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Pests, Plagues & Politics Lecture 6 Products of the Hive. Honey – Wax – Pollen – Venom - Royal Jelly “ The devil made the wasp, but God made the honey bee ” ~ Old Germanic Saying. Key Points Products of the Hive. History of Beekeeping Modern Apiculture Removeable Top Bar Frames Bee Space - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Pests, Plagues & PoliticsPests, Plagues & Politics Lecture 6 Lecture 6
Products of the HiveProducts of the Hive
Honey – Wax – Pollen – Venom - Royal JellyHoney – Wax – Pollen – Venom - Royal Jelly
“The devil made the wasp, but God made the honey bee” ~ Old Germanic Saying
Key PointsProducts of the Hive
• History of Beekeeping• Modern Apiculture
– Removeable Top Bar Frames
– Bee Space
• Honeybee products– Honey
– Wax
– Pollen, venom, royal jelly
– Pollination Services
Prehistoric relationsPrehistoric relations• Prehistoric records show a honey bee/human
connection going back 6,000 BP
• Humans were essentially another predator of the honey bee
Mesolithic cave paintingCueva de la Arana, Bicorp, Spain
Smoking the hive Motopo Hills, Zimbabwe, ca. 10,000 yrs ago
Historic RecordHistoric Record
• Humans eventually began providing cavities for honey bees to nest in.
• Earliest records are Egyptian
Egyptian beekeepingEgyptian beekeeping
Harvesting honey combs (right) and packing honey (left)ca. 1450 BC, West Bank, Luxor
ApicultureApiculture
• The “management” of honey bees• Primary species utilized:
– Apis mellifera L. – The European honey bee– Two Biotypes:
• EuropeanEuropean – adapted for temperate climates
• AfricanAfrican – adapted for tropical climates
– Ca. 27 subspecies/biotypes in the world.
• Honey bees to the western hemisphere ca. 16221622 by European colonists
WHY KEEP BEESWHY KEEP BEES
• Provide valuable products for our comfort, pleasure, & nutrition.
• These are:
– HoneyHoney - 200 million pounds per annum (U.S.)
– PollinationPollination - 16 billion $$ of agricultural product
– Wax, Pollen, Royal Jelly, VenomWax, Pollen, Royal Jelly, Venom
Prior to 1853 Beekeeping wasPrior to 1853 Beekeeping was
Inefficient/WastefulInefficient/Wasteful
•Skep hive – used for 2000 years• made of mud, clay or straw• unable to inspect for pests, disease• harvest destructive
The The ““ModernModern”” Era of Beekeeping Era of Beekeeping
• Started in 1853 with the publication of the book THE HIVE & THE HONEYBEETHE HIVE & THE HONEYBEE
• Written by L.L. Langstroth– The “FatherFather” of modern beekeeping
• Introduced the concept of ““bee spacebee space””• From which the TOP-OPENING, MOVABLE
FRAME HIVE evolved.
Bee Space
1/41/4thth to 3/8 to 3/8thth inch inch
Bee Space – when bees have less than 1 cm to move around in, they will not build wax or propolis attachments to the wall of a hive, allowing for the removal of frames
HONEYHONEY
• A saturated solution of carbohydrates– ca. 17% water– ca. 82.5% sugar:
• fructose 38%• glucose 31%• maltose 7%• sucrose 1.5%• et alia 6%
– ca. 0.5% protein, minerals, vitamins &
•MAGIC
HoneyHoney
• Produced from plant nectarProduced from plant nectar– Primarily from flowers– Also extra-floral nectaries
• Precursor of nectar is:Precursor of nectar is:– Phloem sapPhloem sap– Most often a dilute solution of sucrose
• Essentially bees do two things:Essentially bees do two things:– Dehydrate– Enzymatic “inversion” of sucrose to glucose &
fructose
HONEYHONEY• The first sweetenerThe first sweetener (long before sugar cane)
• Our first alcoholic beverageOur first alcoholic beverage (mead)
• ProductionProduction:
– U.S. 200 million pounds per annum
– World: two billion pounds per annum
• ConsumptionConsumption:• U.S., one pound - Germany, four pounds
• Myriad of minor uses– pharmacy - medicinal vehicle & taste corrective, wound dressing– cosmetics
BEESWAXBEESWAX
• COSMETICS – creams, lotions, lipstick
• CANDLES– liturgical, Jewish, Greek Orthodox, but most of
all the RCC.
• BEEKEEPING– foundation beeswax
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceremonial_use_of_lights#Candles
BeeswaxBeeswax
• Produced from fourfour pairs of sub-dermal glands on the underside of the abdomen of a worker bee.
• When the bee is 10 to 1810 to 18 days old
• Produced as small, translucent flakes
• Precursor is honey & nectar (carbohydrates)
BEESWAX COMPOSITIONBEESWAX COMPOSITION
• Over 300300 identified individual components– hydrocarbons (14%)– monoesters (35%)– diesters (14%)– hydroxy polyesters (8%)– free acids (12%)
Royal JellyRoyal Jelly• Definition
– the glandular secretions of young worker bees (4-10 days old), produced by the hypopharyngeal in the head, used as food for larval bees.
• Composition– 66% water– 14% protein– 14% carbohydrate– 5% lipid (fats & sterols)
Bee Venom
• Uses– As Pure Bee Venom for use in
desensitization
– As quackery for charlatans in treating a variety of neurological disorders.
VENOMVENOM
• CompositionComposition
– a mixture of proteins & peptides• melittin 50% dry wt
• phospholipase A 12% dry wt
• hyaluronidase <3% dry wt.
• acid phosphatase <1% dry wt.
• histamine <1% dry wt.
VENOMVENOM• MelittinMelittin
– lysis of blood & mast cells - release of histamine & serotonin from mast cells - depression of blood pressure & respiration.
• Phospholipase APhospholipase A– cell lysis - pain - toxicity; synergistic with melittin
• HyaluronidaseHyaluronidase– hydrolyzes connective tissue - the spreading factor
• HistamineHistamine– itching & pain
• Acid phosphataseAcid phosphatase– involved in allergic reaction
POLLENPOLLEN
• Plant male gametophyte – a reproductive structure that carries sperm
• A primary food substance for bees– directly as food to older larvae– indirectly as the precursor for royal jelly
{think of honey bees as specialized herbivores}
POLLEN COMPOSITIONPOLLEN COMPOSITION
• ProteinProtein– from 6 to 28%
• LipidsLipids– from 1 to 20%, but usually <5%
• SterolsSterols– <less than 0.5%
• AdditionallyAdditionally– sugars, starches, vitamins, minerals
Pollen grain of chamomile flower
Why eating pollen might not be Why eating pollen might not be such a good idea!!such a good idea!!
• EconomicsEconomics$8 to $12 per pound
• NutritionNutrition= that of soybean flourNot quantifiable
• Pesticide residuesPesticide residuesEspecially fungicides
• AllergiesAllergies
Greatest Value of {honey} Bees• Pollination
– U.S. = 15 billion $/annum– Oregon = 600 million $/annum
• Fiscal mainstay for commercial beekeepers in PNW.