PESTICIDES GROUPS OVERVIEW - Department of Defence Health Manual Vol 21... · PESTICIDES GROUPS OVERVIEW 7 ... Further general guidelines for first aid are given in paragraph 4.24

HLTHMAN, volume 21part 6

CHAPTER 7

PESTICIDES GROUPS OVERVIEW 7

INTRODUCTION 7.1

7.1 The purpose of this chapter is to provide general information about the main groups of pesticides, their uses and application, and some safety information. Further safety information appears in chapter 4—‘Safety with pesticides’. There are individual entries for specific pesticides in annex A to chapter 7.

7.2 Since under the arrangements set out in chapter 1—‘Pesticides—Introduction’, the range of possible pesticide products which could potentially be used in the Australian Defence Force (ADF) and Defence establishments is very large, it is not possible to set out instructions for use, safety information and other details for all of them. Nor is it possible to list the trade names of all of the very large number of available registered products.

7.3 If a complete list of registered insecticide products on the Australian market is needed, refer to a publication such as those shown in table 7–1.

Table 7–1: Lists of registered products on the Australian market

PESTICIDE PRODUCT/FORMULATION TYPES 7.4

7.4 There are many specialised pesticide active ingredients and an even greater number of trade name products on the market. Many of these products have specialised uses in horticulture or agriculture, and would be unlikely to be used for ADF/Defence purposes. Due to the large number, it is not possible to list all of them. For further information on formulations types, formulation and mixing of pesticides, and a list of abbreviations for formulation types, see chapter 6—‘Formulation, storage, mixing, handling and disposal of pesticides’.

FIRST AID 7.5

7.5 Except where otherwise specified, first aid for the classes of pesticides listed in this chapter is standard first aid (see paragraphs 4.21–19 and table 4–7), or, for anticholinesterase insecticide poisoning, standard first aid and standard anticholinesterase first aid (see paragraph 4.23 and table 4–7). Further general guidelines for first aid are given in paragraph 4.24 and tables 4–8 – 4–13.

Publication Comment Published by

‘PUBCRIS’ (Public Chemicals Registration Information System).

The Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (http://www.apvma.gov.au/) database of registered agricultural and veterinary chemical product information. Search this database FREE on the Internet: http://services.apvma.gov.au/PubcrisWebClient/welcome.do.

National Registration Authority, Canberra

‘Infopest Pest Management Information System’

Available in CD–ROM form. Queensland Department of Primary Industries

PESKEM PC System Australian Directory of Registered Pesticides and their uses. Available in CD–ROM form.

Department of Plant Production, The University of Queensland, Gatton College, LAWES QLD 4343

Lists of registered pesticide products

Usually in hard copy. State and Territory Departments of Agriculture

http://services.apvma.gov.au/PubcrisWebClient/welcome.do

http://services.apvma.gov.au/PubcrisWebClient/welcome.do

http://www.apvma.gov.au/


7–2

INSECTICIDES—OVERVIEW 7.6

What is an insecticide? 7.6

7.6 An insecticide is a type of pesticide used to destroy or inhibit the action of pest insects. Insecticides can be divided into groups based on chemical type or origin. Some of these groups are described below.

7.7 Insecticides are intended to be toxic (poisonous) to insects. They can also be toxic to humans, to varying degrees, depending on the chemical type to which the pesticide belongs. Insecticides are usually ‘neuro-poisons’ which work by poisoning the nervous system of the target organism. Some insecticides can kill a wide range of insect types and are called ‘broad spectrum’ insecticides. Others are effective against a smaller range of insect pests.

Classification of insecticides 7.8

7.8 Classification according to the insect stage of development. Insecticides are often classed according to the insect stage of development on which the insecticide acts: ovicides, which kill insect eggs; larvicides, directed against the immature stages of insects; and adulticides, for the control of adult insects.

7.9 Classifying insecticides by route of entry. Another system of classifying insecticides is based on their method of entry into the insect’s body, such as stomach poisons, contact poisons, and fumigants. Many of the newer insecticides do not lend themselves to a single grouping. Relatively few are exclusively stomach poisons, contact poisons or fumigants. The principal action of the inorganic material is in general that of stomach poisons while most of the organic materials act as contact poisons. However, some of the inorganics may act as contact insecticides while most of the organic materials also act as stomach poisons to some extent. Some of them actually exert a fumigating action.

a. Stomach poisons. Stomach poisons must be swallowed, that is, taken into the digestive system, to cause death. These are generally used against insects with chewing mouthparts, but may also be used under certain conditions against insects with sponging, siphoning, or lapping mouthparts. A stomach poison must be quick acting, inexpensive, and available in large quantities. It must not be distasteful to the target insect and cannot be phytotoxic if used on plants. The four principal ways of using stomach poisons are:

(1) The natural food of the insect, such as the foliage of plants, is thoroughly covered with poison so that the insect cannot feed without also feeding on the poison.

(2) The poison is mixed with a substance that is very attractive to the insect, possibly more so than its natural food. The poisoned bait mixture is then placed where the insects can easily find it.

(3) Certain poisons may be sprinkled over the runways of insects so that they get it on their feet or antennae. In cleaning these appendages with their mouthparts, the poison is swallowed.

(4) Systemic insecticides, which are readily absorbed and distributed throughout living organisms, are used to impregnate the tissues of plants and animals, so that insects feeding upon these tissues are killed. By this means, sucking insects can be controlled with stomach poisons.

b. Contact poisons. This group of insecticides kills insects by contacting and entering the insect’s body directly through the integument (body wall or surface)—frequently through the tarsi, as the insect rests on a surface covered with a residual insecticide)—and into the blood; through the mouth and into the digestive system; or by penetrating the respiratory system through the spiracles into the trachea. These materials include the plant-derived poisons rotenone and nicotine, and most of the synthetic organic insecticides. The materials may be applied directly to the insect body in a spray or dust or as a residual application to surfaces on which insects come in contact.


7–3

c. Fumigants. Fumigants are volatile chemicals whose vapours enter the insect’s respiratory system through the breathing pores (spiracles). The use of fumigants is generally limited to treatment in tightly sealed containers or enclosures. Fumigants are dispersed as true gases so that they reach the pest in molecular form. Molecules of gas can penetrate cracks, crevices, and tightly packed material. Fumigant materials are available in three forms: solids, liquids, and gases. All modern fumigants that give effective control of insect pests are also toxic to humans. Therefore, fumigants must be applied only by trained personnel who have demonstrated satisfactory knowledge of the properties of fumigants and the methods for safe handling and application.

d. Desiccants. Desiccants, such as finely powdered silica gels and silica aerogels, are dusts or crystals which scratch, abrade, or absorb the fatty, water-resistant outer layer on the exoskeleton. These compounds cause death from dehydration by removing the outer layer of the arthropod exoskeleton. They are sometimes used for the control of cockroaches, fleas, and other household insect pests. The silica gels are reported to be non-toxic to humans and other warm-blooded animals. Sorptive dusts are amorphous rather than crystalline compounds, so they do not cause silicosis. The main problem with these compounds is keeping the applied material in areas where insects can come in contact with it.

7.10 Classification by chemical structure, mode of action and function. These parameters are often used together to describe pesticides. This is the classification method used in the remainder of this chapter.

ANTICHOLINESTERASE INSECTICIDES 7.11

What are anticholinesterase compounds? 7.11

7.11 These are chemicals which exert their insecticidal action by affecting acetylcholinesterase, which is an important enzyme involved in the transmitting nerve impulses in the body.

7.12 There are two major chemical types of anticholinesterase insecticides, organophosphorus insecticides and carbamate insecticides.

ORGANOPHOSPHORUS INSECTICIDES 7.13

7.13 Organophosphate insecticides are cholinesterase inhibitors, and range from moderately toxic to extremely toxic, depending on the individual compound.

7.14 Examples. Examples of organophosphate insecticide products are in table 7–2. See individual entries in annex A for further details.


7–4

Table 7–2: Organophosphate insecticide products

CARBAMATE INSECTICIDES 7.15

7.15 Carbamate insecticides are esters of carbamic acid. They are cholinesterase inhibitors, and range from moderately to extremely toxic, depending on the individual compound.

7.16 Examples. Examples of carbamate insecticide products are shown in table 7–3. Seeindividual entries in annex C for further details.

Table 7–3: Carbamate insecticides

7.17 Carbamate fungicides (eg maneb and mancozeb—see annex M), used as herbicides and fungicides, have weak anticholinesterase action, and are not cholinesterase inhibitors.

Insecticide name Product names

chlorpyrifos DURSBANEMPIRE

diazinon BASUDINDIANONECTOBANKNOX-OUTNUCIDOL

dimethoate ROGOR

fenthion BAYTEXLEBAYCID

maldison MALATHANE MALATHION MALATHONMALATOXMALDISON

omethoate FOLIMAT

pirimiphos-methyl ACTELLIC

temephos ABATE

trichlorfon DIPTEREX

Insecticide Product names

bendiocarb FICAM

carbaryl BUGMASTER SEVIN

propoxur BAYGON

carbofuran FURADAN, etc


7–5

POISONING FROM ANTICHOLINESTERASE INSECTICIDES 7.18

7.18 These compounds can poison humans as well as insects. The symptoms of acute poisoning in humans can include some or all of those listed below.

7.19 In cases where poisoning is less severe, not all of these effects will occur, or if they do, they may not be as pronounced. Symptoms are shown in table 7–4.

Notes

(a) The acronym SLUDGE [for salivation, lachrymation, urination, defaecation, gastro-intestinal distress and emesis] can be used to remember muscarinic symptoms for moderate and severe organophosphate poisoning.

(b) Another acronym to remember the effects of cholinesterase inhibitors is MUDDLES [for miosis, urination,diarrhoea, diaphoresis, excitation of central nervous system, salivation].

(c) The usual cause of death from organophosphate poisoning is respiratory failure.

Table 7–4: Symptoms of anticholinesterase insecticide poisoning

Type of effect Symptoms

‘muscarinic’ symptoms bronchial: runny nose, wheezing, tightness in chest, asthma, cough, shortness of breath, cyanosis, pulmonary oedema

glandular secretions: excessive saliva, sweating (diaphoresis), tears

visual: ‘pinpoint’ pupils of the eyes (miosis), blurred vision

gastrointestinal: stomach pain/cramps, anorexia, nausea, vomiting

cardiovascular: slow heartbeat (bradycardia), decreased blood pressure (hypotension)

‘nicotinic’ symptoms muscular: trembling muscles (especially in the eyelids, tongue, face and neck, but also in severe cases in the diaphragm and breathing muscles), muscle cramps, muscle weakness, paralysis

increased urination, or losing control of urination

fast heartbeat (pulse), increased blood pressure (hypertension)

central nervous system symptoms: restlessness, unsteady walking, emotional disturbances, headache, dizziness, weakness, drowsiness, fatigue, mental confusion, slurred speech, inability to concentrate, unconsciousness, convulsions and coma. These symptoms typically present later, unless there is a large dose exposure.

chest pain, becoming pale (pallor)

other acute pancreatitis has been reported with a number of organophosphates, and also supposedly with an unidentified carbamate

skin rashes in some cases

severe poisoning convulsions, cyanosis, profuse sweating, incontinence, mental confusion, progressive cardiac and respiratory failure and coma are signs of very severe poisoning

delayed effects ‘intermediate syndrome’: appears 24–96 hours after poisoning, during recovery from symptoms listed above (which respond to atropine treatment). Consists of muscle paralysis, including breathing muscles, and is resistant to atropine treatment, requiring assisted ventilation. Not all organophosphates cause intermediate syndrome.


7–6

7.20 Carbamate poisoning. The signs and symptoms of poisoning by carbamate insecticides are identical to those occurring in organophosphorus poisoning, as shown above; however the features of carbamate poisoning tend to start more quickly and last a shorter time. As an example, symptoms of acute carbaryl poisoning could include increased bronchial secretions; excessive sweating, salivation and tears; pinpoint pupils, blurred vision, wheezing, stomach pain, vomiting and diarrhoea; slow or fast pulse; trembling of muscles (including breathing muscles in severe cases); headache, tiredness, dizziness, anxiety, mental confusion; breathing difficulties, turning blue, convulsions, unconsciousness, and coma.

Medical treatment of poisoning by anticholinesterase insecticides 7.21

7.21 Poisoning with anticholinesterase insecticides can be a serious, and possibly life-threatening, medical emergency, and if severe will need to be treated in a hospital. Once in the hospital setting, more definitive medical treatment can be instituted. The following guide for medical officers assumes that this treatment will occur in the hospital environment, with appropriate resuscitation facilities.

7.22 The clinical treatment regimen for organophosphate poisoning includes:

a. Careful diagnosis and history. Keep in mind that standard anticholinesterase first aid might have already been administered.

b. Do not hesitate to seek advice from the National Poisons Information Line, which has medical advice available. The telephone number Australia-wide is shown below in table 7–5:

Table 7–5: National Poisons Information Line telephone number

c. Maintenance of adequate respiratory and cardiac function (including administration of oxygen if necessary).

d. Careful, close surveillance throughout, which may be necessary for up to 10 days in severe cases; cardiac monitoring for at least four days.

e. Treat cholinergic symptoms with atropine sulphate intravenously in a dose of 2–4 mg for an adult immediately and repeated at 5–10 minute intervals until signs of atropinisation occur (eg dry mouth, tachycardia, and usually dilated pupils). Maintain atropinisation for at least 24–48 hours and carefully observe the patient as atropine is withdrawn, reinstating treatment if the symptoms return. Note that if ‘intermediate syndrome’ occurs, these symptoms may be resistant to atropine and may require assisted ventilation.

f. If cases of organophosphorus poisoning are seen within 12 hours then cautious administration of 1 g of an oxime preparation (eg pralidoxime chloride) slowly intravenously, under close supervision, may be given. This drug must NOT be used as an alternative or in preference to atropine, the use of which is essential.

g. Associated anxiety may be relieved by giving 5–-10 mg diazepam intramuscularly. (Note: World Health Organisation guidelines suggest that morphine, barbiturates, phenothiazines, tranquillisers and central stimulants of all kinds are contraindicated.)

h. This regimen requires careful clinical judgment, and needs to be carried out in a hospital environment, preferably in an intensive care setting.

i. Oximes are CONTRAINDICATED in carbamate poisoning and data on their effects in dimethoate poisoning appears to be contradictory.

j. The presence of PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON SOLVENTS in some formulations (eg emulsifiable concentrate (EC)) may result in additional toxic effects and may require appropriate observation and action, eg care to avoid aspiration pneumonitis from aspiration of vomitus.

Poisons Information Telephone13 11 26

Australia-wide


7–7

INSECTICIDES DERIVED FROM PLANTS AND OTHER ORGANISMS—OVERVIEW 7.23

What are insecticides derived from plants and other organisms? 7.23

7.23 There are three main groups: botanical insecticides, synthetic botanical insecticides and biological insecticides.

BOTANICAL INSECTICIDES 7.24

7.24 Botanical insecticides are chemical insecticides extracted or derived from naturally poisonous materials contained in plants. Examples are shown in table 7–6.

Table 7–6: Botanical insecticides

Symptoms of poisoning from botanical insecticides 7.25

7.25 Symptoms of poisoning by botanical insecticides are as follows:

a. Natural pyrethrins. Natural pyrethrins generally have low toxicity, but poisoning symptoms are similar to those from synthetic pyrethroids. Some of the less purified pyrethrum extracts may contain allergenic substances which can induce the symptoms shown in table 7–7.

Table 7–7: Symptoms of poisoning from botanical insecticides

b. Rotenone. Rotenone generally has low toxicity, but poisoning can cause the symptoms shown in table 7–8.

Table 7–8: Symptoms of poisoning from rotenone

Insecticide Comment

Rotenone Rotenone (DERRIS DUST) is obtained from the root of a plant called Derris. It is usually applied as a dust. It is moderately toxic when swallowed and more toxic when inhaled.

Pyrethrins Pyrethrins are derived from a variety of chrysanthemum. They have the ability to ‘knock down’ insects quickly, and low toxicity to mammals (including humans). Formulations containing pyrethrins usually also contain a chemical such as piperonyl butoxide, which is known as a ‘synergist’, because it enhances the effects of the pyrethrins. It prevents insects from recovering from the effects of the pyrethrins.

attacks of allergic rhinitis (runny nose) and asthmabreathing difficulty and swelling of the tissues of the nose and throatcough and feverpneumonitis, breathing difficulty (rarely)severe shock (anaphylaxis), hypersensitivity

nausea, vomitingnumbnesstremorsdermatitisnose ulcersirritation of mucous membranes


7–8

Medical treatment for poisoning by insecticides derived from plants and other organisms 7.26

7.26 Medical treatment for poisoning should be symptomatic and supportive.

SYNTHETIC PYRETHROID INSECTICIDES 7.27

7.27 Synthetic botanical insecticides are synthetically-produced chemicals which have similar chemical structures to botanical insecticides. Those which are similar to pyrethrin are known as synthetic pyrethroids. Some have residual effects. Some do not need synergists.

7.28 Examples. Examples are shown in table 7–9. See individual entries in annex S for further details.

Table 7–9: Synthetic pyrethroid insecticides

Symptoms of poisoning from synthetic pyrethroids 7.29

7.29 The toxicity of synthetic pyrethroid to humans can vary from very low (eg bioresmethrin) to moderate or high (eg deltamethrin), depending on the chemical. Symptoms of poisoning from these insecticides are variable and depend on the agent concerned. For example, bioresmethrin has very low toxicity, while cypermethrin and deltamethrin are more toxic. Not all pyrethroids produce all of these symptoms, and some, such as permethrin, are of very low toxicity and rarely cause any ill-effects.

7.30 Symptoms of poisoning by synthetic pyrethroids can include those shown in table 7–10.

Insecticide name Product nameallethrinbetacyfluthrin BETA RESPONSAR

BULLDOCKbifenthrin TALSTARbioallethrinbioresmethrin RESLINcyfluthrin BAYGON

BAYTHROIDSOLFAC

cypermethrin CYMBUSHCYMPERATORDEMONRIPCORD, etc

d-phenothrin ONE-SHOTSUMITHRIN, etc

deltamethrin CISLIN DECIS K-OBIOL KORDON

fenvalerate SUMICIDIN, etclambdacyhalothrin DEMAND

ICONKARATEWARRIOR

permethrin COOPEXPERIGEN

tetramethrin NEO-PYNAMIN FORTE


7–9

Table 7–10: Symptoms of poisoning by synthetic pyrethroids

7.31 Different synthetic pyrethroids can produce different reactions, and exposure to high strengths of the active ingredient can produce more severe effects. For example, workers manufacturing cyfluthrin and deltamethrin have reported the symptoms shown in table 7–11.

Table 7–11: Symptoms of poisoning by cyfluthrin and deltamethrin

7.32 These effects persisted for several hours after exposure to cyfluthrin, but the effects from deltamethrin did not last long after exposure was discontinued.

7.33 The hydrocarbon propellants in aerosol products may themselves cause symptoms including cough, fever, chest pain and other symptoms. The presence of PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON SOLVENTS in some formulations (eg EC) may result in additional toxic effects and may require appropriate observation and action, eg care to avoid aspiration pneumonitis from aspiration of vomitus.

Medical management of poisoning by synthetic pyrethroids 7.34

7.34 If poisoning occurs, medical treatment should be symptomatic and supportive.

BIOLOGICAL INSECTICIDES 7.35

7.35 Living organisms such as bacteria or fungi attack specific insect species. An example is Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (DIPEL, THURICIDE, etc) or Bti, a bacterium which attacks certain developmental stages of mosquitoes. It is of very low toxicity to mammals (including humans). See also section on biochemical agents.

General reactions Contact by mouth (swallowing)

Skin exposure

allergic reactions such as runny nose (rhinitis), salivation, asthmatic wheezing, coughing sudden breathing difficulty and swelling of the tissues of the mouth and throat

epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting

irritation and burning sensations. Some pyrethroids of the ‘cyanopyrethroid’ type (such as cypermethrin) can cause local facial sensations, which are reversible.

incoordination or seizures convulsions

nervous irritability unconsciousness

shock

tremors coarse muscular fasciculations

Route of contact Symptoms from cyfluthrin Symptoms from deltamethrin

skin a stinging pain on skin contact skin redness, skin peeling

itchiness itchiness

lachrymation (excessive tears) and coughing

runny nose and lachrymation

sneezing

hypersensitivity to touch

mouth (swallowing) gastrointestinal irritation and erosion


7–10

Symptoms of poisoning from biological insecticides 7.36

7.36 There is little information on poisoning of humans by Bacillus thuringiensis. In a few isolated cases it seems to have caused those shown in table 7–12.

Table 7–12: Symptoms of poisoning from biological insecticides

Medical management of poisoning by biological insecticides 7.37

7.37 Poisoning from these insecticides is usually not severe. If poisoning occurs, medical treatment should be symptomatic and supportive.

INSECTICIDES—MISCELLANEOUS 7.38

Amidine insecticides 7.38

7.38 What are amidine insecticides? These are chemicals which are based on a methanimidamide chemical structure. An example is shown in table 7–13. See individual entry under amitraz in annex A for further details.

Table 7–13: Amidine insecticide products

7.39 Symptoms of poisoning. Symptoms of poisoning by amidine insecticides include slight skin rash. Reduction in level of consciousness, headache, vomiting, dizziness, incoordination, and changes in heartrate can occur. Solvents used to dissolve amitraz in some formulations (in particular EC) could also cause some poisoning symptoms. Symptoms of poisoning are unlikely from handling dog collars containing amitraz.

7.40 Medical management of poisoning. If poisoning occurs, medical treatment should be symptomatic and supportive.

Imidazolidine insecticides 7.41

7.41 What are imidazolidine insecticides? These are chemicals which exert their insecticidal action by imidazolidine insecticides. An example is shown in table 7–14. See individual entry in annex Ifor further details.

Table 7–14: Imidazolidine insecticide products

7.42 Symptoms of poisoning. Symptoms of human poisoning by imidazoline insecticides are not known at this stage. Eye and skin irritation are possible effects.


Type of exposure Type of reaction Symptoms

mouth (swallowing) a type of food poisoning with an incubation period of about eight hours.

vomiting, nausea, diarrhoea and abdominal pain

inhalation (breathing in dust)

allergic or irritation cough or difficulty with breathing

eyes irritation irritation of eyes and conjunctivae

amitraz (MITAC or TAKTIC)

imidacloprid (CONFIDOR)


7–11

Hydramethylnon 7.44

7.44 What is hydramethylnon? Hydramethylnon has a tricyclic aromatic/heterocyclic structure, and is a non-systemic insecticide with stomach action. See entry under hydramethylnon in annex H for further details. Names of hydramethylnon products include those shown in table 7–15.

Table 7–15: Hydramethylnon products

7.45 Symptoms of poisoning. Symptoms of human poisoning by hydramethylnon are not known at this stage. Hydramethylnon is probably not very toxic. Slight skin and eye irritation might be possible effects of exposure to hydramethylnon.

7.46 Medical management of poisoning. Standard first aid—see chapter 4. If poisoning occurs, medical treatment should be symptomatic and supportive.

Pyrrole insecticides 7.47

7.47 What are pyrrole insecticides? These are chemicals which are based on a pyrrole chemical structure. An example is shown in table 7–16. See individual entry under chlorfenapyr in annex C for further details.

Table 7–16: Pyrrole insecticides

7.48 Symptoms of poisoning. Symptoms of poisoning by pyrrole insecticides are not known at this stage. Eye irritation is one possible effect of exposure to pyrrole insecticides.


Phenylpyrazole insecticides 7.50

7.50 What are phenylpyrazole insecticides? These are chemicals which are based on a phenylpyrazole chemical structure. An example is shown in table 7–17. See individual entry under fipronil in annex F for further details.

Table 7–17: Phenylpyrazole insecticides

7.51 Symptoms of poisoning. Symptoms of poisoning by pyrrole insecticides are not known at this stage, other than possible asthmatic attacks in susceptible individuals.


BIOCHEMICAL AGENTS 7.53

Overview 7.53

7.53 Biochemical agents are chemical substances which interfere with the life cycle of insects, including insect growth regulators, juvenile hormones and pheromones. They can be used as insect sprays or in foggers. Examples—see table 7–18.

AMDRO

COMBAT

MAXFORCE

chlorfenapyr (INTREPID)

Fipronil


7–12

Table 7–18: Biochemical pesticides

Symptoms of poisoning 7.54

7.54 These agents are unlikely to cause significant poisoning themselves, but additives in some formulations (eg EC) could cause skin and eye irritation.

7.55 Symptoms of human poisoning are not known at this stage but these agents are not expected to be very toxic to humans.

Medical treatment of poisoning 7.56

7.56 Medical treatment is symptomatic and supportive.

FUNGICIDES AND ALGICIDES 7.57

Overview 7.57

7.57 What are algicides and fungicides? Algicides are pesticides which kill algae, such as pond slime. Fungicides are pesticides that kill fungi, such as soots and moulds.

Aliphatic organic aluminium compounds 7.58

7.58 What are aliphatic organic aluminium compounds? An example of an aliphatic organic aluminium compound used as a fungicide is shown below in table 7–19. See individual entry in annex Ffor further details.

Table 7–19: An aliphatic organic aluminium fungicide

Biochemical agent

Product names Mode of action Uses Comment

Cyromazine TRIGARDNEPOREX

Insect growth regulator with contact action. It interferes with insect moulting and pupation.

To control plant pests, or fly larvae, or for flea control in dogs.

Substituted triazine chemical structure.

Diflubenzuron DIMILIN Non-systemic insect growth regulator with contact and stomach action, works as chitin synthesis inhibitor.

Residual control of flying and crawling insects.

Benzoylurea insecticide.

Fenoxycarb INSEGAR Acts as an insect growth regulator. Strong juvenile hormone activity.

Used against cockroaches, fleas, ants, mosquito larvae.

Carbamate insecticide, but does not act as an anticholinesterase compound.

Hydroprene GENCORPROTROL

Insect growth regulator which acts as a juvenile hormone mimic.

Lufenuron MATCH INSTAR PROGRAM SENTINEL

Insect growth regulator, which inhibits chitin synthesis.

Control of plant pests, also fleas and cockroaches in domestic and public premises.

Benzoylurea insecticide and acaricide, and biochemical agent.

Methoprene PRECOR An insect growth regulator (insect juvenile hormone mimic).

Very low toxicity to mammals (including humans).

Pyriproxyfen SUMILARV An insect growth regulator (juvenile hormone mimic).

Control of flies, fleas, cockroaches, beetles, midges and mosquitoes.

Triflumuron ALSYSTIN BAYCIDALSTARYCIDE

Non-systemic insect growth regulator with contact and stomach action, works as chitin synthesis inhibitor.

Residual control of flies, fleas and cockroaches.

Benzoylurea insecticide.

Fosetyl aluminium (ALIETTE)


7–13

7.59 Symptoms of poisoning. Symptoms of human poisoning by fosetyl-aluminium are not known.

7.60 Medical treatment. Medical treatment (if needed) is symptomatic.

Azole fungicides 7.61

7.61 What are azole fungicides? These fungicides are based on an azole chemical structure. Some examples are shown in table 7–20. See individual entry under azaconazole in annex A for further details.

Table 7–20: Azole fungicide products

7.62 Symptoms of poisoning. Some of these fungicides (for example, prochloraz and imazalil) are not very toxic and may not cause any symptoms. Exposure could cause some or all of the symptoms shown in table 7–21.

Table 7–21: Symptoms of poisoning from azole fungicides

7.63 In cases where poisoning is less severe, not all of these effects will occur, or if they do, they may not be as severe.

7.64 Medical treatment. Medical treatment is symptomatic.

Benzimidazole fungicides 7.65

7.65 What are benzimidazole fungicides? These fungicides are based on a benzimidazole chemical structure. Some examples are shown in table 7–22.

Table 7–22: Benzimidazole fungicide products

7.66 Symptoms of poisoning. Symptoms of poisoning by exposure to benzimidazole fungicides can include those shown in table 7–23:

Table 7–23: Symptoms of poisoning by benzimidazole fungicides

Fungicide Product names

Azaconazole SAFETRAY

Imazalil FUNGAFLOR

prochloraz MIRAGESPORTAK

Route of contact Symptoms

Skin burning sensation upon contact with the skin;skin rash

Mouth (swallowing) unpleasant taste and nausea


benomyl BENLATE

carbendazim BAVISTINCHIPCOSPIN-FLOHYLITE ANTI-SAPSTAIN


skin contact dermatitis; skin sensitisation

inhalation (breathing in vapour) respiratory sensitisation


7–14


7.68 Medical treatment. Medical treatment is symptomatic and supportive.

Chlorinated algicides 7.69

7.69 What are chlorinated algicides? This group comprises algicides which have an organic chemical structure which is highly chlorinated. Examples are shown in table 7–24. See entry under sodium dichloroisocyanurate in annex S for further details.

Table 7–24: Chlorinated algicide products

7.70 Symptoms of poisoning. Symptoms of poisoning by chlorinated algicides can include those shown in table 7–25.

Table 7–25: Symptoms of poisoning by chlorinated algicides


7.72 Medical treatment. Medical treatment is symptomatic and supportive. Note: If clothing is contaminated, remove contaminated clothing before cleaning contaminated skin.

Chlorophenol fungicides 7.73

7.73 What are chlorophenol fungicides? Chlorophenol fungicides are based on a chlorinated methylenediphenol chemical structure. An example is shown in table 7–26. See entry under dichlorophen in annex D for further details.

Table 7–26: A chlorophenol fungicide

7.74 Symptoms of poisoning. Exposure to dichlorophen or sodium dichlorophen may cause some or all of the symptoms shown in table 7–27.

Table 7–27: Symptoms of poisoning by chlorophenol fungicides


Algicide Product names

sodium dichloroisocyanurate SLIMERCIDE LCA

sodium dichloro-s-triazinetrione

Route of contact Reaction type Symptoms

skin, eyes, mouth (swallowing)

irritation irritation of the eyes, nose and throat, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, depending on the route of contact.

inhalation of dust allergic reaction asthma-like wheezing

dichlorophen (PANACIDE)


mouth (swallowing) possible burning or irritation of the mouth and throat; mild abdominal pain; diarrhoea

skin skin burns, skin rash, contact allergic dermatitis, photosensitivity

eye severe eye irritation, eye damage, eye burns (through eye splash)


7–15

7.76 Medical treatment. Because of the potential for mouth and throat burning, if products containing dichlorophen are swallowed, DO NOT induce vomiting. Medical treatment is symptomatic and supportive.

Copper compounds 7.77

7.77 What are copper compound fungicides? These fungicides are inorganic compounds of copper such as those shown in table 7–28. See individual entries in annex C for further details.

Table 7–28: Copper compound fungicides

7.78 Symptoms of poisoning. Exposure to copper salts may cause some or all of the symptoms shown in table 7–29, depending on amount.

Table 7–29: Symptoms of poisoning by copper compound fungicides

7.79 In cases where poisoning is less severe, not all of these effects will occur, or if they do, they may not be as severe. Copper compounds are emetics, that is, they cause vomiting. In many cases, spontaneous vomiting will remove a certain amount of the copper salt from the system and so reduce toxic effects.


Dicarboximide fungicides 7.81

7.81 What are dicarboximide fungicides? These fungicides have dicarboximide chemical structures. An example is shown in table 7–30. See individual entry in annex I for further details.

Table 7–30: A dicarboximide fungicide

7.82 Symptoms of poisoning. Symptoms of human poisoning by dicarboximide fungicides are not known at this stage; they are probably not very toxic.

7.83 Medical treatment of poisoning. Medical treatment is symptomatic.

Bordeaux mixture

Copper naphthenate

Copper oxychloride

Copper sulphate


Skin Skin irritation.

Mouth (swallowing) Unpleasant metallic taste, gastrointestinal irritation, nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea.

Circulatory shock (severe headache, weak pulse, cold sweat), jaundice/haemolytic crisis.

Systemic toxic effects such as kidney and liver damage are possible if sufficient is swallowed.

Convulsions, coma and death in extreme cases.

Iprodione (ROVRAL)


7–16

Dithiocarbamate fungicides 7.84

7.84 What are dithiocarbamate fungicides? This group comprises fungicides which have chemical structures based on the dithiocarbamate or related structures. Examples are shown in table 7–31. See individual entries in annexes M and Z for further details.

Table 7–31: Dithiocarbamate fungicides

7.85 Symptoms of poisoning. Exposure may cause some or all of the symptoms shown in table 7–32.

Table 7–32: Symptoms of poisoning by dithiocarbamate fungicides

7.86 Unusual symptoms which have been reported are shown in table 7–33.

Table 7–33: Unusual symptoms of poisoning by dithiocarbamate fungicides


7.88 Medical treatment of poisoning. Medical treatment is symptomatic and supportive.


mancozeb DITHANE M-45 BANACOL

maneb DITHANE M-22, etc

zineb DITHANE Z-78, etc

ziram FULASINZIRAM 800ZIRAGRANZ

Route of exposure

Type of reaction Symptoms

Skin, eyes, inhalation of vapour

Irritation irritation of skin, nose and throat, respiratory and eyes, which can be severe in some cases

Skin Other skin reaction skin rash/dermatitis (these compounds can be absorbed through the skin)

Mouth (swallowing)

Drinking alcohol as well as exposure to dithiocarbamate fungicides

flushing, nausea, fast heartbeat, lowered blood pressure, chest pain, sweating, restlessness and confusion, and others

unspecified headaches, vertigo, impairment of mental capacity, muscle twitch, tingling sensations

Case No Symptoms

1 allergic symptoms, sore throat, nausea, fever and anxiety, swelling of the larynx

2 transient behavioural and central nervous system changes, including loss of consciousness and convulsions

3 acute haemolytic anaemia following brief occupational exposure


7–17

N–trihalomethylthio fungicides 7.89

7.89 What are N-trihalomethylthio fungicides? This group comprises fungicides which have an N-trihalomethylthio chemical structure. An example is shown in table 7–34.

Table 7–34: An N-trihalomethylthio fungicide

7.90 There is currently no entry in annex C for captafol.

7.91 Symptoms of poisoning. Exposure may cause various effects including skin irritation and conjunctivitis.


Phenylamide fungicides 7.93

7.93 What are phenylamide fungicides? This group comprises fungicides which have various related chemical structures based on a phenylamide chemical structure. Examples are shown in table 7–35.

Table 7–35: Phenylamide fungicides

7.94 Symptoms of poisoning. Symptoms of human poisoning by phenylamide fungicides are not known.


HERBICIDES 7.96

Overview 7.96

7.96 Some herbicides can kill a wide range of plant types and are called ‘broad spectrum’ herbicides. Others are effective against a smaller range of plants, and are referred to as ‘selective’ herbicides. Herbicides are often used in mixtures to extend their range of action.

Alkanoic acid herbicides 7.97

7.97 What are alkanoic acid herbicides? This group comprises herbicides which have a chemical structure which includes a carboxylic acid group.

7.98 There are four groups of alkanoic acid herbicides.

Captafol


Benalaxyl GALBEN M and others.

furalaxyl FONGARID

metalaxyl RIDOMIL

ofurace –

oxadixyl SANDOFAN


7–18

a. Aryloxyalkanoic acid herbicides. Examples are shown in table 7–36.

Table 7–36: Aryloxyalkanoic acid herbicides

b. Aryloxyphenoxypropionic acid herbicides. Similar to aryloxyalkanoic acid herbicides but with larger aromatic chemical structures. Examples are shown in table 7–37.

Table 7–37: Aryloxyphenoxypropionic acid herbicides

c. Halogenated alkanoic acid herbicides. These are halogenated aliphatic carboxylic acids. Examples are shown in table 7–38. See individual entries in annexes D and F for further details.

Table 7–38: Halogenated alkanoic acid herbicides

d. Pyridinecarboxylic acid herbicides. These are heterocyclic carboxylic acids. Examples are shown in table 7–39. See entry under picloram in annex P for further details.

Table 7–39: Pyridinecarboxylic acid herbicides

Herbicide Product names

2,4-D ACTRILTORNADO

MCPA AGRITOXMCPA 500THISTLE KILLEM

mecoprop ACTRIL M

triclopyr GARLONTRIDENT


diclofop-methyl HOEGRASS

fenoxaprop-p-ethyl PUMAWILDCAT

fluazifop-p-butyl FUSILADE


dalapon (2,2-DPA) Mixtures with other herbicides:ERASEPATHWEEDERWEEDAZOL TOTAL

flupropanate FRENOCK


clopyralid CYRONAL

picloram TORDON


7–19

7.99 Symptoms of poisoning. Some of these herbicides (for example, picloram and dalapon) are not very poisonous. Others may cause some or all of the symptoms shown in table 7–40.

Table 7–40: Symptoms of poisoning from alkanoic acid herbicides

7.100 In cases where poisoning is less severe, not all of these effects will occur, or if they do, they may not be as pronounced.


Benzothiadiazine herbicides 7.102

7.102 What are benzothiadiazine herbicides? These are herbicides based on a benzothiadiazine chemical structure. An example is shown in table 7–41. See entry under bentazone in annex B for further details.

Table 7–41: A benzothiadiazine herbicide

7.103 Symptoms of poisoning. The symptoms of acute poisoning in humans can include some or all of those listed below. In cases where poisoning is less severe, not all of these effects will occur, or if they do, they may not be as severe. Ingestion (swallowing) is reported to be able to cause apathy, ataxia, anorexia, prostration, tremors, occasional vomiting and diarrhoea.


Benzoic acid (Auxin) herbicides 7.105

7.105 What are benzoic acid herbicides? These are herbicides based on a benzoic acid chemical structure, which act like a growth regular on plants. An example is shown in table 7–42. See dicamba in annex D for further details.

Table 7–42: A benzoic acid herbicide

7.106 Symptoms of poisoning. Poisoning from benzoic acid herbicides does not appear to be very severe.


Benzonitrile herbicides 7.108

7.108 What are benzonitrile herbicides? These herbicides are based on a benzonitrile chemical structure. Examples are shown in table 7–43.

headache, vertigo, malaise, paraesthesiae (tingling sensations)

in higher doses, muscle twitching, spasms, muscle weakness, and unconsciousness

vomiting, diarrhoea, burning of the gastrointestinal tract, constipation

fast heart beat (tachycardia), upset heart rhythm

irritation of skin, eye, nose and throat

miosis (narrowing of the pupil of the eye)

metabolic acidosis

bentazone (BASAGRAN)

dicamba (BANVEL)


7–20

Table 7–43: Benzonitrile herbicides

7.109 Symptoms of poisoning. The symptoms of acute poisoning in humans can include some or all of those listed below in table 7–44. In cases where poisoning is less severe, not all of these effects will occur, or if they do, they may not be as severe. In cases of continuing exposure, the symptoms might develop slowly, but recede when the patient is no longer exposed to the material.

Table 7–44: Symptoms of poisoning from benzonitrile herbicides


BIPYRIDYLIUM HERBICIDES 7.111

7.111 What are bipyridylium herbicides? These herbicides are based on a quaternary nitrogen chemical structure. Examples are shown in table 7–45. See individual entries in annexes D and P for further details.

Table 7–45: Bipyridylium herbicides

7.112 Symptoms of poisoning. Symptoms of poisoning are as follows:

a. Paraquat:

(1) As little as 3 grams of paraquat (ie 15 ml of a 20 per cent liquid concentrate) can cause death if swallowed. Death results from deteriorating lung function. The effects of swallowing paraquat are shown in table 7–46.


Bromoxynil BUCTRIL

Dichlobenil CASORON-GDU-CASON

Ioxynil ACTRILIOTRILTOTRIL

skin rashes/dermatitis

headache, dizziness

vomiting, weight loss

muscle weakness and pain

excessive sweating and thirst


diquat REGLONE

paraquat GRAMOXONEWEEDEX


7–21

Table 7–46: Symptoms of poisoning by paraquat

(2) Patients can be poisoned without symptoms immediately appearing, so immediate medical help should be sought if paraquat is swallowed, splashed into the eyes or nose or onto the skin.

b. Diquat:

(1) Swallowing of diquat can lead to the symptoms shown in table 7–47.

Table 7–47: Symptoms of poisoning by diquat

7.113 Medical management of poisoning. See entry under ‘paraquat’ and ‘diquat’ in annexes Dand P for important additional information on first aid. The following are guidelines only.

a. Paraquat:

(1) Poisoning with paraquat is a serious, life-threatening medical emergency. Medical treatment is very specialised and a patient poisoned with paraquat MUST be transported to a major emergency medical hospital by ambulance as soon as possible. URGENT contact must first be made with the National Poisons Information Line (telephone 13 11 26). This is one of the few poisoning cases where induction of vomiting may be necessary as soon as possible after being poisoned; however, this should not be done without first obtaining advice from the National Poisons Information Line. The patient must NOT be given supplemental oxygen as paraquat accumulates in the lung and greatly enhances pulmonary oxygen toxicity.

b. Diquat:

(1) Medical treatment is very specialised and it is most important that a patient poisoned with diquat be transported to a major emergency medical hospital by ambulance as soon as possible. Urgent contact must first be made with the National Poisons Information Line (telephone 13 11 26) to see if inducing vomiting is required. Otherwise treat as for paraquat.

Immediate effects Within 2–3 days of poisoning

local irritation, abdominal discomfort, and diarrhoea (sometimes bloody)

signs of kidney and liver damage may appear

soreness of the mouth and throat and difficulty in swallowing

lung damage

tremors and convulsions (with very large doses)

Early effects Later symptoms

Severe vomiting and diarrhoea Restlessness, hallucinations, delirium

Liver and kidney damage Increased body temperature

Proteinuria and metabolic acidosis Convulsions and coma

Ulceration and inflammation of the pharynx and oesophagus and gastrointestinal tract can occur

heart and blood complications (thromobocytopenia) have been reported


7–22

CARBAMATE HERBICIDES 7.114

7.114 What are carbamate herbicides? These herbicides are based on a carbamic acid ester chemical structure. Examples are shown in table 7–48. See individual entries in annexes A and C for further details.

Table 7–48: Carbamate herbicides

7.115 Symptoms of poisoning. The symptoms of acute poisoning in humans can include some or all of those listed below. In cases where poisoning is less severe, not all of these effects will occur, or if they do, they may not be as severe. Unlike carbamate insecticides, anticholinesterase symptoms do not occur with carbamate herbicides. Symptoms include those shown in table 7–49.

Table 7–49: Symptoms of poisoning by carbamate herbicides


CHLOROACETANILIDE HERBICIDES 7.117

7.117 What are chloroacetanilide herbicides? These herbicides are based on a chloroacetanilide chemical structure. Examples are shown in table 7–50. See entry under metolachlor in annex A for further details.

Table 7–50: Chloroacetanilide herbicides

7.118 Symptoms of poisoning. Symptoms of poisoning could include diarrhoea. Eye or skin contact could cause irritation or rashes.

7.119 Medical treatment of poisoning. Medical treatment is symptomatic. See metolachlor in annex M.

IMIDAZOLINONE HERBICIDES 7.120

7.120 What are imidazolinone herbicides? These herbicides have an imidazolinone chemical structure. Examples are shown in table 7–51. See entry under imazapyr in annex I for further details.


asulam ASULOX

carbetamide LEGURAME

Route of exposure Symptoms

Mouth (swallowing) Nausea, diarrhoea, vomiting, abdominal pain

Fever

Weakness

Conjunctivitis

Skin Skin rashes


butachlor MACHETE

metolachlor DUAL

propachlor RAMROD


7–23

Table 7–51: Imidazolinone herbicide products

7.121 Symptoms of poisoning. Imidazoline herbicides are not very poisonous. Symptoms of poisoning could include eye irritation.

7.122 Medical treatment of poisoning. If poisoning symptoms do occur, medical treatment is symptomatic and supportive.

METHYL ISOCYANATE PRECURSOR HERBICIDES 7.123

7.123 What are methyl isocyanate precursor herbicides? These herbicides are based on a thiadiazinone chemical structure. Examples are shown in table 7–52. See entry under dazomet in annex D for further details.

Table 7–52: Methyl isothiocyanate precursor herbicide products

7.124 Symptoms of poisoning. Symptoms of poisoning could include irritation of the eye, and skin, and contact dermatitis, and possibly other symptoms, such as irritation of the nose and throat if the dust from the granules is inhaled. Some of these herbicides, such as metham sodium, will cause very severe irritation.


ORGANOPHOSPHORUS HERBICIDES 7.126

7.126 What are organophosphorus herbicides? These herbicides are based on a phosphonate-type chemical structure. Examples are shown in table 7–53.

Table 7–53: Organophosphorus herbicide products

7.127 Symptoms of poisoning. Symptoms of poisoning from glyphosate are probably unlikely from the ready-to-use formulations, but some concentrates could be very irritant. Fosamine is probably similar.



Imazapyr ARSENAL

Imazethapyr HAMMEROVERTOPPURSUIT


Dazomet BASAMID

metam sodium VAPAM


glyphosate and its sodium, isopropylammonium, ammonium and trimesium salts

ROUNDUPNETWORKZERO

Fosamine KRENITE


7–24

PHOSPHINICO AMINO ACID HERBICIDES 7.129

7.129 What are phosphinico amino acid herbicides? These are herbicides which are naturally-occurring biosynthetic compounds related to glutamic acid. See table 7–54 for examples. Seeentry under glufosinate-ammonium in annex G for further details.

Table 7–54: Phosphinico amino acid herbicide products

7.130 Symptoms of poisoning. Symptoms of poisoning in humans are not known, although products containing glufosinate-ammonium may be slightly irritant to the eyes and skin.


SULFONYLUREA HERBICIDES 7.132

7.132 What are sulfonylurea herbicides? These herbicides are based on a sulfonyl triazine urea chemical structure. Examples are shown in table 7–55.

Table 7–55: Sulfonylurea herbicide products

7.133 Symptoms of poisoning. Symptoms of poisoning could include irritation of the eyes, nose and throat and skin.


1,3,5–TRIAZINE HERBICIDES 7.135

7.135 What are 1,3,5-triazine herbicides? These herbicides are based on a 1,3,5-triazine chemical structure. Examples are shown below in table 7–56.

Table 7–56: 1,3,5-triazine herbicide products


Glufosinate-ammonium BASTA FINALE


Chlorsulfuron GLEAN

Metsulfuron-methyl ALLY BRUSH-OFF

Sulfosulfuron OUST


ametryn GESAPAX

atrazine ERASEGESAPRIM

prometryn GESAGARD

simazine SIMATOXGESATOP

terbuthylazine FOLARGARDOPRIM

terbutryn IGRAN


7–25

7.136 Symptoms of poisoning. These compounds are not very poisonous. Symptoms of poisoning could include eye irritation and skin rash. Additives or other herbicides contained in some of these herbicide products could affect the overall toxicity.

7.137 Medical treatment. Medical treatment is symptomatic.

1,2,4–TRIAZINONE HERBICIDES 7.138

7.138 What are 1,2,4-triazinone herbicides? These herbicides are based on a 1,2,4-triazinone chemical structure, related to the triazines. Examples are shown below in table 7–57. See individual entries in annexes H and M for further details.

Table 7–57: 1,2,4-triazinone herbicide products

7.139 Symptoms of poisoning. 1,2,4-triazinone herbicides are not very poisonous. Symptoms of poisoning could include eye irritation.


TRIAZOLE HERBICIDES 7.141

7.141 What are triazole herbicides? These herbicides have a triazole chemical structure. Example—see table 7–58. See annex A for further details.

Table 7–58: Triazole herbicide products

7.142 Symptoms of poisoning. Amitrole is not very poisonous and no symptoms of poisoning are known.


URACIL HERBICIDES 7.144

7.144 What are uracil herbicides? These herbicides are based on a uracil chemical structure. Examples are shown in table 7–59. See individual entries in annexes B and T for further details.

Table 7–59: Uracil herbicide products

7.145 Symptoms of poisoning. These herbicides are probably not very poisonous. Symptoms of poisoning could include skin and eye irritation, and possibly irritation of the nose and throat if the spray mist is inhaled.



Hexazinone VELPAR

Metribuzin SENCOR

Amitrole (WEEDAZOL)


Bromacil HYVAR DFHYVAR X

Terbacil SINBAR


7–26

UREA HERBICIDES 7.147

7.147 What are urea herbicides? These herbicides are based on a substituted urea chemical structure. Examples are shown in table 7–60. See individual entries for diuron and tebuthiuron in annexes D and T for further details.

Table 7–60: Urea herbicide products

7.148 Symptoms of poisoning. Urea herbicides are not very poisonous. Irritation of the eyes, nose and throat may occur.


RODENTICIDES 7.150

Overview 7.150

7.150 What is a rodenticide? A rodenticide is a type of pesticide used to destroy/control rodents such as rats and mice. Rodenticides can be divided into groups based on chemical type or origin. Some of these groups are described below.

7.151 Rodenticides are intended to be toxic (poisonous) to rodents. They can also be toxic to humans, to varying degrees, depending on type. The additives used to formulate rodenticide products are usually edible bait materials such as grains. These additives can affect the overall toxicity in the sense that there are only very small concentrations of the rodenticide active in most products, and the grain acts as a diluent.

COUMARIN ANTICOAGULANT RODENTICIDES 7.152

7.152 What are coumarin anticoagulant rodenticides? This group comprises rodenticides which have a chemical structure based on 4-hydroxycoumarin. Examples are shown in table 7–61.

Table 7–61: Coumarin anticoagulant rodenticide products

7.153 Symptoms of poisoning. Most of these rodenticides are readily absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract, skin and respiratory system. The onset of symptoms of poisoning by coumarin anticoagulant rodenticides may take some days to occur after they are swallowed.


Diuron KARMEX, etc

Siduron

Tebuthiuron GRASLAN

Rodenticide Product names

brodifacoum TALONRATAKRATSAK SUPER

bromadiolone BROMAKIL

coumatetralyl RACUMIN

difenacoum RATAK

flocoumafen STORM

warfarin RATSAK


7–27

7.154 Less severe cases. In less severe cases, symptoms of poisoning could include those shown in table 7–62.

Table 7–62: Symptoms of less severe poisoning—coumarin anticoagulant rodenticides

7.155 Severe cases. In severe cases, depending on the product, symptoms could include those shown in table 7–63.

Table 7–63: Symptoms of severe poisoning—coumarin anticoagulant rodenticides

7.156 Medical management of poisoning. Transport patient quickly to a medical care facility which has an intensive care facility. When indicated, medical treatment in the medical facility may involve gastric decontamination (gastric lavage, activated charcoal) and the administration of vitamin K1 (phytomenadione), 5–10 mg by intravenous administration three times daily on day 1, then orally until normalisation. In severe cases blood transfusion may be necessary; fresh, frozen plasma may be given. In less severe cases vitamin K1 may be given in lower doses with fresh, frozen plasma for rapid restoration of blood clotting factors.

7.157 A single acute ingestion may not necessarily require treatment. (NOTE: The concentrates will need periodic determination of the clotting mechanism using the most appropriate method, eg by measuring circulating descarboxy-prothrombin, prothrombin concentration, or prothrombin time.)

7.158 Measure haemoglobin, prothrombin type (also blood grouping and cross-matching) from a venous blood sample. Continue tests until normalisation. Results will guide treatment. Patient should not be discharged from hospital until prothrombin time has remained normal for three days. Discharge on oral vitamin K1 for up to 60 days, with close monitoring of prothrombin time, depending upon the severity of the poisoning.

COUMARIN ANTICOAGULANT ANALOGUE RODENTICIDES 7.159

7.159 What are coumarin anticoagulant analogue rodenticides? This group comprises rodenticides which have a chemical structure based on a benzothiopyranone structure. An example is shown in table 7–64.

Table 7–64: Coumarin anticoagulant analogue rodenticides

Type of Symptoms Specific Symptoms

Haematological increased tendency to bleed excessive bruisingnose and gum bleedingblood in the urine and faeces

Other Paindifficulty in speaking and swallowingbreathing difficultiesback or abdominal pain.

Type of symptoms

Specific symptoms

Haematological massive haemorrhagebleeding from several organs in the body

Other ShockConvulsionsloss of consciousnesscoma and death in extreme cases

Difethialone (ACTOSIN)


7–28

7.160 Symptoms of poisoning. Symptoms are thought to be similar to those for coumarin anticoagulant rodenticides.

7.161 Medical treatment of poisoning. Medical treatment is similar to that for coumarin anticoagulant rodenticides.

INDANDIONE RODENTICIDES 7.162

7.162 What are indandione rodenticides? This group comprises rodenticides which have a chemical structure based on indandione. Examples are shown in table 7–65.

Table 7–65: Inandione rodenticides

7.163 Symptoms of poisoning. Symptoms are presumably similar to those for coumarin anticoagulant rodenticides.

7.164 Medical treatment of poisoning. Medical treatment is similar to that for coumarin anticoagulant rodenticides, including vitamin K.

VERMIN BAITS 7.165

Overview 7.165

7.165 What is a vermin bait? A vermin bait is a type of pesticide used to destroy vermin such as rabbits and foxes. Vermin baits can be divided into groups based on chemical type or origin. Some of these groups are described below.

7.166 Vermin baits are intended to be toxic to vermin but are also potentially highly toxic to humans.

INDANDIONE VERMIN BAITS 7.167

7.167 What are indandione vermin baits? This group comprises vermin baits which have a chemical structure based on indandione. An example is shown in table 7–66. See individual entry in annex P for further details.

Table 7–66: Indandione vermin baits

7.168 Symptoms of poisoning. Indandione vermin baits act as blood anticoagulants and causes bleeding. Although symptoms are similar to those for coumarin anticoagulant rodenticides, an adult human would have to eat very large amounts of treated carrots in order to develop life-threatening poisoning.

7.169 Medical treatment of poisoning. Medical treatment is similar to that for coumarin anticoagulant rodenticides, including vitamin K1 (which must be administered in a medical facility).

FLUOROACETATE VERMIN BAITS 7.170

7.170 What are fluoroacetate vermin baits? See table 7–67 for an example.

Chlorophacinone

Diphacinone

Pindone

PINDONE


7–29

Table 7–67: Fluoroacetate vermin baits

7.171 Special procedures for vermin baiting apply in the State and Territory jurisdictions and must be followed strictly when used by or for ADF/Defence.

7.172 Symptoms of poisoning. Symptoms of poisoning include those shown in table 7–68.

Table 7–68: Symptoms of poisoning from fluoroacetate vermin baits

7.173 Medical treatment of poisoning. Patient needs to be treated in an intensive care setting in a major medical facility. Medical treatment is symptomatic and supportive.

METALLIC PHOSPHIDES 7.174

7.174 What are metallic phosphide vermin baits? This group comprises aluminium phosphide, magnesium phosphide and zinc phosphide. They act by releasing phosphine in the presence of moisture (they also release ammonia and carbon dioxide). Special procedures for vermin baiting apply in the States and Territories and must be followed strictly.

7.175 Symptoms of poisoning. Symptoms are similar to those for phosphine, including those found in table 7–69.

Table 7–69: Symptoms of severe poisoning from phosphide vermin baits

7.176 Medical treatment of poisoning. Transport patient by ambulance to a hospital quickly. Patient needs to be treated in a major medical emergency facility. Medical treatment is symptomatic and supportive. Do NOT give direct mouth-to-mouth resuscitation if the victim has swallowed metallic phosphides. To protect rescuer, use air-viva, oxy-viva or one-way mask. Resuscitate in a well-ventilated area. Medical staff may need personal protective equipment (PPE) and treatment area may need to be separately ventilated, as fumes exuding from the patient may be highly toxic.

SODIUM FLUOROACETATE (1080)

abdominal pain soon after swallowing the poison, vomiting

apprehension

convulsions

hallucinations

heartbeat disturbances

tingling sensations and numbness of the nose and face

and eventually death

nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain

chest tightness, excitement, agitation

breathing difficulties, shock, metabolic acidosis

convulsions, unconsciousness

coma and death in severe cases


7–30

VETERINARY PRODUCTS 7.177

Overview 7.177

7.177 This section lists some, but not all, of the types of veterinary products used for guard dogs etc. When a decision is taken to use products, veterinary advice should be sought where necessary. Fleas and ticks may develop resistance to some types of pesticides and it may be necessary to develop a strategy to alternate the use of different products containing different active materials.

Dog flea and tick collars 7.178

7.178 These contain an active ingredient such as those listed below, which is impregnated into the material of the collar and slowly leaches out over a period of a few months, to kill fleas and ticks. Active agents include amitraz, bendiocarb, carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, permethrin, phosmet and propoxur. Diazinon is an organophosphorus insecticide; propoxur is a carbamate insecticide.

7.179 The collar has low toxicity for the dog handler but care must be taken not to handle the collar unnecessarily, and to wash hands after use. Dogs are reported to strongly dislike the taste of propoxur so should not chew the collar.

Flea treatments and dog washes 7.180

7.180 Various products are available to apply to the coat of animals, such as shampoos and flea rinses, powders, sprays and so on, to control ectoparasites. They should be used strictly in accordance with instructions. Use only products approved for use on the particular type of animal; for example, do not use a horse pesticidal wash on a dog, as the dose received may be too high for the dog and could harm it. Use protective equipment, and follow product mixing, handling and application instructions, as shown on the label.

7.181 These products contain agents such as those shown in table 7–70 (or mixtures).

Note

(a) Where safe and effective non-chemical methods of control of dog ectoparasites are identified, their use in preference to chemical treatments should be assessed. The use of repellents should be considered as part of this strategy.

Table 7–70: Active agents found in flea treatments and dog washes

Agent Type Examples of product names

Amitraz insecticide ECTODEXTACTIK

Coumaphos insecticide ASUNTOL

Diazinon insecticide ECTOBANNUCIDOL

Lufenuron insect growth regular (chitin synthesis inhibitor)

PROGRAM SENTINEL

Maldison insecticide MALATHION MALDISON

Methoprene insect growth regulator/insect juvenile hormone mimic

PRECORZODIAC (with permethrin)

Permethrin Insecticide ECTODROP (with pyriproxyfen)FLEA-DERM (with pyriproxyfen)ZODIAC (with methoprene)

Pyriproxyfen insect growth regular SUMILARVECTODROP (with permethrin)FLEA-DERM (with permethrin)


7–31

Flea treatments 7.182

7.182 Fipronil. Fipronil is one agent used in flea treatments. See annex F for more information on fipronil.

7.183 Pyriproxyfen. Pyriproxyfen (SUMILARV) is a biochemical agent (insect growth regulator) which can be used for flea treatments. See annex P for more information on pyriproxyfen.

7.184 Lufenuron. Lufenuron is a benzoylurea insecticide and acaricide and can be used for veterinary flea treatments. Since it acts as a biochemical agent, that is, by inhibition of chitin synthesis, it is listed in table 7–18. See annex L for more information on lufenuron.

7.185 Permethrin. On example of a permethrin flea treatment product is Pitman-Moore Exspot Flea and Tick Insecticide for Dogs and Puppies, a spot-on product containing 65 per cent permethrin 40:60 and 35 per cent solvent. Products of this type are very slightly poisonous by mouth, slightly poisonous through the skin, and moderately poisonous by breathing in the vapour, and slightly irritant to the eye and skin. They are unlikely to be a health hazard.

7.186 Mixtures of active ingredients. Another example is Virbac Ectodrop Cycle Pour-On Flea and Tick Control for Dogs, which contains 40 per cent permethrin 40:60 and 0.3 per cent pyriproxyfen. Products of this type are slightly poisonous by all routes, but being packaged in very small single use containers, are unlikely to be a health hazard. Some products such as Virbac Flea-Derm Total Spray for Dogs, which contains 2 per cent permethrin, are slightly poisonous by all routes, but may be slightly irritant to the eyes and skin; they are unlikely to be a health hazard. See annex P for specific pesticide agents such as permethrin, pyriproxyfen, etc.

Dog washes 7.187

7.187 These include shampoos for the control of ticks and fleas, containing coumaphos, maldison, diazinon and carbaryl.

7.188 Amitraz. Amitraz dog washes include such products as Ectodex acaricidal dog wash, and others. See annex A for more information on amitraz.

7.189 Carbaryl. Carbaryl dog washes include shampoos for the control of ticks and fleas. See annex C for more information on carbaryl.

7.190 Coumaphos. Coumaphos dog washes include shampoos for the control of ticks and fleas.See annex C for further details on coumaphos.

WARNING: Use the correct product! Bayer Asuntol Liquid Cattle Dip and Spray is an EC product which contains a far higher concentration of coumaphos than Bayer Asuntol Horse and Dog Wash, and is not registered for use on dogs. Using the Cattle Dip and Spray to wash dogs may result in the dog and perhaps the person washing it being poisoned. Bayer Asuntol Liquid Cattle Dip and Spray is NOT to be supplied, and is NOT to be substituted for Bayer Asuntol Horse and Dog Wash.

7.191 Great care must be taken to measure the product properly and to use it in the correct strength. NEVER use it neat or at a higher strength than that prescribed on the label. Always follow the precautions shown on the label.

7.192 Diazinon. Diazinon dog washes include shampoos for the control of ticks and fleas. Product names include NUCIDOL Dog Wash. See annex D for more information on diazinon.

7.193 Contact with the eyes and skin should be avoided, and the vapour or spray mist (if any) should not be inhaled. Protective equipment listed on the label and/or Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) could include gloves and protective overalls, depending on the product, formulation type and application. When dog collars are used this equipment is not required, but precautions shown on the label must be followed. When using diazinon shampoos to wash dogs, long PVC gloves should be worn as specified on the label. Great care must be taken to measure the product properly and to use it in the correct strength. NEVER use it neat or at a higher strength than that prescribed on the label.

7.194 Maldison. Maldison dog washes include shampoos for the control of ticks and fleas. Product names include MALATHION. See annex M for further information on maldison.


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7.195 Contact with the eyes and skin should be avoided. Protective equipment listed on the label and/or MSDS could include gloves and protective overalls, depending on the product, formulation type and application. Precautions shown on the label should be followed.

Human reactions to veterinary products in Australia 7.196

7.196 Care should be taken when using veterinary products to observe all of the appropriate safety directions. This includes using the correct strength and mixing and handling the product as specified on the label, and the use of correct PPE. These measures could help prevent poisoning episodes. There have been various reports of human reactions to veterinary products in Australia, of which the following are recent examples. It is quite possible that there could be other reactions with these and other products.

7.197 Coumaphos. An elderly dog owner washed his dog with a shampoo containing coumaphos. It is not clear whether the shampoo was rinsed off the dog. The dog shook itself and the owner was wet with the shampoo. The man is reported to have died from organophosphate poisoning following this episode. See annex C for further information on coumaphos.

7.198 Diazinon. A farmer died from pancreatitis five days after he treated sheep with a product for ectoparasites. The identity of the product was not certain, but it was considered likely to be diazinon-based. The farmer had a history of using a variety of chemicals without protective clothing, and with significant skin exposure. It was not certain whether the chemical exposure in this case could have caused this death, but pancreatitis is a possibility after excessive organophosphate exposure. See annex D for further information on diazinon.

7.199 After use of a parasiticide containing fenthion on a dog, the owner and two other members of the household reported reactions including swelling of the lips, rash on the lips and tongue, sore throat, nausea, blurred vision and itchy skin, reactions which had not previously been reported. See annex Ffor further information on fenthion.

7.200 Fipronil. Fipronil can be used against fleas in dogs and other domestic animals. A veterinarian and a veterinary nurse in the same practice both suffered from asthma attacks after treating a cat with the product. The nurse also developed blisters of the lips the next day. It is considered possible that the reactions were related to use of this product. In a second case, an elderly woman whose hands became saturated with fipronil while treating two dogs and a cat suffered heart palpitations and weakness, although the connection with the product was not possible to determine. See annex F for further information on fipronil.

MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTS 7.201

7.201 This section lists miscellaneous products including ‘home garden’ products, cockroach baits, molluscicides, bird control and lice control.

Chlorinated phenol compounds 7.202

7.202 What are chlorinated phenol compounds? Chlorinated phenol compounds are chlorinated substituted phenols. An example is shown in table 7–71. See annex P for further information on the following compound.

Table 7–71: Chlorinated phenol compound products

7.203 Symptoms of poisoning. Nearly all poisonings of adults with pentachlorophenol are reported to have been occupational. Exposure to pentachlorophenol, especially through the skin, may cause some or all of the symptoms shown in table 7–72.

Pentachlorophenol (DOWICIDE)


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Note

(a) It is not certain if swallowing pentachlorophenol can cause death.

Table 7–72: Symptoms of poisoning by pentachlorophenol

7.204 In cases where poisoning is less severe, not all of these effects will occur, or if they do, they may not be as severe. The wearing of full, correct PPE will do much to minimise or prevent exposure.

7.205 Medical treatment for poisoning. Medical treatment is symptomatic, and is difficult to manage. Rest and hospitalisation are essential. Fluid and electrolyte balance should be maintained, and body temperature kept within normal limits. Temperature control should be restricted to physical means as antipyretic drugs are not effective and may even exacerbate the pyrexia. Decontamination of the gastrointestinal tract (gastric lavage and activated charcoal) may be indicated. Contaminated skin should be washed. Administration of oxygen may be indicated.

7.206 The use of atropine is absolutely contraindicated even if some of the symptoms may be reminiscent of anticholinesterase effects. Differential diagnosis depends upon an accurate history of exposure, and careful observation of symptoms. For example, high temperatures are indicative of pentachlorophenol poisoning, while muscular fasciculations and excessive respiratory secretions are indicative of anticholinesterase compound poisoning.

Cockroach control products 7.207

7.207 The two main types of cockroach of concern in Australia are described in table 7–73. Knowledge of their habits is essential for planning of elimination programs. A brief summary information is shown below. For further information, see a reference book such as Urban Pest Control in Australia, by P. Hadlington and J. Gerozisis, New South Wales University Press.

Route of exposure Symptoms

Skin severe irritation of the skin, skin rashes

Eye irritation of the conjunctiva

Mouth (swallowing) irritation of the respiratory tract, weakness, loss of appetite,

Skin absorption and/ormouth (swallowing)(a)

headache, dizziness nausea and vomiting shortness of breath sweating, dehydration increased body temperature rapid pulse chest pain, abdominal pain (in severe cases)coma (in extreme cases) death from absorbing pentachlorophenol, through the skin in extreme cases (related to not wearing protective gloves, etc)

Inhalation (breathing in vapour)

lung oedema a few hours after exposure

Long-term exposure aplastic anaemia and haemolytic anaemia after long-term exposure have been reported in one case. Long-term damage to the cardiovascular system, upper respiratory tract, liver, kidneys and skin is possible with chronic exposure.


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Table 7–73: Two main types of cockroach pests

7.208 The elimination of cockroaches can be extremely difficult in some environments. A systematic prevention program can be of some assistance, and should include the features shown in table 7–74.

Table 7–74: Systemic prevention program–cockroach pests

7.209 Products used to combat cockroaches:

a. Basis of cockroach control devices. Cockroach control devices work by one of the methods shown in table 7–75.

Table 7–75: Basis of cockroach control devices

7.210 Insect growth regulator products. Insect growth regulator products include those listed in table 7–76.

Table 7–76: Insect growth regulator compounds

Periplaneta americana (American cockroach) The adults of this species grow to 3 to 5 cm in length. They often live and breed outdoors, but enter buildings in search of food and water, and tend to congregate in warm, damp areas. They have well-developed wings and are capable of flight.

Blatella germanica (German cockroach) The adults of this species grow to 1 to 1.5 cm in length. They often live and breed indoors and live in places where there is food, warmth and moisture, or other areas if there is a severe infestation. They mainly forage at night, but can forage by day when there are severe infestations.

Application of surface sprays in areas where cockroaches move or hide.

Continuing use of cockroach baits.

Keeping food preparation and eating areas free from food debris and moisture.

Sealing cracks and crevices.

Treatment of heavily infested areas with cockroach ‘bombs’, with re-treatment every three months, or as required.

Exposing them to an insect growth regulator or ‘juvenile hormone’ which prevents the target insect from reaching sexual maturity

non-chemical trap—attracting cockroaches to a container where they are electrocuted

Poisoning them with a slow-acting stomach poison in an edible bait

Diflubenzuron

Fenoxycarb

Hydroprene

Lufenuron

Methoprene

Pyriproxyfen

Triflumuron


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7.211 Control of cockroaches in Royal Australian Navy (RAN) surface ships. The ‘Perma-Kill’ system, operated by Scientific Pest Management, is currently used in all RAN surface ships to control cockroaches. This system involves spraying infested and potentially infested areas with a knockdown and residual application comprising chlorpyrifos and dichlorvos, mixed at a rate of 2.6 per cent with 97.4 per cent water, in a glue base. Treated areas are safe to re-enter and occupy no sooner than four hours after spraying. The application is guaranteed to remain active on sprayed surfaces for 12 months. Tests have shown that levels of the two organophosphates released into the air from sprayed surfaces are well below the allowable exposure limits and, therefore, are safe. Refer to annexes C and D for further information on the individual agents used in Perma-Kill.

7.212 Extended-release aerosol/pressure pack fumigators. Extended-release aerosol/pressure pack fumigators, or ‘bombs’, for use against cockroaches are often marketed for domestic use. These devices are for one use only, that is, designed for the contents to be completely discharged once the device is activated. The user calculates the number of aerosol cans required, in accordance with label directions, based on numbers of rooms to be treated. The windows and doors are closed. The devices are activated together so that the whole area to be treated is exposed at the same time. The user activates the devices, avoiding breathing in the vapour unnecessarily, then leaves the premises for a set time as described on the label. When the time has expired, the user re-enters the premises, again avoiding unnecessary vapour exposure, and opens doors, windows, etc to ventilate the premises thoroughly.

7.213 Cockroach ‘bombs’ may use a knockdown insecticide, or include an insect growth regulator combined with a knockdown insecticide; many insecticides, including synthetic pyrethroids, organophosphates and carbamates, have been used against cockroaches. In some cases fumigators use only a knockdown insecticide, such as permethrin 1 per cent to 1.3 per cent; others use from 0.2 to 1 per cent permethrin combined with pyriproxyfen, methoprene, or up to 0.6 per cent fenoxycarb. See annex P for further information on permethrin.

7.214 Such devices produce a mist which is slightly poisonous by mouth (which should not present any problem in normal usage), through the skin or by breathing in the vapour. Some product formulations are slight to moderate eye irritants, and some of the ingredients may irritate the nose and throat. These products are relatively harmless to humans; however, they should be used strictly in accordance with label directions.

7.215 ‘Bomb’ type aerosol fumigators may be suitable for occasional use for fumigation of small numbers of pest insects such as cockroaches, for example in living quarters, messes, etc. Food and utensils must be stored away from contact with the vapour during the fumigation process, and food preparation surfaces are to be washed down after the process has been completed. They should not be used routinely or used as a substitute for knockdown or residual pesticides which have been shown to be effective.

7.216 Safety with fumigation products. Great care must be exercised with fumigation products when used in confined spaces. They should NOT be used in confined spaces which cannot be properly ventilated following use. Personnel involved in product application are to use appropriate PPE and observe safety precautions as prescribed on the label, and other personnel are not to occupy the treated area during release of the contents or until the premises have been thoroughly ventilated in accordance with label directions.

DOMESTIC AEROSOLS 7.217

7.217 A wide range of insecticides is used in aerosol/pressure pack insecticide products intended for domestic (home) use. Products included in this category may carry various descriptions on the labels, for example ‘low allergenic’ fly/insect spray, surface spray, ‘low irritant’ surface spray, fast knockdown fly spray, fast knockdown fly and insect spray, ‘low irritant’ fly spray, flea killer, and so on.

7.218 Domestic aerosol pesticides sprays can contain a number of active ingredients, including pyrethrins, and/or one or more of the synthetic pyrethroid insecticides such as bioallethrin, bioresmethrin, cyfluthrin, d-allethrin, d-phenothrin, permethrin, tetramethrin and transfluthrin. Pyrethrins or synthetic pyrethroids are often used in such products because of their low toxicity.

7.219 Other possible active ingredients in domestic aerosol pesticide products include the carbamate insecticide propoxur, the benzoylurea insecticide triflumuron and the synergist piperonyl butoxide.


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7.220 For example, transfluthrin is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide which is active by inhalation and contact, and is also a repellent. It has a knockdown effect on insects, and is fast acting. It can be used against flying and crawling insects such as mosquitoes, flies and cockroaches. It is often combined with other pesticides, with quite low concentrations of the active insecticide ingredients. Cyfluthrin, tetramethrin, d-phenothrin, d-allethrin and bioresmethrin are other synthetic pyrethroid insecticides which can be used in such products.

7.221 Generally speaking, household aerosol insecticide products are of low toxicity because the active ingredients are present in low strengths (from 0.05–0.3 per cent) depending on the product.

7.222 Depending on the product, the solvent used could be xylene or kerosene, or acetone, which are highly flammable, as are the propane/butane propellants which they use.

7.223 Protective equipment (if any) should be as listed on the label and/or MSDS.

7.224 There are many other products on the market, containing a wide variety of combinations of active ingredients, including other combinations as well as those mentioned above.

Toxicity and symptoms of poisoning 7.225

7.225 See elsewhere in this chapter for symptoms of poisoning by pesticide groups, and annexes to this chapter, for details of individual insecticides. Although lower strength formulations are likely to be less toxic, additives in all formulations, including aerosol packs, may increase irritation to the eye, nose, throat or skin. In particular, care should be taken not to spray pressure packs into the eye. Active ingredients in household pesticide products, especially those for indoors use, are generally formulated for low toxicity. However, care should be taken in breathing in the spray mist of surface sprays, in particular, due to the possible irritant effects of the higher levels of solvents.

INSECT REPELLENTS 7.226

7.226 The only insect repellents approved for use are set out in chapter 2, paragraph 2.21, and table 2–5 For operational situations and operational training, non-approved products from any source are NOT to be substituted for the approved personal insect repellents.

MOLLUSCICIDES 7.227

7.227 What is a molluscicide? Molluscicides are chemical substances used to control slugs and snails. Medically, snails are very important, especially freshwater snails which serve as intermediate hosts of parasites causing schistosomiasis and fascioliasis in humans, and lung and liver flukes in humans and domestic animals. Snails capable of harbouring schistosomiasis organisms exist in Australia. Fortunately the disease has not yet been introduced, although people who have travelled or live in Africa, for example, could potentially inadvertently introduce it.

7.228 Why are slugs and snails a problem? Garden slugs and snails may be a minor problem for horticulture and thus need to be controlled in gardens around Defence/ADF establishments. In addition, they could potentially attract feeding birds and so become an indirect hazard to aircraft from a bird strike viewpoint.

7.229 The giant African snail Achatina fulica is considered to be the most important land snail pest known and its introduction to Australia would be disastrous for agriculture. Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service devotes major efforts to its exclusion. Whenever ADF personnel and equipment deploy to the African region, for example in the provision of humanitarian aid, there is a potential, however small, for inadvertent introduction of this and other pest species into Australia. Careful observance of quarantine regulations is thus essential.

7.230 What molluscicides are available for use? The pesticides shown in table 7–77 are commonly used as molluscicides. See annexes M and N for further details.


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Table 7–77: Molluscicides

BIRD CONTROL 7.231

7.231 Methiocarb can be used as a bird control agent (see annex M for further information on methiocarb). Polybutene (Hot Foot, NSN 6840–66–NIC, 500 ml) can also be used. It is a clear sticky gel, which is applied by caulking gun to places where birds land and roost. It repels birds by its stickiness rather than by a toxic effect. As the bird lands on the treated surface, it steps into the sticky gel and becomes alarmed at the unpleasant feeling under foot. Polybutene is not poisonous to people or to birds. However, care must be taken to avoid contact with eyes.

LICE CONTROL 7.232

7.232 The currently approved agent for mass delousing (for example during humanitarian aid programs) is permethrin dust. See annex P for further information on permethrin.

Annexes:A. Pesticides alphabetical listing—AB. Pesticides alphabetical listing—BC. Pesticides alphabetical listing—CD. Pesticides alphabetical listing—DE. Pesticides alphabetical listing—EF. Pesticides alphabetical listing—FG. Pesticides alphabetical listing—GH. Pesticides alphabetical listing—HI. Pesticides alphabetical listing—IJ. Pesticides alphabetical listing—JK. Pesticides alphabetical listing—KL. Pesticides alphabetical listing—LM. Pesticides alphabetical listing—MN. Pesticides alphabetical listing—NO. Pesticides alphabetical listing—OP. Pesticides alphabetical listing—PQ. Pesticides alphabetical listing—QR. Pesticides alphabetical listing—RS. Pesticides alphabetical listing—ST. Pesticides alphabetical listing—TU. Pesticides alphabetical listing—UV. Pesticides alphabetical listing—VW. Pesticides alphabetical listing—WX. Pesticides alphabetical listing—XY. Pesticides alphabetical listing—YZ. Pesticides alphabetical listing—Z

metaldehyde

methiocarb

niclosamide

Documents

PESTICIDES GROUPS OVERVIEW - Department of Defence Health Manual Vol 21... · PESTICIDES GROUPS OVERVIEW 7 ... Further general guidelines for first aid are given in paragraph 4.24