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anurag-kumar
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For management student
Definitation
Theo haimann- planning is deciding in advance what is to be done.
Kreitner- planning is the process coping with uncertainty by formulating a future course of action to achieve specified results.
Joseph massie – planning is a process by which a manager looks to the future and discovers alternatives.
Characteristics of planning
Planning is a continuous process. Planning is an intellectual activity. Planning is forward looking. Planning is related to objectives. Planning involves selection among
alternatives.
Characteristics of planning
Planning is a pervasive function of mgt. Planning is the most basic of all
management function. Planning involves selection among
alternatives.
Seven essential of a good plan Vision; Commitment; Timelines; Objectives; Reporting; Contingency; Change.
Peter drucker and Six p’s of planning1. purpose;
2. Philosophy;
3. Premise;
4. Policies;
5. Plans;
6. Prioprities.
Decision making
Decision making can be defined as an act of choice by the manager from among two or more possible alternative courses in a given situation.
Meaning of of decision making
The process concerned with searching and evaluating alternatives to a problem and selecting the best alternative is known as D.M.
In a nutshell ;Decision making is a conscious process by which a person chooses a course of action from among the alternatives to attain a given objective or objectives.
It is a course of action which consciously chosen for achieving a desired result.
Characteristics of decision making Selection of Best Alternative. Rational Selection. A Job of Top Management. Decision are Means. A Human and Social Process. Uncertainty and Risk. Decision may be Positive or Negative.
conclusion