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PETCT in Staging Pediatric Rhabdomyosarcoma Beth McCarville, MD St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital Memphis, TN

PET CT in Staging Pediatric Rhabdomyosarcoma · Background • Rhabdomyosarcoma – 3rd most common extra‐cranial, malignant solid tumor in children – ~ 40% of all ST sarcomas

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Page 1: PET CT in Staging Pediatric Rhabdomyosarcoma · Background • Rhabdomyosarcoma – 3rd most common extra‐cranial, malignant solid tumor in children – ~ 40% of all ST sarcomas

PET‐CT in Staging Pediatric Rhabdomyosarcoma

Beth McCarville, MDSt. Jude Children’s Research Hospital

Memphis, TN

Page 2: PET CT in Staging Pediatric Rhabdomyosarcoma · Background • Rhabdomyosarcoma – 3rd most common extra‐cranial, malignant solid tumor in children – ~ 40% of all ST sarcomas

Do you interpret pediatric imaging studies?

• Yes• No

Page 3: PET CT in Staging Pediatric Rhabdomyosarcoma · Background • Rhabdomyosarcoma – 3rd most common extra‐cranial, malignant solid tumor in children – ~ 40% of all ST sarcomas

Do you interpret PET‐CTs?

• Yes• No

Page 4: PET CT in Staging Pediatric Rhabdomyosarcoma · Background • Rhabdomyosarcoma – 3rd most common extra‐cranial, malignant solid tumor in children – ~ 40% of all ST sarcomas

Background

• Rhabdomyosarcoma– 3rd most common extra‐cranial, malignant solid tumor in children

– ~ 40% of all ST sarcomas– ~ 350 new cases/year

• Arises from primitive mesenchymal cells in all tissues except bone

Page 5: PET CT in Staging Pediatric Rhabdomyosarcoma · Background • Rhabdomyosarcoma – 3rd most common extra‐cranial, malignant solid tumor in children – ~ 40% of all ST sarcomas

International Classification of RMS

• Embryonal (57%): intermediate prognosis– Botryoid and spindle cell (6%): superior prognosis

• Alveolar (23%): Poorer prognosis• Pleomorphic and other (14%): poorest prognosis

Page 6: PET CT in Staging Pediatric Rhabdomyosarcoma · Background • Rhabdomyosarcoma – 3rd most common extra‐cranial, malignant solid tumor in children – ~ 40% of all ST sarcomas

Clinical Features of RMS

• Non‐metastatic disease ~ 86% survival• 14% have metastatic disease at diagnosis• Metastatic disease = poor outcome (~20% survival)

• Metastasizes to– Lung (36%)– Bone marrow (22%)– Local‐regional lymph nodes (up to 20%) – Bone (7%)

Page 7: PET CT in Staging Pediatric Rhabdomyosarcoma · Background • Rhabdomyosarcoma – 3rd most common extra‐cranial, malignant solid tumor in children – ~ 40% of all ST sarcomas

Diagnostic Imaging of RMS

• Crucial to assigning risk‐based therapy• MRI or CT 

– Tumor origin/anatomic site– Size– Local invasion– Nodal spread

• Chest CT: Pulmonary metastases• Tc99m bone scan: Bone metastases• Potential role of PET‐CT in RMS?

Page 8: PET CT in Staging Pediatric Rhabdomyosarcoma · Background • Rhabdomyosarcoma – 3rd most common extra‐cranial, malignant solid tumor in children – ~ 40% of all ST sarcomas

Diagnosis

Page 9: PET CT in Staging Pediatric Rhabdomyosarcoma · Background • Rhabdomyosarcoma – 3rd most common extra‐cranial, malignant solid tumor in children – ~ 40% of all ST sarcomas

Identifying an Unknown Primary

• Metastatic disease with unknown primary– 4% of rhabdomyosarcomas– 3‐5% all cancers

• Diagnostic work‐up– Guided by clinical suspicion and pathology of metastatic disease

– Traditionally requires multiple imaging examinations

Page 10: PET CT in Staging Pediatric Rhabdomyosarcoma · Background • Rhabdomyosarcoma – 3rd most common extra‐cranial, malignant solid tumor in children – ~ 40% of all ST sarcomas

11 yo girl with anemia and adenopathy: Rule‐out lymphoma

McCarville et al. AJR 2005:184:1293-1304

Page 11: PET CT in Staging Pediatric Rhabdomyosarcoma · Background • Rhabdomyosarcoma – 3rd most common extra‐cranial, malignant solid tumor in children – ~ 40% of all ST sarcomas

McCarville et al. AJR 2005:184:1293-1304

Page 12: PET CT in Staging Pediatric Rhabdomyosarcoma · Background • Rhabdomyosarcoma – 3rd most common extra‐cranial, malignant solid tumor in children – ~ 40% of all ST sarcomas

MRI of the PrimaryAlveolar RMS

T

McCarville et al. AJR 2005:184:1293-1304

Page 13: PET CT in Staging Pediatric Rhabdomyosarcoma · Background • Rhabdomyosarcoma – 3rd most common extra‐cranial, malignant solid tumor in children – ~ 40% of all ST sarcomas

Staging

Page 14: PET CT in Staging Pediatric Rhabdomyosarcoma · Background • Rhabdomyosarcoma – 3rd most common extra‐cranial, malignant solid tumor in children – ~ 40% of all ST sarcomas

Pulmonary Metastases

• Nodules < 5 mm almost as likely as larger nodules to be malignant

• PET imaging has resolution of ~ 7 mm• CT remains the reference standard

Fabien R. Clin Nucl Med 2011;36:672-677

McCarville MB. Radiol 2006;239(2):514-20

Page 15: PET CT in Staging Pediatric Rhabdomyosarcoma · Background • Rhabdomyosarcoma – 3rd most common extra‐cranial, malignant solid tumor in children – ~ 40% of all ST sarcomas

Osseous Disease

• Focal bone (7%) or diffuse marrow (22%) • 14%‐15% overall survival*• Bone scan

– Detects osteoblastic mets– Insensitive to osteolytic mets and marrow disease

*Oberlin O, J Clin Oncol 2008;26:2384-2389

Page 16: PET CT in Staging Pediatric Rhabdomyosarcoma · Background • Rhabdomyosarcoma – 3rd most common extra‐cranial, malignant solid tumor in children – ~ 40% of all ST sarcomas

5 yo BoyParapharyngeal Embryonal RMS

Bone Scan

Page 17: PET CT in Staging Pediatric Rhabdomyosarcoma · Background • Rhabdomyosarcoma – 3rd most common extra‐cranial, malignant solid tumor in children – ~ 40% of all ST sarcomas

Baseline PET‐CT

Page 18: PET CT in Staging Pediatric Rhabdomyosarcoma · Background • Rhabdomyosarcoma – 3rd most common extra‐cranial, malignant solid tumor in children – ~ 40% of all ST sarcomas

Marrow Disease Confirmed by MRI and Biopsy

T1W STIR

Page 19: PET CT in Staging Pediatric Rhabdomyosarcoma · Background • Rhabdomyosarcoma – 3rd most common extra‐cranial, malignant solid tumor in children – ~ 40% of all ST sarcomas

17 yo Boy Skull Base Alveolar RMS

Bone Scan

Anterior Posterior

PET-CT

Page 20: PET CT in Staging Pediatric Rhabdomyosarcoma · Background • Rhabdomyosarcoma – 3rd most common extra‐cranial, malignant solid tumor in children – ~ 40% of all ST sarcomas

Nodal Disease

• 20% at diagnosis• Predicts local and distant recurrence*• Requires local control• Conventional imaging (CT or MRI)

– Must include local‐regional nodal basin– Subjective assessment of nodes

*LaQuaglia MP. Semin Surg Oncol 1993;9:510-519

Page 21: PET CT in Staging Pediatric Rhabdomyosarcoma · Background • Rhabdomyosarcoma – 3rd most common extra‐cranial, malignant solid tumor in children – ~ 40% of all ST sarcomas

3 yo GirlParameningeal RMS

STIR Coronal PD Axial

Page 22: PET CT in Staging Pediatric Rhabdomyosarcoma · Background • Rhabdomyosarcoma – 3rd most common extra‐cranial, malignant solid tumor in children – ~ 40% of all ST sarcomas

Numerous Enlarged Nodes

Measured upto 1.6 cm

T

Page 23: PET CT in Staging Pediatric Rhabdomyosarcoma · Background • Rhabdomyosarcoma – 3rd most common extra‐cranial, malignant solid tumor in children – ~ 40% of all ST sarcomas

Biopsy Proven Benign

Page 24: PET CT in Staging Pediatric Rhabdomyosarcoma · Background • Rhabdomyosarcoma – 3rd most common extra‐cranial, malignant solid tumor in children – ~ 40% of all ST sarcomas

3 yo BoyAlveolar RMS Lower Leg

STIR Sagittal T1W C+ Sagittal

Page 25: PET CT in Staging Pediatric Rhabdomyosarcoma · Background • Rhabdomyosarcoma – 3rd most common extra‐cranial, malignant solid tumor in children – ~ 40% of all ST sarcomas
Page 26: PET CT in Staging Pediatric Rhabdomyosarcoma · Background • Rhabdomyosarcoma – 3rd most common extra‐cranial, malignant solid tumor in children – ~ 40% of all ST sarcomas

Other Metastatic Sites

Page 27: PET CT in Staging Pediatric Rhabdomyosarcoma · Background • Rhabdomyosarcoma – 3rd most common extra‐cranial, malignant solid tumor in children – ~ 40% of all ST sarcomas

17 yo boy Skull Base Alveolar RMSPeritoneal Metastasis

PET-CT

Diagnostic CT

Page 28: PET CT in Staging Pediatric Rhabdomyosarcoma · Background • Rhabdomyosarcoma – 3rd most common extra‐cranial, malignant solid tumor in children – ~ 40% of all ST sarcomas

17 yo GirlAlveolar RMS

• Most common breast malignancy in children is metastatic disease

• RMS most common malignancy to metastasize to breast

Page 29: PET CT in Staging Pediatric Rhabdomyosarcoma · Background • Rhabdomyosarcoma – 3rd most common extra‐cranial, malignant solid tumor in children – ~ 40% of all ST sarcomas

17 yo GirlAlveolar RMS

Page 30: PET CT in Staging Pediatric Rhabdomyosarcoma · Background • Rhabdomyosarcoma – 3rd most common extra‐cranial, malignant solid tumor in children – ~ 40% of all ST sarcomas

Overlooked onDiagnostic Abdomen CT

Page 31: PET CT in Staging Pediatric Rhabdomyosarcoma · Background • Rhabdomyosarcoma – 3rd most common extra‐cranial, malignant solid tumor in children – ~ 40% of all ST sarcomas

Pancreas Metastases in RMS

• Found at autopsy in 67%• 3rd most common site after lung, lymph nodes• Rarely reported in radiology literature

– Abdomen not routinely imaged– Overlooked

• All cases of pancreas metastases associated with alveolar histology

Enzinger FM. Cancer 24:18-31Jha P. Pediatr Radiol (2010) 40:1380-1386

Page 32: PET CT in Staging Pediatric Rhabdomyosarcoma · Background • Rhabdomyosarcoma – 3rd most common extra‐cranial, malignant solid tumor in children – ~ 40% of all ST sarcomas

Conclusions

• Won’t replace chest CT for pulmonary dz• May be more sensitive than bone scan to bone and bone marrow metastases

• May be more specific than conventional imaging for lymph‐node involvement

• Detects unusual sites of disease not detected by conventional imaging

• Larger studies needed to validate use