PURDUE UNIVERSITY COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE • WEST LAFAYETTE, IN 47907

PESTICIDES AND PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTSelection, Care, and Use

TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE

Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 3

Safety Linked to Toxicity and Exposure.......................................................................................... 3

Personal Protective Equipment: Protecting Your Hands............................................................... 6

Personal Protective Equipment: Protecting Your Eyes ................................................................. 11

Personal Protective Equipment: Protecting Your Lungs ............................................................... 14

Personal Protective Equipment: Protecting Your Body ................................................................. 22

Pesticide Labels Provide Valuable Safety Instructions .................................................................. 26

Washing Regular Work Clothing .................................................................................................... 30

Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 34

Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................................... 34

Fred Whitford, Coordinator, Purdue Pesticide Programs

Janis Stone, Extension Textiles and Clothing Specialist, Iowa State University

Tracy MacMillan, Director of Marketing, North Safety Products

Edited by Arlene Blessing, Purdue Pesticide Programs

PPP-38

PURDUE PESTICIDE PROGRAMSPURDUE PESTICIDE PROGRAMS

Purdue University Cooperative Extension Service

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Although pesticide selection hinges on anticipatedperformance and cost, the risk associated with use is alsovery important; and because risk is relative to toxicity andexposure, two considerations are essential to properpesticide selection: How safe (toxic) is the chemical? Whatwill be the exposure level of the applicator?

Many complicated and competing factors affect theanswers to these two questions, but choosing a pesticidewith low toxicity and taking measures to lessen the potentialfor exposure are basic elements in minimizing risk—as areknowledge, selection, and maintenance of PPE.

INTRODUCTION

Decisions on personal protective equipment (PPE)present a challenge for pesticide users on farms and ingardens, pest control businesses, and greenhouses. Thereis a broad range of pesticides available, with varied toxici-ties, formulations, and PPE requirements; this, compoundedby the equally broad range of PPE available, presents adilemma for the person responsible for selecting equipmentand defining procedures that best suit a particularsituation—be it employer or employee. This publicationdiscusses links between safety, attitude, and organizationalphilosophy; explains why PPE is necessary; offers generalguidance on PPE selection; and provides suggestions forcare of PPE.

I NTRODUCTION

Pesticide toxicity is something the applicator cannotchange: what’s in the product, is in the product. Laboratorytests conducted by manufacturers and reviewed by the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) determine aproduct’s toxicity and identify its strengths and weaknesses.Pesticide product testing also yields a toxicological profile ofthe active ingredient(s).

UNDERSTANDING TOXICITY

SAFETY LINKED TO TOXICITY AND EXPOSURE

EVALUATING PRODUCT TOXICITY

Answering the following questions may help the user inevaluating the toxicity of a pesticide.

What hazards are associated with the formulation?

Certain risks are more common in some formulationsthan others. For instance, dusts are easily inhaled; emulsifi-able concentrates are readily absorbed through the skin;

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and aerosols may irritate the eyes and pose inhalationproblems. The formulation of a product dictates the safetyprecautions required, including use of PPE.

Is the product concentrated?

Pesticides in concentrated form pose a greater risk tothe user than do ready-to-use (diluted) products for tworeasons: 1) Any product in concentration is more toxic thana dilution of the same product; and 2) an additional step—mixing with water or other carriers—is required beforeapplication of a concentrate, thereby increasing thehandler’s potential for exposure resulting from splashes orspills. The mixing and loading of a concentrated pesticidegenerally require more PPE than does application of thediluted product.

What is the signal word on a pesticide product?

The relative toxicity of a pesticide is reflected on thelabel by signal words: DANGER (most toxic); WARNING(moderately toxic); CAUTION (least toxic). Signal wordsalso can reflect the toxicity of the product’s nonlethal effectssuch as skin and eye irritation.

The most vulnerable route of entry determines the signalword. For example, if product XYZ is moderately toxic whenabsorbed through the skin, highly toxic if inhaled, and onlyslightly toxic if swallowed, its signal word would beDANGER based on inhalation studies. Two pesticideslabeled with the same signal word may or may not requirethe same PPE because that distinction is based on the mostvulnerable route of entry as determined during the testingprocess. A pesticide with the signal word CAUTION usuallywill require less PPE than one carrying the signal wordWARNING or DANGER. Labels of very toxic pesticidescarry the signal word DANGER, accompanied by pre-cautionary statements mandating the use of additional PPE.

Is the product classified for restricted use or generaluse?

A pesticide product may be classified for restricted usebased on its potential effects on human health, wildlife, orthe environment. Labels of restricted-use products carryspecific precautions to safeguard those entities. Generally,restricted-use pesticides are to be used only by individualslicensed through state pesticide applicator certificationexams and licensing requirements, although in some statesunlicensed applicators are authorized to use them under thedirect supervision of a licensed applicator. A pesticide that isclassified for restricted use due to human health concernsrequires more PPE than an unclassified (general-use)product.

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Employee attitudes about personal safety and PPE forpesticide use often reflect the views of coworkers andsupervisors. If pesticide safety and the use of suitable PPEare actively promoted by the upper echelon as means ofavoiding overexposure, thereby protecting health andsafety, employees may be more willing to comply. Compa-nies that emphasize pesticide safety and consistent use ofappropriate PPE are less likely to jeopardize their employ-ees’ health and corporate profits—and less likely to facepesticide-related lawsuits and penalties for noncompliance.On-the-job training, hands-on demonstrations, work evalua-tions, and compliance checks by supervisors can stimulateconsistent use of PPE.

A company’s commitment to pesticide safety is a keyfactor in whether or not its use of a given product constitutesrisk. Applicators who have PPE available and have beentrained to use it properly can minimize exposure, thusprotecting their health and that of their coworkers regardlessof the product’s toxicity. The following questions will assistin evaluating the potential for applicator exposure.

EVALUATING RISK POTENTIAL BASED ON APPLICATOR

EXPOSURE

There is a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for everypesticide product. The MSDS provides details on the effectsof acute (very short-term or one-time) exposure to thepesticide, as well as information on dermal and inhalationtoxicity and eye irritation. It contains data on any birthdefects, cancer, or reproductive impairments indicated inlaboratory studies. The toxicological information summa-rized in an MSDS forms the basis for label requirementsspecifying certain protective clothing and equipment.MSDS’s are prepared for all product formulations, but fewmanufacturers write MSDS’s for end-use dilutions.

The MSDS provides information on possible adversehealth effects linked to chronic exposure (multiple expo-sures, over time) to the product. Information on cancer, birthdefects, and other potential chronic effects, if any, is in-cluded in the MSDS. While the short-term effects of apesticide may be minimal, requiring only basic PPE, itscumulative, long-term effects may necessitate label lan-guage specifying more sophisticated equipment.

Have chronic effects been documented?

What are the acute effects of the pesticide?

APPLICATOR SAFETY BASED ON EXPOSURE

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Investing in gloves can pay dividends in safety. Protect-ing hands and arms with chemical-resistant gloves and along-sleeved shirt can significantly reduce pesticide expo-sure during mixing, loading, and application.

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT:PROTECTING YOUR HANDS

How many employees work for the firm?

The more pesticide applicators a firm has, the greaterthe chance that someone will neglect to follow safetyprecautions; thus, the greater the chance that an accidentwill occur.

How experienced are the employees?

Inexperienced employees—young or old, full- or part-time—may not recognize the importance of PPE; thereforethey must be educated on its importance and trained to useit properly. Complacency must be addressed. Randominspection should be an ongoing activity to emphasize theimportance of PPE and other safety considerations.

Realistically, part-time employees often are not given thesafety training available to full-time workers, but this is notacceptable: It is the responsibility of the employer to trainall employees, their hours on the job notwithstanding.

Are all employees trained adequately?

Applicators whose primary duty year-round is applyingpesticides obviously are more likely to be involved in apesticide-related accident than are those who apply pesti-cides less often. In addition, those who apply pesticidesover a long period of time become the subjects of chronicexposure, whereas those who apply chemicals infrequentlyare less likely to experience cumulative effects.

Answers to the preceding questions should rendervaluable insights into risks posed to workers who usepesticides. Employers who admit that safety has not been ahigh priority should consider immediate implementation of aprogram to protect the health and safety of their employees.

Just as important, high risk pesticides—those that arerestricted for health reasons, those that are acutely toxic,and those linked to chronic concerns—should not be useduntil a safety education program is under way. One option isto select the least toxic pesticide that is effective against thetarget pest, thereby reducing risk potential.

For what length of time does each applicator usepesticides?

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• Applicators and other handlers must wearwaterproof gloves.

• Wear chemical-resistant gloves whentransferring and mixing (the product) and whenadjusting, repairing, or cleaning equipment.

• Applicators and other handlers must wearchemical-resistant gloves made of nitrile orneoprene.

Examples of Label StatementsPertaining to Gloves

PPE requirements for hand protection are listed on mostlabels, generally specifying chemical-resistant gloves toguard against pesticide contact.The labels of some pesticideformulations, e.g., wettablepowders and granules, merelystipulate the use of waterproof,not chemical-resistant, gloves;others, such as those found onmany ready-to-use products,may not require any gloves.Safety specialists believe,however, that applicators shouldwear chemical-resistant glovesroutinely; it’s a simple riskreduction practice that goes along way in eliminatingexposure—and it’s a habit that’s easy to form.

Accidents happen! Be prepared and know what to do if apesticide is spilled on the skin.

HAND PROTECTION AND PRECAUTIONARY

STATEMENTS ON PESTICIDE LABELS

Safety manufacturers design gloves to meet thespecific needs of applicators handling hazardous chemi-cals; consideration is given to thickness, cuff length,fabrics and coatings, etc. For example, gloves adver-tised as chemical-resistant, waterproof, and effective

Representative Label Language Addressing EmergencyActions to Take When Skin Contact Occurs

• If on skin: Flush all affected areas with plenty of water for several minutes (use clean,cool water). Seek medical attention if irritation occurs.

• If on skin: Flush with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes (lay the person down onthe affected side so that washings do not stream into or onto unaffected areas, e.g., intothe other eye or over the rest of the face). Remove contaminated clothing and shoes (putin plastic bags, using gloves if possible). Get medical attention if skin irritation occurs.Wash clothing before reuse (be sure to wash separately from other clothing).

• Wash splashes from skin and eyes immediately. If on skin, wash immediately with soapand water. Prolonged contact will cause severe irritation. Contact with irritated skin or acut, or repeated contact with intact skin, may result in poisoning. Get medical attentionimmediately. (The MSDS should be consulted in the case of an emergency requiringtreatment by a physician.)

SELECTING GLOVES FOR HAND PROTECTION

APPLICATOR SAFETY BASED ON EXPOSURE

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8

against dry formulations such as wettable powders, water-dispersible granules, microencapsulated granules, anddusts may be easily damaged in contact with solvents insome liquid formulations (e.g., emulsifiable concentrates).

Glove materials must resist the product’s activeingredient and its solvents.

GLOVE SELECTION TIPS

Taking the time to select the right kind of gloves isimportant: Make an informed decision.

Glove descriptions may indicate the amount of time ittakes for a chemical to move from the outside surface of theglove to its interior—generally referred to as breakthroughtime. Gloves may provide hand protection for a few minutesas in the case of disposable, single-use gloves, or for hoursin the case of gloves designed for repeated use. Reusablegloves should have a breakthrough time of at least 240minutes (4 hours).

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9

Gloves should be thick enough to afford protectionduring the total time required for completion of thetask at hand.

Glove thickness is described in millimeters (1 mil = .001inch) and the thicker the chemical-resistant glove, the moreprotection it will provide and the longer it will last undernormal use conditions. Thick gloves generally offer moreprotection against chemical breakthrough but may restricthand movement; select gloves that are at least 14 mil thickas a trade-off between thickness and manual dexterity.

Various glove surface textures—etched, raised,roughened—influence the wearer’s ability to grip.

Gloves should allow adequate grip so that applicatorscan safely carry out their jobs (e.g., change nozzlesand screens).

The appropriate glove size can be determined bymeasuring the circumference of the hand (palm and back);for example, a hand circumference of 8 inches indicates asize 8 glove. But some gloves are sold as small, medium,large, etc. A hand circumference of

5–7 inches requires an extra small glove;7–8 inches, small;8–9 inches, medium;9–10 inches, large;

10–12 inches, extra large.

Gloves should be comfortable: The right fit makes thedifference.

Glove length is measured from the tip of the middlefinger to the farthest edge of the glove. Lengths of 10 to 12inches provide hand and lower forearm protection; 13 to 14inches, middle forearm protection; 18 inches, elbow protec-tion; and 32 inches, protection to the shoulder.

Gloves must be long enough to adequately protect thehands and arms from chemical splashes.

Cotton, leather, and canvas gloves, as well as gloveslined with these materials, should not be used with pesti-cides; nor should baby powder or talc be used to makegloves easier to put on and remove. The reasoning is that ifthe pesticide accidentally leaks inside the gloves, liningsand absorbents would actually soak up the chemical andhold it against the skin, thereby increasing the degree ofexposure.

Gloves must be unlined.

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10

GLOVE USE AND MAINTENANCE TIPS

• Provide new gloves regularly and as needed orrequested by applicators.

• Discard disposable gloves after use.

• Adjust gloves according to the task. When sprayingoverhead, gloves should be folded with a cuff or extendedover long sleeves so the pesticide cannot be funneled intothe gloves. Conversely, spraying downward requires longsleeves to extend over the gloves to prevent the pesticidefrom being channeled into the gloves.

• Keep an extra, clean pair of gloves in a zip-closeplastic bag in a location free of pesticides but easily acces-sible in case the pair you’re wearing gets torn or contami-nated.

• Wash reusable gloves with soap and water beforeremoving them.

• Store contaminated, reusable gloves in a zip-closeplastic bag until final cleanup or disposal.

• Wash chemical-resistant gloves with soap and waterand hang by the fingertips to air dry.

• Keep pesticide-contaminated gloves separate fromother safety equipment.

• Inspect gloves for visual signs of wear before eachuse. Watch for clues that new gloves are needed: colorchanges, thin spots, cracks, softening, swelling, bubbling,and stiffening. Discard all gloves with cuts, holes, abrasions,or staining.

• Never try to patch gloves with duct or electrical tape.

• Triple-rinse gloves before disposal, then cut off thefingers to prevent reuse.

• Do not put pesticide-contaminated gloves in yourpockets because chemicals can transfer from gloves toclothing.

• Never leave pesticide-contaminated gloves behind theseat, on the floor board, above the visor, on the stick shift,or in the bed of your truck because pesticide residues maytransfer to such surfaces.

• Never wear pesticide-contaminated gloves whenfeeding or watering livestock, harvesting fruits and veg-etables, or cleaning animal pens.

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Eye protection is advisable when handling and applyingall pesticides, and some product labels specify its necessity.Pesticides in contact with the eye can cause a wide range ofsymptoms, from slight irritation to blindness; and while nopesticide-to-eye contact should be considered minor,concentrates generally are more injurious than dilutedproducts.

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT:PROTECTING YOUR EYES

A pesticide label may require the use of specific types ofeye protection, such as chemical-resistant goggles, or itmay only suggest general protective eyewear. EPA definesprotective eyewear as safety spectacles with side shieldsand brow guards; goggles; face shields; or full facepiecerespirators.

Following are examples of pesticide label informationaddressing eye protection.

EYE PROTECTION AND PRECAUTIONARY

STATEMENTS ON PESTICIDE LABELS

A pesticide label with the signal word CAUTION may ormay not require protective eyewear. Some manufacturersdesignate eye protection even for products that have notproven corrosive to the eye in laboratory studies; theybelieve that eye protection should be worn regardless of thedata. In addition, pesticides labeled CAUTION usuallyrequire protective eyewear if the pesticide has been linkedto long-term effects such as cancer and birth defects.Typical caution statements are as follows:

Avoid contact with skin, eyes, or clothing. Causesmoderate eye irritation. Wear eye protection. If pesticidegets into eyes, flush with plenty of water. Get medicalattention if irritation persists.

CAUTION

Avoid contact with skin, eyes, or clothing. Causestemporary eye injury. If in eyes, flush with plenty of water.Get medical attention if irritation persists.

WARNING

Pesticide users should be especially careful with apesticide labeled “Corrosive material: causes irreversibleeye damage.” These pesticides are labeled with the signal

DANGER

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word DANGER, accompanied by a statement such as thefollowing.

Do not get in eyes, on skin, or on clothing. Corrosive andcauses irreversible eye damage. Applicators must wearprotective eyewear. If in eyes, hold eyelids open and flushwith a steady, gentle stream of water for 15 minutes. Getmedical attention.

Selecting safety equipment for preventing eye exposureto pesticides requires an understanding of the potentialsources of exposure as well as the kinds of eye protectionavailable. Product formulation determines the probability ofexposure: dusts escaping from bagged products; mistsfrom air-blast or fogging sprays; accidental liquid splashes.There are three types of eye protection equipment (exclud-ing the full facepiece respirator) designed to provide eyeprotection from airborne particles or chemical splashes:safety spectacles (glasses); goggles; and face shields.

SELECTING EYE PROTECTION EQUIPMENT

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SAFETY SPECTACLES

Goggles with polycarbonate lenses protect eyes fromflying objects, but some fail to provide adequate protectionagainst liquid pesticide splashes. For instance, thosemanufactured with perforations or air holes for increased aircirculation are not considered splash resistant becauseliquids may leak through the small air holes. Goggles withindirect vents or no vents are considered splash resistant.Most goggles have adjustable straps to fasten them se-curely to the face, and some have fog-free lenses.

GOGGLES

FACE SHIELDS

SELECTION TIPS

Face shields are intended as secondary means of eyeprotection and are designed to be worn over safety spec-tacles or goggles for full face protection. They should not beworn without safety spectacles or goggles.

MAINTENANCE TIPS

Spectacles are the most basic equipment used to protecteyes from particles in the air; they’re unlikely to fog andcomfortable to wear. Safety spectacles generally arerecommended for protection from only the least toxicproducts, under minimal exposure conditions, and theyshould have scratch-resistant lenses for maximum visibilityand durability. Versions with brow and side shields offersome protection from overhead and side impact, but mostsafety specialists do not recommend them for protectionagainst chemical splashes because they do not provide fulleye coverage. Selecting the correct size is essential tocomfort and satisfactory use.

• Personal spectacles, goggles, and face shields shouldbe assigned and fitted to each employee. This equipmentshould not be shared.

• Eye protection equipment should permit peripheral(side) vision.

• When purchasing eye protection, make sure it com-plies with ANSI Z87 for occupational and educational eyeand face protection.

• Most safety spectacles can be purchased with pre-scription lenses. Contact lenses should not be worn whenworking with pesticides.

• Always discard damaged gear. Replace spectacles orgoggle lenses or face shields when they are pitted,scratched, stained, or cracked.

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Respirators are the most complicated of all personalprotective equipment, and mastering their proper selectionand use requires time and effort. For example, are youconfident that your respirator is the right one for the job?How would you deal with an employee who has a beard?Do you perform a fit check each time you put on a respira-tor? Can dust masks be used for protection against organicvapors? Have you ever wondered why you could smell ortaste the chemical even when wearing a respirator? Theknowledge required to answer questions such as these canmean the difference between health and sickness...betweenlife and death.

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT:PROTECTING YOUR LUNGS

The statement “Avoid breathing dusts or spray mists” isfound on most pesticide labels. Some provide more informa-tion, such as outcomes and corrective actions:

• ...may cause respiratory tract irritation. If inhaled,remove to fresh air. Get medical attention if breathingdifficulty develops.

Pesticide manufacturers label more toxic products withspecific respiratory protection statements when studies

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION AND PRECAUTIONARY

STATEMENTS ON PESTICIDE LABELS

• Replace head straps when they do not hold goggles orface shields snugly to the face.

• All eye protection equipment should be stored awayfrom possible contamination sites such as chemical storageareas. Place goggles and safety spectacles in clean plasticzip-close bags or carrying cases, then store them in a sturdybox or compartment to prevent scratching, breaking, orcrushing.

• Avoid storing eyewear in the sun since heat andultraviolet radiation can affect the performance of plasticcomponents.

• No eye protection equipment should be left on the seator floor of a truck, tractor, or other application equipmentbetween uses; likewise, it should not be placed above thevisor nor hung from the mirror.

• Clean contaminated protective eyewear immediatelyafter use. Rinse under running water (rather than wiping, toprevent scratches) to remove dust from the lenses; air dry.

• If possible, and on a regular basis, soak equipment ina solution of warm water and soap for 10 to 15 minutes.Goggles should be disassembled: headband, lenses, frame.

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show that use of the product without a respirator may posea risk.

Respiratory protection is intended to remove contami-nants from the air you breath when handling pesticides.Labels are very clear in directing the user to respiratorsapproved by the National Institute of Occupational Safetyand Health (NIOSH) and the Mine Safety and HealthAdministration (MSHA). Following are examples of labeldirections:

• ...a dust/mist filtering respirator (MSHA/NIOSH ap-proval number prefix TC-21C). [TC = tested and certified]

• ...a respirator, approved for pesticides, having anorganic vapor cartridge and pesticide prefilter (MSHA/NIOSH approval number prefix TC-23C), or pesticidecanister (MSHA/NIOSH approval number prefix TC-14G).

Identification numbers for all respirators currently ap-proved for pesticides are being replaced by the NIOSHprefix “TC-84A” that signifies approval for particulates(dusts), mists, and organic vapors in combination withparticulates. Pesticide manufacturers, over time, will changetheir labels to specify the TC-84A’s, but respirators ap-proved for pesticides under the old regulation may continuebeing used as long as they still work.

Respirators are required when using some pesticideproducts, but many pesticide labels do not specify their use.Wise applicators, however, will elect to wear one whenapplying pesticides in enclosed areas such as greenhouses,crawl spaces, and grain bins—even when the label does notrequire it. Understanding each type of respirator’s uses andlimitations is the first step in selecting the right respirator forthe job. Following are brief descriptions of the different typesavailable.

SELECTING RESPIRATORY PROTECTION EQUIPMENT

AIR PURIFYING RESPIRATORS

As a worker wearing an air purifying respirator inhales,ambient (outside) air passes through a charcoal cartridge ora filter as it is drawn into the facepiece; the cartridge or filterblocks contaminants, thereby purifying the air before itenters the lungs. Air purifying respirators are available withhalf or full face masks.

Warning!

Read and follow the respirator manufacturer’s instructionmanual prior to using the respirator.

Air purifying respirators do not supply fresh air; theymerely filter the available air. They cannot be used wherethe oxygen level is below 19.5 percent, nor in atmospheres

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that are immediately dangerous to life or health (e.g.,fumigation in an enclosed area).

The wearer, when working in dangerous atmosphereswill obtain better protection from a supplied air respirator.

Full Face Respirators

Full face respirators work in the same manner and usethe same cartridges and/or prefilters as half mask respira-tors, and they offer two advantages: They protect the faceand eyes against airborne particles and splashes; and theyoffer a higher level of respiratory protection.

Half Mask Respirators

Most pesticide applicators prefer half mask respirators,and there are two common types. One relies on filters(paper/fiber) to trap dusts, mists, and other particles; andthe second type has cartridges. In the latter, air is movedthrough activated charcoal which chemically extracts muchof the gas or vapor contaminant. Combination cartridgeswith prefilters, which remove dusts and other particulates,also are available.

The filtering facepiece respirator, more commonlyreferred to as the dust/mist respirator, removes dust, pollen,particles, spray mists, and some nuisance odors as airpasses through the fabric of the mask.

The pesticide applicator’s comfort, utility, and perfor-mance can be improved by using filtering respirators madewith some of the following features:

• nonallergenic materials• a metal nosepiece to facilitate fit• an exhalation valve that allows moist air to escape the

mask• activated charcoal to remove some odors and vapors• two straps to ensure a tight fitWorkers who elect to wear a respirator in situations

where it is not required by the pesticide label should choosean appropriate NIOSH-approved respirator over a generalpurpose dust mask. Some filtering respirators do not meetNIOSH standards and therefore should not be used whenpesticide labels require NIOSH-approved respirators.

Powered Air Purifying Respirator

Most half mask and full face respirators require the userto physically draw in air. Powered air purifying respiratorsare equipped with a battery operated blower that forces airinto the mask to assist breathing. The forced air cools theatmosphere in the mask and reduces stress on the heartand lungs. Powered air purifying respirators with hoods orhelmets may be worn by people with beards.

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Supplied air respirators are highly specialized for use inatmospheres that are more toxic than those where airpurifying respirators are permitted. When equipped with aself-contained emergency air supply, they can be used inatmospheres that are hazardous or where the oxygen levelis below 19.5 percent. The air supply is provided through ahose hooked to a stationary cylinder of compressed air orfrom a portable air pump. Supplied air respirators are moreexpensive than air purifying respirators and require con-tinual maintenance; and applicators must be speciallytrained to use them.

Verify what model of respirator will remove thecontaminant in question.

Decide whether or not to purchase a disposablerespirator.

Acid Gas

WHITE

Organic Vapors

BLACK

Ammonia Gas

GREEN

Highly Toxic

Particulate Filter,

P100(HEPA)

PURPLE

Acid Gas and

Organic Vapors

YELLOW

SUPPLIED AIR RESPIRATORS

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION EQUIPMENT SELECTION TIPS

There are two forms of chemical contaminants: particu-lates (dust, mist, and smoke) and vapors (including gases).Therefore, before selecting a respirator for protectionagainst a specific product, consult the product label todetermine what physical form poses the risk.

Determine what form of contaminant poses the risk.

Respirators approved by NIOSH have an attached labelbearing an approval number with the prefix “TC.” Theproduct label prescribes a specific respirator by NIOSHapproval number. For example, TC-23C respirators areapproved for use when contaminates such as organicvapors, acid gas, or ammonia might pose a risk, but allparticulate filters now being made are approved with thenew designation TC-84A. Although it will be some timebefore manufacturers begin specifying this new class onpesticide labels, prudent applicators who purchase respira-tors in the meantime should proceed in selecting a TC-84Amodel.

Safety equipment catalogs usually list the NIOSHapproval number as part of the respirator description. Ifordering from a catalog that does not, look for “organicvapor” cartridges and filters. If it is still unclear which tochoose, call the toll-free number listed in the catalog andask to speak to a safety specialist; or call the respiratormanufacturer directly. All respirator manufacturers use thesame color-coding system in designating cartridges for usein specific applications.

Disposable respirators initially cost less, but considerhow often the respirator will need to be replaced. Compare

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the replacement cost times the estimated number of timesreplacement would be necessary within a given time periodversus the cost of a reusable respirator and its replaceablecartridges and filters over the same time period.

Fit test every wearer, every time.

A qualitative or quantitative fit test must be performed asrequired by OSHA to determine correct facepiece size(small, medium, or large) There are several fit test protocolsand fit testing can be performed by the employer, a trainedworker, or a safety professional. OSHA mandates that a fitcheck be performed every time a person puts on a respira-tor. Instructions on conducting fit checks generally accom-pany half mask and full face respirators. The proceduretakes only a few seconds and must be exercised by thetrained worker according to the following steps:

Put on the respirator and tighten all straps. For a positivepressure fit check, cover the exhalation valve (the singleopening near the chin area of the respirator) with the palmof the hand and exhale (blow) into the mask for five to tenseconds. This causes pressure within the mask to increase,causing a slight bulging of the facepiece if fitted properly; ifthere is a leak, you will feel it.

For a negative pressure fit check, block the filter inlets(some models have one inlet; others have two) with thepalms of the hand and inhale for five to ten seconds,causing a slight collapse of the facepiece.

A good seal is indicated when the facepiece remainsslightly bulging (positive pressure) or slightly collapsed(negative pressure) during the fit check. An unsatisfactoryseal indicates that air is moving through openings betweenthe respirator and the face, requiring that a second positiveand negative pressure fit check be performed. A differentsize or brand of respirator may be needed.

Remember: There is no such thing as a respiratorworking “well enough.” A respirator with a leakingfacepiece—even a small leak— is not protecting the wearer.

• Make sure half mask respirators allow space for safetyeyewear, especially when working with eye or skin irritants.

• Require everyone who wears a respirator to be clean-shaven. Plainly and simply, bearded workers cannot beprotected against inhalation exposure by wearing a respira-tor. Even minimal beard growth prohibits a tight seal.

• Require everyone who wears a respirator to be pre-examined by a physician. Respirators make breathing moredifficult, and the resulting stress on the heart and lungs mayworsen preexisting conditions and increase blood pressure.No one should wear a respirator without medical clearance.A thorough physical examination and a review of medicalhistory by a qualified physician are a must.

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MAINTENANCE TIPS

WRITTEN RESPIRATOR PROGRAM FOR OSHA 1910.134

The document which appears on pages 20–21 of thispublication is intended to simulate an actual written respira-tor program. Use it as a guide for writing your own.

• The manufacturer’s instructions that accompany eachrespirator should be reviewed and retained as a reference.

• Conduct a positive and negative fit check each timethe respirator is put on.

• Change cartridges after 8 hours of use or more fre-quently if the wearer can smell or taste the pesticide orother chemicals; change particulate respirators andprefilters when breathing becomes difficult.

• Throw away cartridges or filters which get wet.

• Look for tears in straps, face shield scratches, missingparts, and general cleanliness of the respirator each timeyou put it on. Daily inspections are critical.

• Disassemble and sanitize reusable respirators at theend of each work shift. Use a soft brush or cloth and warmwater with a germicidal detergent. Rinse the respirator inclean water and air dry.

• Never wash cartridges and filters; they must be dis-carded.

• Place reusable respirators in a zip-close bag or airtightcontainer for storage; and just to be on the safe side,change the storage bag or container frequently to preventbuildup of any pesticide residue which might have beenmissed.

• Store respirators properly to prevent distortion (e.g.,crushing) of the facepiece.

• Store facepieces, cartridges, prefilters, and replace-ment parts away from pesticide storage areas.

• Protect respirators in storage from dust, direct sunlight,extreme cold and heat, excessive moisture, and damagingchemicals.

• Purchase replacement parts such as filters andcartridges that are specifically designed for the respiratormodel used. Never interchange cartridges, filters, or otherreplacement parts from different respirator manufacturers.Users should never try to repair respirators. Consult themanufacturer or distributor from whom the respirator waspurchased and make arrangements for a professional tohandle repairs.

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20

(Name)

PROGRAM ELEMENTS1. Respirators shall be provided by the employer when such equipment

is necessary to protect the health of the employee.2. The supervisor shall designate a respirator for each job on the basis of

specific hazards. Only NIOSH/MSHA-approved respirators shall be used.3. The user shall be instructed and trained in the proper use, limitations,

and maintenance of respirators. Every employee who wears a respirator shallreceive fitting instructions and witness demonstrations on fitting, adjusting,and verifying the seal; each user also shall be required to practice theseelements.

4. A qualitative respirator fit test shall be performed to determine theability of each individual respirator wearer to obtain a satisfactory fit whenusing a negative pressure respirator.

5. Employees shall use respirators according to the training instructions.6. Respirators shall be cleaned and disinfected regularly.7. Respirators used routinely shall be inspected during cleaning. Worn or

deteriorated parts shall be replaced. Respirators for emergency use (such assupplied air respirators) shall be thoroughly inspected after each use andmonthly when not in use.

8. Respirators shall be stored in a convenient, sanitary location.

PURPOSEThe purpose of this document is to outline the procedures which

employees are required to follow when using a respirator.

OBJECTIVEThe primary objective is to prevent exposure to airborne contaminants

through good management practices. The use of appropriate respiratoryprotection equipment will be enforced as required by pesticide labels orspecific workplace conditions.

RESPONSIBILITY1. is responsible for implementing

and supervising the respiratory program.2. Employees, in accordance with the instructions and training received,

are responsible for using the respiratory protection provided. Employeesshall immediately report to their supervisor any malfunction of respiratoryequipment.

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21

(Name)

(Signature)

(Company Position)

(Date)

9. Written procedures shall be prepared for safe use of respirators indangerous atmospheres that might be encountered in normal operations or inemergencies.

10. Refresher training shall be completed on an annual basis.

MEDICAL EVALUATIONS1. No person shall be furnished a respirator nor assigned to tasks requiring

the use of a respirator unless it has been determined that they are physically ableto perform the work and use the equipment. A physician shall determine whathealth and physical conditions are pertinent.

2. Respirator users’ medical status shall be reviewed periodically. Physicalexaminations shall be repeated on a regular basis for all employees who arerequired to use respirators. The frequency of examination shall be determined bythe attending physician.

PROGRAM MAINTENANCE AND EFFECTIVENESSRegular evaluation of the program—and adjustments to policy, as necessary—

shall ensure its continued effectiveness. Routine, in-house inspections shall beconducted to ensure compliance.

1. Appropriate surveillance of the work area shall be ongoing and records ofemployee exposure maintained.

2. There shall be continual inspection and evaluation to ensure theeffectiveness of the program.

3. Observations of and discussions with new employees shall be conducted toconfirm that they have been given proper and sufficient training.

4. All employees shall be consulted periodically concerning their work habitsrelative to respirator use.

5. The overall effectiveness of the respirator program will be evaluated on anannual basis by the program administrator; action will be taken to correct defects,as necessary.

PROGRAM AVAILABILITYCopies of this respiratory program are available in the main office and as a

separate section to the company’s OSHA Hazard Communication Standard plan.

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22

Wearing the clothing and personal protective equipmentspecified on a pesticide label is important to prevent orminimize exposure. PPE protects the body against splashesthat may occur while pouring concentrates from a container,as well as spray mists that may drift onto to the applicatorunder certain conditions.

Even under minimum exposure conditions, the selectionof clothing should be given careful thought. A long-sleevedshirt, long pants, shoes, and socks are essential. Layers ofclothing help reduce exposure by impeding the penetrationof the pesticide.

Additional protective clothing sometimes is required tosupplement the protection offered by ordinary work clothes.For example, a product label may require that cottoncoveralls be worn over work pants. Chemical-resistant bootsand an apron may be required clothing for mixing somepesticides. Proper clothing, when used with other safetymeasures, will reduce the likelihood that an applicator willbe accidentally exposed.

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT:PROTECTING YOUR BODY

Protecting the skin on the arms and legs is an importantway to reduce pesticide exposure. Arms may becomecontaminated during mixing and loading operations if glovesare too short. Lower pant legs may become contaminatedduring lawn care applications.

Sleeve guards are designed for protection of the armswhen wearing a long-sleeved shirt. Guards cover the armfrom the wrist to above the elbow and have elastic in bothends to hold them close and block pesticide from theopenings. Chaps are designed to cover the legs; they fastento the belt at the waist and are held to the ankle with elastic.Chaps provide additional protection during turf and nurseryapplications where the lower leg is most vulnerable toexposure. Long, protective pants are also available.

Sleeve guards, chaps, and protective pants are availablein several materials. Some are disposable; others arereusable. If reusable, they should be cleaned thoroughlyafter each use.

FOREARM AND LEG PROTECTION

FOOTWEAR

Some labels may only direct applicators to wear shoesplus socks. Others may specify chemical-resistant footwear,plus socks. There are many types of chemical-resistantfootwear designed to be worn over socks; others are to be

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worn over ordinary shoes. Rubber and neoprene arecommonly used in making chemical-resistant footwear.Leather and canvas are not recommended for footwearbecause they can absorb pesticides and trap them next tothe skin; and they are not considered chemical-resistant.

The structure and design of footwear also are important.For example, steel toes protect the feet, and anti-skid solesand tread help prevent falls. Tall boots provide leg protec-tion; and disposable booties can be worn over shoes forshort-term, minimal protection from exposure, primarily indry conditions.

Pant legs should hang over the outside of footwear sothat pesticides cannot be funneled down the pant leg intothe shoes or boots. Footwear should be washed in soapywater after each day’s use. As with all PPE, footwear wornduring a pesticide application should not be worn indoors;and if it becomes damaged or is leaking, it must be dis-carded.

HEADGEAR

Spraying upward into trees, using an air blaster in anorchard, or using a hand-held sprayer in greenhouses mayexpose the head, shoulders, and back to pesticides. Labelsdirect applicators spraying overhead in any situation to wearchemical-resistant headgear.

Well designed headgear provides protection for thescalp, neck, and ears and can help prevent pesticides fromreaching the body through neckline openings in clothing.Headgear can take many forms and may be either stiff andimpact resistant or soft enough to tie around the face like ahood; it may be a hat with a broad brim or a full hood thatdrapes to cover the shoulders. Some hoods are attached tocoveralls or jackets, and some can be purchased sepa-rately. Disposable hoods are available in a number ofwaterproof and chemical-resistant materials.

APRONS

Pesticide users can decrease the likelihood of frontalexposure by wearing chemical-resistant aprons. Theproduct label may state that a chemical-resistant apron is tobe worn when mixing, loading, or cleaning equipment.Pesticides bearing the signal word DANGER and productswith chronic toxicity potential may require an apron inaddition to other protective clothing to protect against spills.Chemical-resistant aprons are available in materials such asbutyl, neoprene, and nitrile. Aprons backed with cotton orother materials are resistant to tearing; but backing materi-als can absorb pesticides, making cleanup difficult orimpossible.

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Although aprons offer protection against pesticideexposure, many workers do not wear them. In some cases,aprons can lead to accidents when the user must climbladders or work around machinery. Seek the advice ofworkers who will be expected to wear aprons, and use theirinput in selecting the best apron for the job, or perhaps analternative such as coveralls.

COVERALLS

Labels may specify the use of coveralls to provide anextra layer of protection against pesticides penetrating tothe skin. They are available in reusable, limited-use, anddisposable styles.

Washable, reusable cotton or cotton blend coveralls areacceptable when using low toxicity pesticides (those labeledCAUTION). However, because trace amounts of pesticidescannot be removed from cotton fabrics, annual or morefrequent replacement is suggested. Cotton coveralls shouldnever be used when handling liquid pesticide concentrate;anytime a concentrate comes into contact with clothing thatis not chemical-resistant, the garments must be properlydiscarded.

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Reusable coveralls or two-piece rain or splash suitsdesigned to wear over regular work clothes can be pur-chased with coatings of PVC, rubber, neoprene, nitrile, orpolyurethane over a durable cotton, nylon-scrim, or polyes-ter backing. They differ in chemical resistance and may bewashable. Manufacturers’ labels can guide the selectionprocess and should explain care recommendations, al-though insufficient research has been conducted on theeffectiveness of specific care methods in removing pesticidecontamination.

Limited-use or disposable coveralls generally aredesigned to be worn for one workday, then discarded in thetrash. There are many limited-use coveralls available. Somelimited-use coveralls are coated to withstand repeated wear;but, nevertheless, they should be discarded after eighthours’ total wear (all in one day or cumulatively over mul-tiple days). Limited-use, nonwoven coveralls must bediscarded once they are contaminated or damaged. Sometypes disintegrate upon washing; others may not. Neverwash disposable, nonwoven coveralls since launderingtends to reduce their repellency and could move contami-nates to the inside of the garment.

Limited-use protective coverall fabrics differ inbreathability, weight, thickness, flexibility, strength, durabil-ity, abrasion resistance, and chemical resistance. Consultpesticide product labels and safety supply catalogs inselecting the right coveralls for a given set of circumstances;or contact safety specialists referenced in safety equipmentcatalogs. University PPE experts and Cooperative Exten-sion Service specialists also can lend advice, upon request.

Tyvek coveralls are probably the most familiar dispos-able brand because they are widely available and inexpen-sive. Three types are available for different situations:

• Regular Tyvek breathes and offers about the sameprotection from granules and dusts as regular cottoncoveralls. It performs better than cotton when light spray ormists are involved, but it does not protect against concen-trated materials.

• Tyvek QC is polyethylene-coated to repel water andoffers better chemical resistance than regular Tyvek orcotton.

• Tyvek/Saranex-23P provides chemical resistance forpesticides with higher toxicities and is resistant to corrosiveones. It offers good protection against a broad range ofpesticides. However, this fabric lacks breathability. Itrequires that the wearer be consistently alert for signs ofheat stress.

Often, the same brand name is used for materials ofdiffering chemical resistance, ranging from what is neededfor dry particulate or minor splash situations to that required

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for more severe exposures. Regular Tyvek, Comfort-Gard,Kappler CPF-I, and Kleenguard offer breathable fabrics thatresist water and small particles, but they are not recom-mended for chemical protection. Trade names such asTychem, Kappler CFP (II, III and IV), and Responderdescribe suits designed for chemical protection, hazardouschemical splash, and hazardous material cleanup.

Coveralls for pesticide application should be selected toprovide appropriate chemical resistance against the pesti-cide and its formulation. Applicators should also be aware ofother safety considerations.

Coveralls should fit well. A snug fit at the neck willprevent pesticides from filtering down the back and chest.Coveralls also should have adequate torso length to allowease of movement. However, they should not be so loose orbaggy that they are susceptible to entanglement in movingparts of machinery. Coverall materials are very strong anddo not tear easily if caught in machinery. Entanglement ofclothing can lead to traumatic injury, unrelated to pesticides.Coveralls may have attached hoods or separate headprotection.

If disposable coveralls are too long in the sleeves or pantlegs, they can be cut off because the fabrics do not ravel. Ifwoven fabric coveralls are shortened, they will need hem-ming to prevent raveling of strong yarns that can be anentanglement hazard.

EPA’s pesticide registration process takes into consider-ation a product’s label information on the use of personalprotective equipment. Pesticide applicators must rely onlabel information to know what PPE to use when handling agiven product. Wearing inappropriate PPE, or failure to wearany at all, can lead to overexposure. Physical illness fromoverexposure can mean absence from work, sometimestriggering loss of income. It can mean mounting medicalexpenses, and stress. Physical illness from overexposurecan result in pain and suffering—sometimes even death.

If PPE label instructions are ignored and routine overex-posure does occur, lawsuits and penalties may follow. Iffailure to comply with label directions is proven, regulatoryaction against the applicator and/or the affiliated companymay result.

PESTICIDE LABELS PROVIDEVALUABLE SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS

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Protective clothing and equipment statements arelocated on the label (or labeling) of a pesticide productunder Hazards to Humans and Domestic Animals or as“Agricultural Use Requirements” under Directions for Use.The Worker Protection Standard (WPS) requires that labelsof pesticides used on farms or in forests, nurseries, orgreenhouses list the types of PPE the user must employ. Itis important to realize that PPE required by a pesticide labelrepresents minimum protection; the applicator may elect touse more protective clothing or equipment than is stipulatedon the label.

EPA requires that all pesticide labels bear the followingstatement under the heading Directions for Use: “It is aviolation of federal law to use this pesticide in a mannerinconsistent with its labeling.” Legally, the statement placesthe responsibility for using the product according to labeldirections directly on the buyer and user. The intent is tocommunicate to users—homeowners, farmers, commercialapplicators—that they are personally responsible for judi-cious use of the pesticide.

Labels refer to chemical resistance categories (Athrough H) for personal protective equipment. Items in thesecategories are made of materials that the pesticide cannotpass through during the times indicated below the chart.The categories are based on the solvents used in thepesticides, not the pesticides themselves. Therefore, therewill be instances where the same pesticide in two differentformulations (e.g., wettable powder and emulsifiable con-centrate) will require PPE from two different chemicalresistance categories.

The following is an example of label information referringa user to the EPA Chemical Resistance Category Chart:

The EPA chemical resistance category chart on page 28shows that pesticide products in the H category requirebarrier laminate or Viton materials for a full day’s exposure,whereas butyl, nitrile, and rubber offer protection for 10minutes of contact with the chemical. No other materialsoffer chemical resistance to, nor protect against, category Hchemicals.

The chemical resistance selection category for thisproduct is H. For more information about PPEmaterials that are resistant to this product forvarious lengths of time, consult an EPA chemicalresistance category chart.”

“

EPA CHEMICAL RESISTANCE CATEGORY CHART

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Barrier PolyvinylLaminate Neoprene Butyl Nitrile Natural Polyethylene Chloride* Viton*

A high high high high high high high high

B high slight high slight none slight slight slight

C high high high high moderate moderate high high

D high moderate high moderate none none none slight

E high high slight high slight none moderate high

F high moderate high high slight none slight high

G high slight slight slight none none none high

H high slight slight slight none none none high

EPA Chemical Resistance Category Chart

CategoryListed onPesticide

Label

Type of Personal Protective Material

High: Highly chemical resistant. Clean or replace PPE at end of each day’s work period. Rinse off pesticides atrest breaks.

Moderate: Moderately chemical resistant. Clean or replace PPE within an hour or two of contact.

Slight: Slightly chemical resistant. Clean or replace PPE within ten minutes of contact.

None: No chemical resistance. Do not wear this type of material as PPE when contact is possible.

Rubber*

*Recommendation based on PPE at least 14 mil or greater in thickness

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Listed below (in blue) are examples of wording found onpesticide labels relative to personal protective equipmentrequired when handling the product; below each exampleare EPA interpretations of those label statements. Whenconfused as to what a pesticide label means, consult theseguidelines. In most cases, the first line of a label statementaddressing personal protective equipment indicates what isrequired for minimum protection; use of additional or moresophisticated equipment, for added protection, is left to thediscretion of the user.

INTERPRETING PPE STATEMENTS ON PESTICIDE LABELS

• Long-sleeved shirt and long pantsLong-sleeved shirt and long pants, orWoven or nonwoven coverall, orPlastic- or other barrier-coated coverall, orRubber or plastic suit

• Coverall over short-sleeved shirt and short pantsCoverall over short-sleeved shirt and short pants, orCoverall over long-sleeved shirt and long pants, orCoverall over another coverall, orPlastic- or other barrier-coated coverall, orRubber or plastic suit

• Coverall over long-sleeved shirt and long pantsCoverall over long-sleeved shirt and long pants, orCoverall over another coverall, orPlastic- or other barrier-coated coverall, orRubber or plastic suit

• Chemical-resistant apron over coverall or over long-sleeved shirt and long pants

Chemical-resistant apron over coverall, or long-sleeved shirt and long pants, or

Plastic- or other barrier-coated coverall, orRubber or plastic suit

• Chemical-resistant protective suitPlastic- or other barrier-coated coverall, orRubber or plastic suit

• Waterproof suit or liquid-proof suitPlastic- or other barrier-coated coverall, orRubber or plastic suit

• Protective eyewearShielded safety spectacles, orFace shield, orGoggles, orFull face respirator

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• GogglesGoggles, orFull face respirator

• Waterproof glovesAny rubber or plastic gloves sturdy enough to

remain intact throughout the task being performed• Chemical-resistant gloves

Barrier-laminate gloves, orOther gloves that glove selection charts or guidance

documents indicate are chemical-resistant to thepesticide for the period of time required to performthe task

• Chemical-resistant gloves such as butyl or nitrileButyl gloves, orNitrile gloves, orOther gloves that glove selection charts or guidance

documents indicate are chemical-resistant to thepesticide for the period of time required to performthe task

• ShoesLeather, canvas, or fabric shoes, orChemical-resistant shoes, orChemical-resistant boots, orChemical-resistant shoe coverings (booties)

• Chemical-resistant footwearChemical-resistant shoes, orChemical-resistant boots, orChemical-resistant shoe coverings (booties)

• Chemical-resistant bootsChemical-resistant boots

• Chemical-resistant hood or wide-brimmed hatRubber- or plastic-coated safari-style hat, orRubber- or plastic-coated firefighter-style hat, orPlastic- or other barrier-coated hood, orRubber or plastic hood, orFull hood or helmet that is part of some respirators

All clothing worn while handling pesticides should beconsidered contaminated, whether or not it is obvious. Workclothing worn while mixing, loading, or applying pesticides(even that worn during granular applications) must be storedand washed separately from the rest of the laundry; and it isthe responsibility of the user, be it employer or applicator, toensure that it is. Further, it is the responsibility of thesupervisor to inform the person in charge of the laundry,

WASHING REGULAR WORK CLOTHING

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whether it is done by a commercial laundry service or in thehome, that work clothes are contaminated.

Labels seldom explain how to launder pesticide-contaminated clothing. At best, a label might instruct theuser as follows—and all of it is good advice: Discardclothing that has been drenched or heavily contaminatedwith product concentrate. Do not reuse it. Follow manu-facturer’s instructions for cleaning PPE. If no suchinstructions for washables, use detergent and hot water.Keep and wash PPE separate from other laundry.

Success in washing pesticide residues from commonwork fabrics hinges on the pesticide and its formulation, thefabric thickness and fiber content, the laundering method,and the length of time between contamination and launder-ing. The longer the wait, the less is removed. Follow thesesafety tips when washing work clothes worn while usingpesticides.

• Empty pockets and cuffs of clothing worn for granularapplications, outdoors, to remove trapped granules beforethe clothing is stored to be washed. But don’t sit on the backstep to do this! Pesticide debris of this nature must beemptied onto an appropriate (application) site; that is, if apesticide is not labeled for use on turf, it is likewise inappro-priate—and illegal—to empty small quantities of the productfrom pockets and cuffs onto the lawn. Also, stay clear ofchildren’s play yards, pet and livestock facilities, and anyother sensitive areas.

• Discard clothing that has been drenched by a concen-trate, because the pesticide probably could not be removedto a safe level. Some studies indicate that heavily contami-nated clothing still has detectable residues after tenwashings, so be on the safe side: Discard drenchedclothing.

• Wash contaminated clothing the day contaminationoccurs.

• Store contaminated clothing in a trash bag or hang itaway from the family living space, in a work shed or on aclothes line outdoors.

• Never put contaminated work clothes in cloth bags orlaundry baskets with other family laundry.

• Remember that socks and undergarments also maybe contaminated and should be stored and washed sepa-rately from the family laundry.

• Open the washer door before handling pesticide-contaminated clothing to avoid contaminating the outside ofthe washer.

STEP-BY-STEP METHODS FOR LAUNDERING

PESTICIDE-CONTAMINATED CLOTHING

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• Wear rubber or chemical-resistant gloves to handlecontaminated clothing. Pesticides can transfer from fabric tothe skin and from one fabric surface to another. Do not usethese gloves for other purposes; residues on gloves cantransfer to water, fabrics, and other surfaces.

• Prerinse or presoak contaminated clothing in aseparate tub or use the rinse cycle of the washer. Whenusing a washer, drain the water and refill for washing.

• Pretreat contaminated clothing with a solvent-basedprewash spray, especially if the contaminant is an emulsifi-able concentrate.

• Wash pesticide-contaminated clothing separately fromthe family laundry. Research has shown that pesticideresidues can be transferred from contaminated clothing touncontaminated fabric in the wash water.

• Wash contaminated clothing and other PPE daily, assoon as possible after wearing. Delay in laundering willreduce the likelihood of total residue removal. Pesticidesmay bond to oily soil (if present) in clothing, making themmore difficult to remove, therefore increasing the likelihoodof pesticide residues remaining in laundered clothing.

• Use a heavy-duty liquid laundry detergent for bestperformance, especially in hard water and when the con-taminant is an emulsifiable concentrate.

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• Wash only a few items at a time to allow plenty ofroom for agitation and ample water for dilution of residues.Use the highest water level setting, even with small loads.

• Use only hot water, not warm. Set the water heater at140˚F if there are no children or elderly family members whomight be in jeopardy of scalding.

• Use at least a 10-minute wash cycle.

• Use a cold water rinse to conserve energy; no benefitfrom a warm rinse has been demonstrated.

• Check clothes for signs of stains or odors after laun-dering and rewash, if necessary, before drying.

• Line dry outdoors, if possible, because some pesti-cides are broken down by sunlight.

• After washing contaminated clothing, run the washerthrough a complete cycle with hot water and detergent,without clothes, before washing family laundry. This helpsflush pesticide residues from the machine.

• Starching cotton or cotton blend fabrics before dryingmay facilitate pesticide residue removal following subse-quent wearings. Pesticides deposited on the fabric maybond to the starch and be washed away with it duringlaundering. Starch must be reapplied after each washing inorder to maintain effectiveness. If the pesticide user isuncomfortable in starched clothing, consider starchingspecific areas of the garment. For instance, heavy starchingof lower pant legs of coveralls and jeans should not createan uncomfortable fit but would enhance residue removalfrom that area.

• Soil- and water-repellent products applied to cottonfabrics may improve resistance to pesticide contamination,but they may make contamination that does occur moredifficult to remove. If these products are used, reapply themafter every second or third wash.

• Ammonia, chlorine bleach, and fabric softeners arenot effective in reducing pesticide residues.

• Do not wash contaminated chemical-resistant gloveswith clothing. Gloves tend to be more heavily contaminatedthan other garments, and washing them with the rest of thelaundry could result in movement of additional pesticideresidue to other items.

• Pesticide residue levels in clothing can be reducedwith multiple washings; but consider the toxicity of thepesticide product, the product’s water solubility, your time,and associated costs (such as water bills) compared togarment replacement costs.

OTHER TIPS FOR CLEANING PESTICIDE-CONTAMINATED

CLOTHING

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Personal protective equipment is your responsibility.Whether your business is farming, custom application,nursery management, greenhouse cultivation, pest control,or home gardening— and whether you have no employeesor 100—if you use pesticides, you need to learn all you canabout PPE. Every day, new types of PPE become avail-able. Choosing among the many alternatives is seriousbusiness because PPE is effective only when it is carefullyselected, properly fitted, routinely used, and fastidiouslymaintained. It may not provide protection if any of thesepoints is missed.

This publication outlines responsibilities pertinent toselecting, using, and maintaining PPE, but it is only astarting point; there is more to learn. Experience will gener-ate a better understanding, and safety supply catalogs andother reading materials will enhance the user’s knowledgeof PPE. Communicate regularly with resource people andeducators who specialize in industrial hygiene, safety,textiles, and pesticide applicator training.

CONCLUSION

All complementary illustrations are by the artist StephenAdduci; his work is sincerely appreciated. The authors aregrateful to all of the reviewers whose comments were verybeneficial in improving the quality and accuracy of thispublication. We extend our thanks in acknowledgment oftheir work:

Allen Boger, Purdue UniversityCharlotte Coffman, Cornell UniversityEd DaCruz, North Safety ProductsDick Flynn, North Safety ProductsTodd Hutson, Purdue UniversityBrandon Mausel, Countrymark Cooperative, Inc.Cherilyn Nelson, East Carolina UniversityBill Newcomb, North Safety ProductsKay Obendorf, Cornell UniversityFred Petersen, Purdue UniversityDick Prince, North Safety ProductsMastura Raheel, University of IllinoisMargaret Rucker, University of California at DavisAnugrah Shaw, University of Maryland, Eastern ShorePaul Shelton, MonsantoJim Spool, North Safety ProductsFred Strickland, TerminixDavid Trotter, Purdue UniversityRoger Yeary, TruGreen-ChemLawnThomas Zorka, Orkin Pest Control

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

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The information given herein is supplied with the understanding that no discrimination is intended and no endorsement by the Purdue UniversityCooperative Extension Service is implied.

It is the policy of the Purdue University Cooperative Extension Service, David C. Petritz, Director, that all persons shall have equal opportunity andaccess to the programs and facilities without regard to race, color, sex, religion, national origin, age, marital status, parental status, sexualorientation, or disability. Purdue University is an Affirmative Action employer.

Reviewed 3/03