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Rock Course lecture 3
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RESERVOIR PETROPHYSICS
LABORATORY DETERMINATIONOF POROSITY
Porosity: The fraction of the bulk volume of a rock that is porous.
b
mb
b
p
VVV
VV
Porosity −===φ
POROSITY DEFINITION
• Porosity is a static property – it can be measured in the absence of flow
• Determining effective porosity requires fluid flow to determine if pores are interconnected
ROCK MATRIX AND PORE SPACE
matrix pore space
MEASUREMENT OF POROSITY
1. Core samples (measure two of: Vb, Vp, or Vm)
2. Openhole wireline logs
LABORATORY DETERMINATIONOF POROSITY
• Most methods use small samples (core plugs)• multiple samples must be analyzed to get
statistically representative results• sampling technique is important
• often all samples are taken from “sweet spots” skewing analysis
To determine porosity, measure 2 of 3volumetric parameters:
1. Bulk volume, Vb2. Matrix volume, Vm (also called grain volume)3. Pore volume, Vp
VVV pmb +=
Fraction of volume consisting of pores or voids
Fraction of volume consistingof matrix
Volume is an extensive property
MATRIX DENSITIES (ρm) OF TYPICAL PURE COMPONENTS OF RESERVOIR ROCK
Lithology Matrix Density (g/cm3)
Sandstone 2.65 Limestone 2.71 Dolomite 2.87
LABORATORY METHODS OFPOROSITY DETERMINATION
Bulk volume determinations
1. Direct calculation
2. Fluid displacement methods
• Gravimetric
• Volumetric – mercury pycnometer ( a precisely calibrated bottle)
BULK VOLUME BY DIRECT MEASUREMENT
• Applicable for regularly shaped cores or core plugs
• Calculate from core dimensions
• For example; volume of right circular cylinder
4LdV
2
bπ
=
LABORATORY METHODS OFPOROSITY DETERMINATION
Bulk volume determinations
1. Direct calculation
2. Fluid displacement methods
• Gravimetric (Archimedes) methods
• Volumetric – in pycnometer
ARCHIMEDES METHODWsat WsubWdry
Vp =Wsat - Wdry
ρfluid
Vm =Wdry - Wsub
ρfluid
φ =Wsat - Wdry
Wsat - Wsub
Vb =Wsat - Wsub
ρfluid
EXAMPLE 1
Bulk Volume Calculated by Displacement
A core sample coated with paraffin immersed in a container of liquid displaced 10.9 cm3 of the liquid. The weight of the dry core sample was 20.0 g, while the weight of the dry sample coated with paraffin was 20.9 g. Assume the density of the solid paraffin is 0.9 g/cm3.
Calculate the bulk volume of the sample.
Weight of paraffin coating, Wparaffin =
Weight of dry core sample coated with paraffin - Weight of dry core sampleWparaffin = 20.9 g = 20.0 g = 0.9 g
Volume of paraffin coating = Weight of paraffin / density of paraffin
Vparaffin = 0.9 g / 0.9 g/cm3 = 1.0 cm3
Bulk volume of core sample = (Bulk volume of core coated with paraffin) –(volume of paraffin)
Vb = 10.9 cm3 – 1.0 cm3 = 9.9 cm3
SOLUTION - Example 1
(V = m/ρ)
LABORATORY METHODS OF POROSITY DETERMINATION
To determine porosity, measure 2 of 3basic parameters:
1. Bulk volume
2. Matrix volume• Assume matrix (grain) density• Displacement method• Boyles Law
• Pore volume
(Vm)
(Vb)
(Vp)
LABORATORY METHODS OFPOROSITY DETERMINATION
Matrix (Vm)1. Assume rock density based on lithology and
measure dry mass
• Displacement methods• volumetric • gravimetric (see previous description)
• Boyle’s Law:
2211 VpVp =
MATRIX VOLUME FROM MATRIX DENSITY
• Known or assumed matrix density
DensityMatrixSampleDryofMassVm =
APPLICABILITY AND ACCURACY OF MATRIX
MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES• Known or assumed matrix density
– Accurate only if matrix density is known and not assumed
– Core samples are often mixtures of several components with varying matrix densities, so density must be measured
LABORATORY METHODS OF POROSITY DETERMINATION
To determine porosity, measure 2 of 3basic parameters:
1. Bulk volume
2. Matrix volume• Assumed matrix (grain) density• Displacement method• Boyles Law
3. Pore volume
(Vm)
(Vb)
(Vp)
MATRIX VOLUME FROM DISPLACEMENT METHOD
• Reduce sample to particle size• Measure matrix volume of particles by
– Volumetric method– Archimedes method (gravimetric
measurement)
EXAMPLE 2SOLUTION
Calculating the Matrix Volume and Porosity of a Core Sample Using the
Displacement Method
SOLUTION - Example 2Calculate the Porosity of a Core Sample Using the
Displacement Method and Matrix Volume
The core sample from Example 1 was stripped of the paraffin coat, crushed to grain size, and immersed in a container with liquid. The volume of liquid displaced by the grains was 7.7 cm3.Calculate the matrix volume and the core porosity. Is this effective porosity or total porosity? (It is total porosity)
Bulk Volume, Vb = 9.9 cm3
Matrix Volume, Vma = 7.7 cm3
b
mab
b
p
VVV
VV
Porosity −==φ= = 9.9 cm3 – 7.7 cm3
9.9 cm3= 0.22
LABORATORY METHODS OF POROSITY DETERMINATION
To determine porosity, measure 2 of 3basic parameters:
1. Bulk volume
2. Matrix volume• Assumed matrix (grain) density• Displacement method• Boyles Law (Gas Expansion)
3. Pore volume
(Vm)
(Vb)
(Vp)
MATRIX VOLUME FROM GAS EXPANSION METHOD
• Involves compression of gas into pores
• Uses Boyle’s law
2211 VpVp =
GAS EXPANSION METHOD TO CALCULATE Vma
• Initial conditions, with volumes of 2 cells known
• Place core in second cell, evacuate gas (air) from second cell
• Open valve
ValveclosedCell 1
EvacuateCell 2
GAS EXPANSION METHOD TO CALCULATE Vma
Initial conditions
V1
P1
Core
Valveopen
Final conditionsP2
Core
Cell 1
GAS EXPANSION METHOD TO CALCULATE Vma
Cell 2
P1
GAS EXPANSION METHOD TO CALCULATE Vma
• Vf = Volume of Cell 1 + Volume ofCell 2 - Matrix Volume of Core
• Vt = Volume of Cell 1 + Volume ofCell 2
• Vm = Vt - Vf
APPLICABILITY AND ACCURACY OF MATRIX
MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES• Displacement method - Very accurate when
core sample is crushed without destroying individual matrix grains
• Gas expansion method - Very accurate, especially for samples with low porosities
Neither method requires a prior knowledge of core properties
LABORATORY METHODS OF POROSITY DETERMINATION
To determine porosity, measure 2 of 3basic parameters:
1. Bulk volume2. Matrix volume3. Pore volume
(Vm)(Vb)
(Vp)
LABORATORY METHODS OF POROSITY DETERMINATION
Pore volume determination (Effective)
1. Gravimetric (Archimedes)Wsat - Wdry
ρfluid
2. Boyle’s Law:• (Gas expansion)
Vp =
2211 VpVp =
PORE VOLUME FROM SATURATION METHOD
• Measures the difference between the weight of a core sample saturated with a single fluid and the dry weight of the core
• Pore volume, f
drysatp
WWV
ρ−
=
EXAMPLE 3Archimedes Method of Calculating
Porosity a Core Sample
Using the gravimetric method with the following data, calculate the pore and bulk volumes and the porosity. Is this porosity total or effective?
Dry weight of sample, Wdry = 427.3 g
Weight of sample saturated with water, Wsat = 448.6 g
Density of water (ρf ) = 1.0 g/cm3
Weight of saturated sample submerged in water, Wsub = 269.6 g
EXAMPLE 3Solution
Archimedes Method of CalculatingPorosity a Core Sample
Vp = Wsat – Wdry =
ρf
448.6 – 427.3 g1.0 g/cm3 = 21.3 cm3
Vb = Wsat – Wsub =
ρf
448.6 – 269.6 g1.0 g/cm3
= 179.0 cm3
b
p
VV
Porosity ==φ 0.1221.3 cm3
=179.0 cm3
=
Applicability and Accuracy of Pore Volume Measurement
Techniques• Saturation (Archimedes) method
– Accurate in better quality rocks if effective pore spaces can be completely saturated
– In poorer quality rocks, difficult to completely saturate sample
– Saturating fluid may react with minerals in the core (e.g., swelling clays)
LABORATORY METHODS OF POROSITY DETERMINATION
Pore volume determination (Effective)
1. Gravimetric (Archimedes)Wsat - Wdry
ρfluid
2. Boyle’s Law:• (Gas expansion)
Vp =
2211 VpVp =
Core
PORE VOLUME FROM GASEXPANSION METHOD
V1
ValveclosedCell 1 Cell 2
P1Initial conditions
Final conditions
Valveopen
Core
PORE VOLUME FROM GASEXPANSION METHOD
Cell 1 Cell 2
P1P2
• Very accurate for both high-quality (high φ) and low-quality (low φ) core samples
• Should use low-molecular-weight inert gases (e.g., helium)
• Measures effective (connected) pore volume
PORE VOLUME FROM GAS EXPANSION METHOD
SUMMARY
1. Bulk volume2. Matrix volume3. Pore volume
To determine porosity, measure 2 of 3basic parameters:
CORES
• Allow direct measurement of reservoir properties
• Used to correlate indirect measurements, such as wireline/LWD logs
• Used to test compatibility of injection fluids• Used to predict borehole stability• Used to estimate probability of formation
failure and sand production
b
mab
b
p
VVV
VV
φPorosity −===
))((
))(1(
)(
VmVVVVVVV
bm
bp
pmb
ρ
φ
φ
=
−=
=
+=
SOME KEY FORMULAS
CROSS BEDDING, CARRIZO SANDSTONE