna University of Idaho

165. Moore Michael University of Georgia

166. Mueller John Clemson University

167. Mullins Charles University of Tennessee

168. Mulrooney Robert University of Delaware

169. Murphy Tim University of Georgia

170. Murray Timothy Washington State University

171. Musick Joe Louisiana State University

172. Nesmith William University of Kentucky

173. Obermeyer John Purdue University

174. Palumbo John University of Arizona

175. Patrick Carl Texas A&M University

176. Patrick Charles University of Tennessee

177. Patterson Mike Auburn University

178. Pedersen Wayne University of Illinois

179. Pike David University of Illinois

180. Pritts Marvin Cornell University

181. Rawlinson Jeff University of Nebraska

182. Reding Michael Utah State University

183. Reighard Gregory Clemson University

184. Renner Karen Michigan State University

185. Roof Mitchell Clemson University

186. Rozeff Norman Rio Grande Sugar Growers

187. Sanders Dearl Louisiana State University

188. Schroeder Jill New Mexico State University

189. Semtner Paul Virginia Polytechnic University

190. Sikora Edward Auburn University

191. Smith Ronald Auburn University

192. Spradley Ples University of Arkansas

193. Stewart Scott Mississippi State University

194. Strickne Charles Texas A&M University

195. Stoltz Robert University of Idaho

196. Street Joe Mississippi State University

197. Studebaker Glenn University of Arkansas

198. Taber Hank Iowa State University

199. Townsend Lee University of Kentucky

200. Umeda Kai University of Arizona

201. Waldron Keith Cornell University

202. Weeks James Auburn University

203. Weinzierl Richard University of Illinois

204. Whalen Joanne University of Delaware

205. Whitam Kenneth Louisiana State University

206. Wilson Robert University of Nebraska

207. Wrather Allen University of Missouri

208. Wrage Leon South Dakota State University

209. Wright David University of Florida

210. Yarborough David University of Maine

211. Zandstra Bernie Michigan State University

212. Zollinger Richard North Dakota State University

213. Mason Lonnie Purdue University

214. Sorensen Kenneth North Carolina State University

215. Becker Roger University of Minnesota

216. Morgan Ruth Mississippi State University

217. Orzolek Michael Pennsylvania State University

218. Johnston Stephen Rutgers University

219. Shaner Gregory Purdue University

220. Foster Rick Purdue University

221. Robinson James Texas A&M University

222. Isakeit Tom Texas A& M University

223. McVay John Auburn University

224. Lewis Brad New Mexico State University

225. Catangui Mike South Dakota State University

226. Royer Tom Oklahoma State University

227. Thomson Sherman Utah State University

228. Smith Duane Agripac, Inc.

229. Stacey Bill Oklahoma State University

230. Maynard Elizabeth Purdue University

231. Ree Bill Texas A&M University

232. Baldwin Ford University of Arkansas

233. Baird Craig University of Idaho

234. Parker Robert Washington State University

235. Jordan Thomas Purdue University

236. Van Gessel Mark University of Delaware

237. Petroff Reeves Montana State University

238. William Ray Oregon State University

239. Karren Jay Utah State University

240. Seward Ron University of Tennessee

241. Oelke Ervin University of Minnesota

242. Herbert Ames Virginia Polytechnic University

243. Morishita Don University of Idaho

244. Stall William University of Florida

245. Reagan Gene Louisiana State University

246. Curran William Pennsylvania State University

247. Zehnder Geoffrey Auburn University

248. Swann Charles Virginia Polytechnic University

249. Hollingsworth Craig University of Massachusetts

250. Higgins Randall Kansas State University

251. Hamilton George Rutgers University

252. Sweets Laura University of Missouri

253. George Ann U.S. Hop Industry Plant Protection Committee

254. Palacios Michelle Oregon Hop Commission

255. Reynolds Robert Oregon State University

256. Fisher Glenn Oregon State University

257. Adams David University of Georgia

258. Handley David University of Maine

259. Walker Derby University of Delaware

260. Raid Richard University of Florida

261. Sprenkel Richard University of Florida

262. Durgan Beverly University of Minnesota

263. Riesselman Jack Montana State University

264. Mitchell James University of New Hampshire

265. Lord William University of New Hampshire

266. Gorsuch Clyde Clemson University

267. Cook Wilton Clemson University

268. Murdock Edward Clemson University

269. Ferrell Mark University of Wyoming

270. Martin James University of Kentucky

271. Pollet Dale Louisiana State University

272. Collins Daniel Auburn University

273. Hazzard Ruth University of Massachusetts

274. Becker Susan University of Missouri

275. Jarman James University of Missouri

276. O'Day Maureen University of Missouri

277. Howell John University of Massachusetts

278. Felland Carl Pennsylvania State University

279. Welty Celeste Ohio State University

280. Van Duyn John North Carolina State University

281. Brandenburg Rick North Carolina State University

282. York Alan North Carolina State University

283. Monks David North Carolina State University

284. Yelverton Fred North Carolina State University

285. Bailey Jack North Carolina State University

286. Pscheidt Jay Oregon State University

287. Smith William North Carolina State University

288. Bacheler Jack North Carolina State University

289. Walgenbach James North Carolina State University

290. Morin Glenn New England Fruit Consultants

291. McEachern George Texas A&M University

292. Ogg Alex Washington State University

293. Ferro Dave University of Massachusetts

294. Regehr David Kansas State University

295. Olsen Jeff Oregon State University

296. Sauls Julian Texas A&M University

297. French Victor Texas A&M University

298. Johnson Jarrel Texas A&M University

299.. Salisbury Clay Texas A&M University

300. Roper Teryl University of Wisconsin

301. Michaelis Bruce University of Wisconsin

302. Hopen Herbert University of Wisconsin

303. Drilias Michael University of Wisconsin

304. Kells James Michigan State University

305. Grafius Ed Michigan State University

306. DiFonzo Christina Michigan State University

307. Jones Alan Michigan State University

308. Ramsdell Donald Michigan State University

309. Ruden Brad South Dakota State University

310. Murray Don Oklahoma State University

311. Deer Howard Utah State University

312. Hagood Scott Virginia Polytechnic University

313. Phipps Patrick Virginia Polytechnic University

314. Spitko Roberta New England Fruit Consultants

315. Gay Danny University of Georgia

316. MacDonald Gregory University of Georgia

317. Hudson Randall University of Georgia

318. Brown Steven M. University of Georgia

319. Roberts Phillip University of Georgia

320. Ellis H. C. University of Georgia

321. Bellinder Robin Cornell University

322. Agnello Arthur Cornell University

323. Martinson Timothy Cornell University

324. Ellerbrock Leroy Cornell University

325. Bergstrom Gary Cornell University

326. Yoder Keith Virginia Polytechnic University

327. Majek Brad Rutgers University

328. Ritter Ronald University of Maryland

329. Beste Edward University of Maryland

330. Linduska James University of Maryland

331. Everts Kathryne University of Maryland

332. Grybauskas Arvydas University of Maryland

333. Jarratt James Mississippi State University

334. Layton Blake Mississippi State University

335. Andrews Gordon Mississippi State University

336. Downing Jere Cranberry Institute

337. Jemison John University of Maine

338. Williams Mat University of Maine

339. Bartholomew Candace University of Connecticut

340. Boucher T. Jude University of Connecticut

341. Gotlieb Alan University of Vermont

342. Calvin Dennis Pennsylvania State University

343. Nissen Scott Colorado State University

344. Lundy Rocky Mint Industry Research Council

345. Lee Thomas A., Jr. Texas A&M University

346. Grichar James Texas A&M University

347. Dockter John Minnesota Canola Council

348. Baniecki John West Virginia University

349. Biggs Alan West Virginia University

350. Hogmire Henry West Virginia University

351. Cartwright Richard University of Arkansas

352. Hartman John University of Kentucky

353. Lockwood David University of Tennessee

354. Baker Marvin Texas A & M University

355. Rutledge Alvin University of Tennessee

356. Hensley Darrell University of Tennessee

357. Bledsoe Larry Purdue University

358. Koehler Glen University of Maine

359. Griffin Tom University of Maine

360. Stivers Lee Cornell University

361. MacNab Alan Pennsylvania State University

362. Larson Erick Mississippi State University

363. Rasberry Freddie Mississippi State University

364. McCarthy Will Mississippi State University

365. Dwyer James University of Maine

366. Minner David Iowa State University

367. New Marty Oklahoma State University

368. Newman Melvin University of Tennessee

369. Smith George University of Missouri

370. Smith Dudley Texas A & M University

371. Kamas J. Texas A & M University

372. Anciso Juan Texas A & M University

373. Taylor Jim C.T. Smith Company

374. Bade David Texas A & M University

375. Roquette Monty Texas A & M University

376. Taylor Gene Texas A & M University

377. Winter Steve Texas A & M University

378. Caliberté Richard Uniroyal

379. Holmdal Jay Rohm and Haas

380. Aerts Mike Florida Fruit and Vegetable Association

381. Bone Jim Griffin

382. Treadaway Joyce University of Florida

383. Whitty E.B. University of Florida

384. Moore Guy Larriland Farm

385. Fournier Al University of Maryland

386. Guillebeau Paul University of Georgia

387. Culpepper Stan University of Georgia

388. Crop Profile for Grapes (Lambrusca/Vinefera and French Hybrid) in New York.

389. Crop Profile for Carrots in Washington.

390. Crop Profile for Peas in Maryland.

391. Crop Profile for Soybeans in Kansas.

392. Crop Profile for Strawberries in Pennsylvania.

393. Crop Profile for Cotton in Arizona.

394. Crop Profile for Grapes in Missouri.

395. Crop Profile for Peaches in Missouri.

396. Crop Profile for Grapes in Virginia.

397. Crop Profile for Strawberries in Virginia.

398. Crop Profile for Wheat in Idaho.

399. Crop Profile for Peas (Dry) in Idaho.

400. Davis, Mike, et al., The Importance of Pesticides and Other Pest ManagementPractices in US Tomato Production, University of California, Department of PlantPathology, NAPIAP Report Number 1-CA-98, 1998.

401. Rinehold, John W., and Jeffrey J. Jenkins, Chemical and Non-chemical SmallFruit Pest Control Strategies in Oregon, Department of Agricultural Chemistry,Oregon State University, June 30, 1996.

402. Bellinger, Robert G., and Rachel C. Ronee, South Carolina Peach Pesticide UseSurvey for 1995, Department of Entomology, Clemson University, December1997.

403. Morrell, Anne and Alan Schreiber, Biologic and Economic Assessment ofPesticide Use on Pacific Northwest Wine and Juice Grapes, Washington StateUniversity, 1997.

404. James, David, and S. R. Alm, Rhode Island Pesticide Use on Cabbage, SweetCorn, Peppers and Tomatoes, University of Rhode Island, Cooperative ExtensionService, June 1994.

405. Deer, Howard, and Alan Roe, Pesticide Use on Utah’s Vegetable Crops, UtahState University, December 1994.

406. Deer, Howard, and Alan H. Roe, Pesticide Use on Utah’s Small Grain Crops,Utah State University, October 1997.

407. Weaver, Michael J., et al., Pesticide Use in Virginia on 24 Selected Crops for1991-93, Virginia Cooperative Extension Service, May 1998.

408. Rinehold, John, and Jeffrey J. Jenkins, Oregon Pesticide Use Estimates for SmallGrains, Forage, and Livestock 1994, Oregon State University Extension Service,June 1995.

409. Rinehold, John W., and Jeffrey J. Jenkins, Chemical and Non-Chemical TreeFruit Pesticide Use Estimates in Oregon, Oregon State University, June 30, 1997.

410. Dahl, Greg, et al., Pesticide Use and Pest Management Practices for Major Cropsin North Dakota in 1996, North Dakota State University, 1997.

411. Domoto, Paul, et al., Survey of Pesticides Used in the Iowa Fruit and VegetableIndustry in 1992, Department of Horticulture, Iowa State University.

412. Foster, R. E., et al., Use of Pesticides and Pest Management Practices in IndianaFruit Crops, Purdue University, May 1997.

413. Bellinder, Robin R., New York State Pea Growers Weed Management Strategiesand Herbicide Use Survey - 1996.

414. Crop Profile for Broccoli in Michigan.

415. Crop Profile for Beans (Snap) in Michigan.

416. Crop Profile for Carrots in Michigan.

417. Crop Profile for Cauliflower in Michigan.

418. Crop Profile for Carrots in United States.

419. Crop Profile for Peanuts in Alabama.

420. Crop Profile for Cotton in Texas.

421. Taylor, Paul, et al,. A Survey of Pesticide Use and Pest Management Practices onTomatoes in Maryland, University of Maryland, 1997.

422. Sorensen, Kenneth A., et al., The Importance of Pesticides and Other PestManagement Practices in U.S. Strawberry Production, USDA, NAPIAP, 1997.

423. Eskelsen, Steve, et al., Biologic and Economic Assessment of the Impact ofPesticide Use in Asparagus, Washington State University, 1997.

424. Spradley, J. Ples, and Tony E. Windham, The Biologic and Economic Assessmentof Pest Management in Rice, USDA, NAPIAP, Document Number 2-CA-95.

425. Hall, Kent D., and Rodney L. Holloway, 1993 Texas Pesticide Use for SelectedCrops, Texas A&M University, E-8005-1, 1997.

426. Hower, Arthur A., et al., The Importance of Pesticides and Other PestManagement Practices in US Alfalfa Production, USDA, NAPIAP 2-CA-99,1999.

427. Crop Profile for Apples in Ohio.

428. Crop Profile for Grapes in Ohio.

429. Wiese, Maury, et al., Use, Target Pests and Economic Impact of Major PesticidesApplied to Potatoes in the United States, University of Idaho, USDA, NAPIAP 2-CA-98, 1999.

430. Hamilton, George, Pesticide Use in New Jersey: An Analysis of Pesticide Use byNew Jersey’s Agricultural Community During 1994, Rutgers CooperativeExtension.

431. Eckenrode, C.J., Onion Pesticide Benefit Assessment – Preliminary Usage Data,Cornell University, Department of Entomology, August 1996.

432. Beste, C. Edward, et al., Pesticide Usage and Benefits for Processing Peas inMaryland, University of Maryland, Lower Eastern Shore Research and EducationCenter, December 31, 1997.

433. Crop Profile for Tomatoes in Maryland.

434. Crop Profile for Watermelons in Delaware and Maryland.

435. Knapp, Joseph, Citrus Commodity: A Biologic and Economic Assessment ofPesticide Usage, University of Florida, NAPIAP 1-CA-99, February 1999.

436. 1997/1998 Sugarbeet Research and Extension Reports, North Dakota StateUniversity, Volume 28/29,

437. Byrd, J.D., Jr., “Report of the 1996/97/98 Cotton Weed Loss Committee,”1996/97/98 Proceedings Beltwide Cotton Conferences, National Cotton Council.

438. Lamey, H.A., et al., 1997 Sunflower Growers Survey of Pest Problems andPesticide Use in Kansas, Minnesota, North Dakota and South Dakota, NDSUExtension Service, Extension Report No. 46, February 1999.

439. Lamey, H.A., et al., 1996/1997 Dry Bean Growers Survey of Pest Problems andPesticide Use in Minnesota and North Dakota, NDSU Extension Service, ReportNo. 44/47,

440. Derr, Jeffrey, “Apple Herbicide Assessment Survey,” draft, VPI, 1999.

441. Crop Profile for Lima Beans in Delaware.

442. Crop Profile for Spinach in Texas.

443. Crop Profile for Squash in Maryland.

444. CALEPA, Summary of Pesticide Use Report Data 1997: Indexed by Chemical,Department of Pesticide Regulation, July 1999. Data set provided by LarryWilhoit, CALDPR.

445. Wolff, Bob, “Pesticide Usage Database – 1997,” New Hampshire Department ofAgriculture, Markets and Food, Division of Pesticide Control.

446. Crop Profile for Watermelons in Texas.

447. Crop Profile for Sugarcane in Texas.

448. Fuchs, Samuel J., Idaho Winter Wheat Survey – 1996, College of Agriculture,University of Idaho, 1998.

449. Buntin, G. David, Pesticide Use Survey and Assessment of Pest ManagementStrategies for Canola in the Southeastern U.S., University of Georgia, Departmentof Entomology, February 1998.

450. Crop Profile for Dry Beans in Michigan.

451. Crop Profile for Sugarbeets in Michigan.

452. Crop Profile for Potatoes in Texas.

453. Crop Profile for Green Beans in California.

454. Crop Profile for Sunflowers in North Dakota.

455. LaPrade, Jesse C., et al., Alabama 1996 Statewide Soybean Producer Survey,Alabama Cooperative Extension Service.

456. LaPrade, Jesse C., et al., Alabama 1997 Statewide Cotton Producer Survey,Alabama Cooperative Extension Service.

457. LaPrade, Jesse , Alabama 1995 Statewide Pecan Producer Survey, AlabamaCooperative Extension Service.

458. LaPrade, Jesse, et al., Alabama 1996 Statewide Peanut Producer Survey, AlabamaCooperative Extension Service.

459. LaPrade, Jesse, Alabama 1995 Statewide Peach Producer Survey, AlabamaCooperative Extension Service.

460. Hook, J., et al., “Systematic Analysis of Pesticide Use and Benefits,” ACooperative Project of Cotton Incorporated and the University of Georgia, DataBase Report (preliminary), October 1997.

461. Crop Profile for Grapes in Indiana.

462. Crop Profile for Spinach in California.

463. Crop Profile for Peaches in California.

464. Crop Profile for Nectarines in California.

465. Crop Profile for Prunes in California.

466. Crop Profile for Sweet Corn in Wisconsin.

467. Crop Profile for Peas in Wisconsin.

468. Crop Profile for Apples in Oregon.

469. Crop Profile for Figs in California.

470. Crop Profile for Wild Rice in Minnesota.

471. Crop Profile for Cotton in Alabama.

472. Crop Profile for Peppers in North Carolina.

473. Crop Profile for Pears in Oregon.

474. Crop Profile for Onions in Texas.

475. USDA, The Importance of Pesticides and Other Pest Management Practices inU.S. Cotton Production NAPIAP Report Number 1-CA-93, June 1993.

476. Crop Profile for Melons in Arizona.

477. Crop Profile for Sorghum in Illinois.

478. Crop Profile for Brussel Sprouts in California.

479. Crop Profile for Lettuce in Arizona.

480. Crop Profile for Rice in Louisiana.

481. Crop Profile for Peppers (Chile) in New Mexico.

482. Crop Profile for Sweet Potatoes in Louisiana.

483. Crop Profile for Pears in New York.

484. Rinehold, John and Jeffrey J. Jenkins, Oregon Pesticide Use Estimates forSpecialty Crops and Seed Crops, 1992, Cooperative Extension Service, OregonState University, April 1994.

485. Crop Profile for Grapes (Table) in California.

486. Crop Profile for Rice in Missouri.

487. Crop Profile for Alfalfa in Minnesota.

488. Crop Profile for Blueberries in New York.

489. Crop Profile for Strawberries in New York.

490. Crop Profile for Raspberries in New York.

491. LaPrade, Jesse, et al., Alabama 1998 Statewide Forage Crops (Hay and Pasture)Production Survey for Pest Management, Auburn University, AlabamaCooperative Extension System.

492. Hickey, Kenneth D., Fungicide Benefits Assessment Fruit and Nut Crops – East,USDA, National Agricultural Pesticide Impact Assessment Program, January1991.

493. Manley Gerald Drexel Chemical

494. Rinehold, John, and Jeffrey Jenkins, Oregon Pesticide Use Estimates forVegetable Crops, 1993, Oregon State University Extension Service, 1994.

495. USDA, Agricultural Chemical Usage 1991 Fruits and Nuts Summary, NationalAgricultural Statistics Service, June 1992.

496. USDA, Agricultural Chemical Usage 1991 Field Crops Summary, NationalAgricultural Statistics Service, March 1992.

497. USDA, Agricultural Chemical Usage 1990 Vegetables Summary, NationalAgricultural Statistics Service, June 1991.

498. Crop Profile for Walnuts in California.

499. Crop Profile for Olives in California.

500. Crop Profile for Caneberries in California.

501. Smith David North Carolina State University

502. Loske Thomas Louisiana State University

503. Carpenter, Janet, et al., The Economic Impact of the Scheduled U.S. Phaseout ofMethyl Bromide, National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy, February2000.

504. Lewis Cal Hy-Yield Bromine

505. Sorenson, Clyde E., and John DeWitt, Pesticide Use in Nevada Agriculture:Growers Response, 1990, University of Nevada, Reno.

506. Carroll Beth Novartis

507. Crop Profile for Peas (Green) in Idaho.

508. Crop Profile for Corn in Nebraska.

509. Fisher Loren North Carolina State University

510. Crop Profile for Apples in Idaho.

511. Crop Profile for Green Peas in Delaware.

512. Crop Profile for Sorghum in Nebraska.

513. Crop Profile for Potatoes in Idaho.

514. 1998 Michigan Potato Pest Survey, by the Michigan Potato Industry Commissionand the Potato Growers of Michigan, Inc.

515. USDA, Agricultural Chemical Usage: 1993 Fruits Summary, NationalAgricultural Statistics Service, June 1994.

516. Damicore John Oklahoma State University

517. Jarri Keith University of Nebraska

518. North Dakota State Department of Agriculture

519. USDA, Cotton Varieties Planted: 1997 Crop, Agricultural Marketing Service,July 1997.

900. Chloropicrin Assumed Used on Same Percent of Acres as Methyl Bromide.

999. Assigned based on data for a neighboring state.

11.0 References: 1992 Database


601. Cress, Donald C., Kansas Agricultural Chemical Usage 1991 Sorghum and WheatSummary, Cooperative Extension Service, Kansas State University, July 1992.

602. USDA, Agricultural Chemical Usage 1992 Field Crops Summary, NationalAgricultural Statistics Service, March 1993.

603. USDA, Agricultural Chemical Usage 1991 Field Crops Summary, NationalAgricultural Statistics Service, March 1992

604. Cress, Donald C., Kansas Agricultural Chemical Usage 1990 Corn and SoybeanSummary, Cooperative Extension Service, Kansas State University, April 1991.

605. Cress, Donald C., Kansas Agricultural Chemical Usage 1992 Alfalfa Summary,Cooperative Extension Service, Kansas State University, June 1993.

606. Legg. David E., et al, Pesticide Use in Wyoming, 1990, College of Agriculture,University of Wyoming.

607. USDA, Agricultural Chemical Usage 1991 Fruits and Nuts Summary, NationalAgricultural Statistics Service, June 1992.

608. Bohmont, Bert L., Colorado Pesticide Use Survey 1992, Cooperative ExtensionService, Colorado State University, June 1993.

609. Beers, Elizabeth H., and Jay F. Brunner, Washington State Apple and PearPesticide Use Survey, 1989-90, Washington State University, Tree Fruit andExtension Center, Wenatchee, September 30, 1991.

610. Pesticide Use Survey Michigan Small Grains, Preliminary Final Report, MichiganState University, 1993.

611. Wisconsin 1991 Pesticide Use, Wisconsin Agricultural Statistics Service, 07/91.

612. Downing, Jere D., The Cranberry Institute, personal communication, 1994.

613. USDA, Agricultural Chemical Usage 1990 Field Crop Summary, NationalAgricultural Statistics Service, March 1991.

614. A Survey of Pesticides Used in Iowa Crop Production in 1990, Iowa StateUniversity, University Extension, September 1991.

615. Pike, David R., et al, Pesticide Use in Illinois: Results of a 1990 Survey of MajorCrops, University of Illinois, College of Agriculture, DP-91-1, July 1991.

616. Brown, Steve L., and Steve M. Brown, Assessment of Pesticides Used in Peanuts,University of Georgia, Cooperative Extension Service, November 16, 1992.

617. Whitney, Susan P., 1992 Pesticide Use on Delaware Lima Beans, University ofDelaware, Cooperative Extension Service, June 30, 1993.

618. 1991 Pesticide Use on Delaware Cantaloupes and Watermelons, University ofDelaware, Cooperative Extension Service, 1992.

619. Whitney, Susan P., and Thomas W. Feurer, 1990 Pesticide Use on DelawareSweet Corn, Delaware Cooperative Extension Service, September 1991.

620. Langner, Charles L. and James A. Wilson, Pesticide Use In South Dakota Resultsof 1992 Survey, Cooperative Extension Service, South Dakota State University,12/93.

621. Winter Wheat Pesticide Use Survey for Tennessee, 1989-90.

622. Sorenson, Clyde E., and John DeWitt, Pesticide Use in Nevada Agriculture:Growers Response, 1990, University of Nevada, Reno.

623. Chemicals Used on Four Crops in Minnesota During 1991, University ofMinnesota, Agricultural Experiment Station, Station Bulletin 603-1993, July1993.

624. Turner, James J., and Candace L. Bartholomew, Pesticide Use on Sweet Corn inConnecticut: 1990, Cooperative Extension Service, University of Connecticut,September 1992.

625. Turner, James J., and Candace L. Bartholomew, Pesticide Use on Apples inConnecticut: 1990, Cooperative Extension Service, University of Connecticut,April 1992.

626. Turner, James J., and Candace L. Bartholomew, Pesticide Use on Broccoli,Cabbage, Cauliflower and Peppers in Connecticut: 1991, Cooperative ExtensionService, University of Connecticut, August 1993.

627. Turner, James J., and Candace L. Bartholomew, Pesticide Use on Peaches andPears in Connecticut: 1991, Cooperative Extension Service, University ofConnecticut, June 1993.

628. Becker, S. Anastasia, et al, Pesticide Use Surveys Missouri, 1992, I. Vegetables,II Nursery Crops, Pesticide Impact Assessment Program, USDAES 91-EPIX-1-0018, 6/92.

629. Smith, George S., et al, Pesticide Use Surveys, Missouri 1990, Apples, Peaches,Grapes, Cotton and Rice, University of Missouri.

630. USDA, The Importance of Pesticides and Other Pest Management Practices inU.S. Cotton Production, National Agricultural Pesticide Impact AssessmentProgram, June 1993.

631. Smith, George S., et al, Pesticide Use Surveys, Missouri, 1991, Tobacco, Alfalfa,Greenhouse Crops, University of Missouri.

632. Deer, Howard, and Alan Roe, Pesticide Use On Utah's Grain and Forage Crops,Cooperative Extension Service, Utah State University, June 1993.

633. Dively, Galen P., et al, Pesticide Use Profiles and Pesticide-Related Practices andAlternatives Associated with Tree Fruit Growers in Maryland, University ofMaryland, 1992.

634. Deer, Howard and Alan Roe, Pesticide Use on Utah's Fruit Crops, CooperativeExtension Service, Utah State University, December 1993.

635. Bohmont, Bert L., Survey of Pesticide Use and Alternative Pest Control Measuresin Colorado for Field-Crops Alfalfa for Hay, Feed Barley, Malting Barley, andOats, Colorado State University, June 1992.

636. West Virginia 1992 Pesticide Usage Survey: Alfalfa, Apples, Tobacco,, WestVirginia Agricultural Statistics Service, June 1993.

637. Baniecki, John F., West Virginia 1991 Pesticide Use Survey: Alfalfa, Apples,Tobacco, West Virginia University, June 1992.

638. Baniecki, John F., 1990 West Virginia Pesticide Usage on Tobacco, Alfalfa andApples.

639. Baker, Paul, et al, 1993 Arizona Corn and Barley Agrochemical Use Survey,Final Report, Department of Entomology, University of Arizona.

640. Baker, Paul, et al, 1992 Arizona Apple, Grape and Wheat Agrochemical UseSurvey, Final Report, Department of Entomology, University of Arizona.

641. Baker, Paul, et al, 1990 Arizona Alfalfa Agrochemical Use Survey, Final Report,submitted to USDA, 1992.

642. Toth, Stephen J., A Survey of Pesticide Use on Apples, Cucumbers and Peanutsin North Carolina, Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University,June 30, 1991.

643. Toth, Stephen J., A Survey of Pesticide Use in Sweet Potatoes and Irish Potatoesin North Carolina, North Carolina State University, July 27, 1992.

644. Toth, Stephen J., A Survey of Pesticide Use on Cotton in North Carolina, DataReport, Cooperative Extension Survey, North Carolina State University, October15, 1993.

645. Foster, R.E., et al, Pesticide Use on Potatoes Grown in Indiana, PurdueUniversity, 1993.

646. Foster, R.E., et al, Pesticide Use on Processing Tomatoes Grown in Indiana,Purdue University, 1993.

647. Foster, R.E., et al, Pesticide Use on Melons Grown in Indiana, Purdue University,1993.

648. Zollinger, Richard K., et al, Pesticide Use and Pest Management Practices forMajor Crops in North Dakota 1992, North Dakota State University, CooperativeExtension Service, Extension Report No. 15, 1993.

649. Langner, Charles, Pesticide Use in South Dakota, Results of 1990 Survey on Oat,Barley and Sunflowers, South Dakota State University.

650. Carpenter, Gene, "Pesticide Use Estimates, Mint," University of IdahoCooperative Extension Service, 1992.

651. Marose, B.H., and T. Patton, "Survey of Herbicide Use and ManagementPractices in Maryland Agronomic Crops," Research Poster, 48th Annual MeetingNortheastern Weed Science Society, January 4, 1994.

652. Beste, C. Edward, and James L. Linduska, Pesticide Impact Comparison for Freshand Processed Sweet Corn Maryland, Cooperative Extension Service, Universityof Maryland, December 21, 1993.

653. Becker, S. Anastasia et al, Grain Crop Pesticide Use Missouri, 1992, IntegratedPest Management Unit, University of Missouri, 6/93.

654. Bridges, David C., et al, An Analysis of the Use and Benefits of Pesticides in U.S.Grown Peanuts: I Southeastern Production Region, Crop and Soil ScienceDepartment, University of Georgia, 1994.

655. Bridges, David C., et al, An Analysis of the Use and Benefits of Pesticides in U.S.Grown Peanuts: II Southwestern Production Region, Crop and Soil ScienceDepartment, University of Georgia, 1994.

656. Bridges, David C., et al, An Analysis of the Use and Benefits of Pesticides in U.S.Grown Peanuts: III Virginia - Carolina Production Region, Crop and Soil ScienceDepartment, University of Georgia, 1994.

657. USDA, Agricultural Chemical Usage, 1993 Field Crops Summary, NationalAgricultural Statistics Service, March 1994.

658. Regehr, Dave, Kansas State University, personal communication, 1994.

659. Carpenter, Gene, "Pesticide Use Estimates, Onions," University of IdahoCooperative Extension Service, 1992.

660. George, Ann, US Hop Industry Plant Protection Committee, personalcommunication, 1994.

661. Carpenter, Gene, "Pesticide Use on Sugarbeets in Idaho in 1990," University ofIdaho Cooperative Extension Service, 1993.

662. Spradley, Ples, Pesticide Use Survey on the Major Vegetable Crops of Arkansas,University of Arkansas, Cooperative Extension Service, September 25, 1991.

663. Spradley, J. Ples, 1992 Arkansas Rice Pesticide Use Survey, CooperativeExtension Service, University of Arkansas, ETB 251, 1994.

664. Spradley, Ples, Survey of Pesticide Use on the Major Fruit Crops in Arkansas in1991, University of Arkansas, June 15, 1992.

665. Pesticide Use Survey for Sugarcane and Corn in Louisiana, Final Report,Louisiana Cooperative Extension Service, January 7, 1994.

666. Waldron, Acie C., et al, Pesticide Use on Selected Field Crops in Ohio in 1991,Ohio State University Extension Service, Bulletin 842, 1993.

667. Waldron, Acie, C., et al, Pesticide Use on Fruit and Vegetable Crops in Ohio -1990, Ohio Cooperative Extension Service.

668. Johnson, Gregory, et al, Pesticide Use on Canola in Montana 1991, Final Report,Montana State University Extension Service.

669. Johnson, Gregory D., Pesticide Use on Sugarbeets in Montana-1990, EntomologyResearch Laboratory, Montana State University.

670. USDA, The Biologic and Economic Assessment of Chlorpyrifos, SupplementalDocument, National Agricultural Pesticide Impact Assessment Program,November 1993.

671. Johnston, Stephen A., Fungicide Benefits Assessment Vegetables - East, USDA,National Agricultural Pesticide Impact Assessment Program, January 1991.

672. Kucharek, Thomas, Fungicide Benefits Assessment Field Crops - South, USDANational Agricultural Pesticide Impact Assessment Program, January 1991.

673. Shaner, Gregory, Fungicide Benefits Assessment Cereal Crops, USDA, NationalAgricultural Pesticide Impact Assessment Program, January 1991.

674. Gubler, W. Douglas, Fungicide Benefits Assessment Fruit and Nut Crops - West,USDA, National Agricultural Pesticide Impact Assessment Program, January1991.

675. Davis, Michael, Fungicide Benefits Assessment Vegetables - West, USDA,National Agricultural Pesticide Impact Assessment Program, January 1991.

676. Dexter, Alan G., et al, "Survey of Fungicide Use in Sugarbeets in North Dakota,Minnesota and Montana, 1991," 1991 Sugarbeet Research and Extension Reports,North Dakota State University, Extension Service, January 1992.

677. Hickey, Kenneth D., Fungicide Benefits Assessment Fruit and Nut Crops - East,USDA National Agricultural Pesticide Impact Assessment Program, January1991.


679. Partridge, Mary, S., et al, Pest and Pesticide Use Assessment for Dairy Cattle andCabbage Production Systems in New York State for 1991, Pesticide Managementand Education Program, Cornell University, 1992.

680. Martinez, Natalie, and Michael J. Weaver, A Survey of Pesticide Use and PestSeverity in Virginia Vineyards in 1990 and 1991, VPI, College of Agriculture andLife Sciences.

681. Kelly, Patrick A., and John W. Hines, 1990 Pesticide Use in Rural Minnesota(draft), State of Minnesota, Department of Agriculture, Agronomy ServicesDivision, Environment Quality Section, May 5, 1992.

682. Rinehold, John and Jeffrey J. Jenkins, Oregon Pesticide Use Estimates for TreeFruits, 1991, Oregon State University, EM 8553, September 1993.

683. Rinehold, John, and Jeffrey Jenkins, Pesticide Uses and Benefits in Production ofOregon Crops: A Report on the Use of Pesticides on Small Fruits for 1990.Oregon State Cooperative Extension Service, September 30, 1991.

684. Carpenter, Gene P., Benefit Data for Pesticides Used in Idaho on Dry Beans -1992, Cooperative Extension Service, University of Idaho, 1994.

685. Rinehold, John and Jeffrey J. Jenkins, Oregon Pesticide Use Estimates forSpecialty Crops and Seed Crops, 1992, Cooperative Extension Service, OregonState University, April 1994.

686. Lamey, H.A., et al, 1991 Sunflower Grower Survey of Pest Problems andPesticide Use in Kansas, Minnesota and North Dakota, North Dakota StateUniversity, Extension Service, Report No. 12, January 1993.

687. Ramil, Donna M., et al, Pest and Pesticide Use Assessment for Forage, FieldCrops and Vegetable Production Systems in New York State for 1990, PesticideManagement Education Program, Cornell University, 1992.

688. Hein, Gary L., and Shripat Kamble, Pesticide Use on Specialty Crops in Nebraska- 1992, preliminary report, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources,University of Nebraska, 1994.

689. Bowman, James S., Pesticide Usage Profiles on Certain Non-Food Crops Grownin New Hampshire During 1991, University of New Hampshire, June 22, 1993.

690. Bowman, James S., Pesticide Usage Profiles on Certain Agricultural CropsGrown in New Hampshire during 1990, University of New Hampshire, July 6,1992.

691. Toth, Stephen, Pesticide Use by North Carolina Flue-Cured Tobacco Producers,Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University 1990.

692. Turner, James J., and Candace L. Bartholomew Pesticide Use on Turf Farms inConnecticut: 1992, Cooperative Extension Service, University of Connecticut,December 1993.

693. Pesticide Use Report Annual 1991 Indexed by Chemical, State of California,Environmental Protection Agency. Computer file provided by StatewideIntegrated Pest Management Project, University of California at Davis.

694. Coli, William M., et al, A Microcomputer Database of Massachusetts PesticideUse Estimates for Tree Fruits, Cranberries and Vegetables, 1990, University ofMassachusetts, Department of Entomology, 1994.

695. Pike, David, "Herbicide Use for Corn and Soybeans: Expert Estimates,"University of Illinois, 1994.

696. The Biologic and Economic Assessment of Pesticides on Grain Sorghum,preliminary draft, 1994.

697. Spradley, Ples, "Preliminary Results of 1993 Louisiana Rice Growers PesticideUse Survey," University of Arkansas, June 1994.

698. Davis, Ron, "Fungicide Use Patterns: Leafy Greens Fungicide Assessment,"NAPIAP, 1994.

699. Mississippi Pesticide Use on Peanuts and Wheat, Cooperative Extension Service,Mississippi State University, 1994. Computer file provided by Ruth Morgan.

700. Mississippi Pesticide Use on Rice, Cooperative Extension Service, MississippiState University, 1994. Computer file provided by Ruth Morgan.

701. Hall, Kent D., and Rodney L. Holloway, Pesticide Use by Texas TurfgrassGrowers, Texas Agricultural Extension Service, 1994.

702. Brown, Steve M., "1990 Georgia Herbicide Use Survey Summary."

703. Bertrand, Paul, and James Hadden, "Fungicide Use on Georgia Pecans,"Proceedings Southeastern Pecan Growers Association, Eighty-Fifth AnnualConvention, 1992.

704. USDA, The Biologic and Economic Assessment of Methyl Bromide, NationalAgricultural Pesticide Impact Assessment Program, April 1993.

705. USDA, Agricultural Chemical Usage: 1993 Fruits Summary, NationalAgricultural Statistics Service, June 1994.

706. USDA, "Agricultural Production and Natural Resources Data Linked in MidColumbia River Basin Study," RTD Updates: Area Studies, September 1993.

707. USDA, "Agricultural Production and Natural Resources Data Linked in CentralNebraska Basin Study," RTD Updates: Area Studies, January 1993.

708. USDA, "Agricultural Production and Natural Resources Data Linked in LowerSusquehanna River Basin Study," RTD Updates: Area Studies, August 1993.

709. USDA, "Upper Snake River Basin Area Study Links Agricultural Production andNatural Resources Data," RTD Updates: Area Studies, December 1993.

710 USDA, "Georgia-Florida Coastal Plains Area Study Links AgriculturalProduction and Natural Resources Data," RTD Updates: Area Studies, February1994.

711. USDA, "Albemarle-Pamlico Drainage Area Study Links Agricultural Productionand Natural Resources Data," RTD Updates: Area Studies, January 1994.

712. USDA, "Pesticides," Agricultural Resources: Inputs, Situation and OutlookReport, October 1993.

713. "Phenoxy Herbicide Benefit Assessment: Expert Estimates," NAPIAP, 1994.

714. USEPA, "Section 18 Pesticide Use Records," Office of Pesticide Programs, 1994.

715. 1993 Michigan/Colorado Potato Beetle Survey Report, by Potato Growers ofMichigan Inc. and the Michigan Potato Industry Commission.

716. USDA, "Pesticides," Agricultural Resources: Inputs, Situation and OutlookReport, February 1993.

717. USDA, "Pesticides," Agricultural Resources: Inputs, Situation and OutlookReport, October 1992.

718. Bartholomew, Candace L. and James J. Turner, Pesticide Use on Broadleaf andShade Tobacco in Connecticut: 1993, Cooperative Extension Service, Universityof Connecticut.

719. Waldrum, Acic L., et al, Pesticide Use on Turf and Watermelons in Ohio - 1992,Ohio Pesticide Impact Assessment Program, 1994.

720. Rinehold, John and Jeffrey Jenkins, Oregon Pesticide Use Estimates forVegetable Crops, 1993, Oregon State University Extension Service, 1994.

721. USDA, "Characteristics of Onion Growers and Farms in Six Major Onion States,"Vegetable and Specialties Situation and Outlook, Economic Research Service,TVS-253, April 1991

722. USDA, Biologic and Economic Assessment of Propargite, National AgriculturalPesticide Impact Assessment Program, August 1994.

723. Pesticide Use Report Annual 1992 Indexed by Chemical, State of California,Environmental Protection Agency.

724. USDA, Agricultural Chemical Usage Vegetables 1992 Summary, correctionsheet, National Agricultural Statistics Service, August 4, 1994.

725. Cress, Donald C., Kansas Agricultural Chemical Usage: 1993 Rangeland andPasture Summary, Cooperative Extension Service, Kansas State University, June1994.

726. Lamey, H.A., et. al., 1991 Dry Bean Grower Survey of Pest Problems andPesticide Use in Minnesota and North Dakota, North Dakota State University,Extension Report No.13, May 1993.

727. Lamey, H.A., et.al., 1992 Dry Bean Grower Survey of Pest Problems andPesticide Use in Minnesota and North Dakota, North Dakota State University,Extension Report No. 19, December 1994.

728. Kamble, T. Shripat, and Robert W. Davis, Pesticide Use on Agricultural Crops inNebraska - 1991 and 1992, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources,University of Nebraska, draft, 1994.

729. Ogg, Alex, Washington State University, USDA-ARS, personal communication,1994.

730. Pesticide Use Estimate 1990, Office of Pest Management, Commonwealth ofVirginia.

900. Chloropicrin assumed used on same percent of acres as methyl bromide.

995. Gianessi, Leonard P. and Cynthia A. Puffer, The Use of Herbicides in U.S. CropProduction: Use Coefficients Listed by Active Ingredient, Resources for theFuture, April 1991.

996. Gianessi, Leonard P. and Cynthia A. Puffer, Insecticide Use in U.S. CropProduction, Resources for the Future, November 1992.

997. Gianessi, Leonard P. and Cynthia A. Puffer, Fungicide Use in U.S. CropProduction, Resources for the Future, August 1992.

998. Coefficient values from late 1980’s assigned. See references 995, 996, or 997 forsource of original estimate.

999. Coefficient values assigned from nearby state.

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