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Peterson US 2 Chapter 11

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MAIN - Causes of World War I Militarism An aggressive attitude led to an arms race, producing strong navies and armored vehicles. Alliances The alliances of Europe were formed for protection against each other. However, they very quickly became aggressive towards one another. Triple Entente - Great Britain, France, Russia Triple Alliance - Germany,Austria-Hungary,Italy Imperialism European countries divided up Africa and Asia to strengthen the political and economic power of the mother country, which caused competition. Nationalism was both a uniting force and a divisive one. It resulted in Germany and Italy uniting into strong nations, and also caused the eventual disintegration of the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary.

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Imperialism Competition for growing empires/ Economies Large militaries/navies needed

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Militarism Germany begins to expand Navy Tanks, Airplanes, subs Other countries build their militaries to match, protect empires

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Nationalism Britain is THE world power, but German industry is out producing them Germany feels slighted because they get no respect France is embarrassed since they lost the Franco- Prussian war and lost the Alsace and Lorraine area Pan-Slavism desire for all Slavic people to be under one empire (Russia is Slavic, Slavs spread all through the Balkan Peninsula)

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Alliances

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POWDER KEG These 4 factors combine to create what is referred to as a powder kegready to explode into war

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The Spark Heir to the Austrian throne, Archduke Francis Ferdinand, is to visit Sarajevo, Bosnia. Bosnia was ruled by Austria-Hungry, Slavic nationalist movement in Bosnia wanted to separate A terrorist/Freedom fighter group known as the Black Hand hatches a plan to assassinate FF

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Attempt looks like it is going to be a failurebut then Gavrilo Princip was able to shoot FF

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WAR A-H (along with Germany) blame Serbia Excuse to punish Serbia and expand territory Serbia agrees to most demands of A-H However Russia is the historic protector of Serbia Chain of events June 1914 Assassinated July 28 A-H declares war on Serbia Russia mobilizes towards Germany and AH boarders

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Germany knows they can not win a two front war, and Russia and France are allies Schlieffen Plan- GER. knew that it had little time to defeat France before turning to Russia August 1 st Germany declares war on Russia August 3 rd Germany declares war on France Germany marches through neutral Belgium drawling GB into the war Ottoman Empire joins Central Powers By September Europe is in all out war

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Sides Central Powers Germany, A-H, Ottoman Allies Great Britain, France, Russia, US (later)

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WW1 is the first modern war The Germans expected quick victory in France, they stall and violate the Schlieffen Plan Russia moved quicker than expected On the Western Front (France/German border) both sides dig in Trench warfare develops

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Verdun- 500K dead on each side Somme -60K British die in one day

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New Technology Machine Guns allowed a few gunners to fight off chargesleads to stalemates Artillery reaching up to 10 miles Poison Gas/Masks 80,000 diemany other left with lasting effects of poison gas

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Submarines German U-Boats attacks allied shipping

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Tanks- Used to break stalemates in trenches

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Airplanes First used for scoutinglater fighting

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US Neutrality Most feel that war was too distant to get involved Public Divided Cultural/ Ancestral ties British propaganda Germany is the Bully Economic ties Stronger with Allies than Central

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War comes home British blockade North Sea (even food) Angers Americans Germany responds with Unrestricted Submarine Warfare(USW) German U-Boats ANY British or Allied ship would be sunk Lusitania June 1915 128 Americans

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After Lusitania public is outraged Wilson rules out war Germany again attacks Arabic (August 1915 2 Americans) Germany agrees to avoid civilians or neutral nations March 1916 Sussex Germany asks US to get Britain to allow food Election of 1916 He kept us out of the war

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America Enters the War Wilson works for peacefails German USW cranks back up Zimmerman Note Germany to Mexico Asking Mexico to attack US Czar of Russia overthrown (now all democracies in Allies) Wilson asks Congress to declare warmake world safe for democracy April 2, 1917

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Section 2

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Building a Force Selective Service Act Draft All men registerrandom selection 3 million put into service 400K African Americans Stepping up production of ships

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American Push John J. Pershing American Expeditionary Force Doughboys fresh to the fight Convoy System

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Hazards Shell Shock battle fatigue Trench foot and Mouth

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Towards the end Russia pulls out of war Germans focus on western front US troops just in time, help hold off German offence November 3, 1918, Austria-Hungary surrenders to Allies German sailors, soldiers rebel; socialists establish German republic Kaiser gives up throne Germans exhausted; armistice, or truce, signed November 11, 1918

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Cost of War World War I bloodiest war in history to date more than half of 22 million dead are civilians 48,000 Americans 20 million more are wounded 200,000 Americans 10 million people become refugees

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Worksheet

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War Industry Board

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RR administration Fuel Administration

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Labor Board Food Administration

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Committee on Public Information

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African Americans great migration

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Wilsons Efforts for Peace

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Wilsons 14 Points Wilson presents his plan for lasting peace with his 14 points Prevent future wars Draw new borders Create a League of Nations (forum to discuss grievances)

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Rejection European powers want to punish Germany Peace conference No central powers or Russia Wilson is forced to concede most of his points Goes for it all with the 14 th point League of Nations

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Treaty of Versailles Germany shoulders full blame for the war Huge reparations payments to be made Not allowed to have an Army OTHER Carved out a new map for Eastern Europe Colonies of Central powers divided among France and UK

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Opposition to Treaty Many groups upset/oppose Ethnic groups Americans Colonies Domestic opposition Over League of Nations Attack on sovereignty? Henry Cabot Lodge

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Wilson wont Compromise No republicans among those in Paris Goes on 8000 mile tour to sell treaty to the people Poor Health, Suffers Stroke Treaty never ratified US never joins League

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Legacy Leads to WW2 American Isolationism