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Routes of Administration
Chapter 2
bluedoor, LLC
+What, How, Where, Who, When… Veterinary Technician’s Role in Drug Administration
n Attention to detail n verbal or written drug orders n choosing dosage forms n calculating doses n verifying patient information n selecting the appropriate equipment needed to
administer the medication properly
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+Veterinary Technician’s Role in Drug Administration
n All applicable routes of administration
n Proper procedure
n Function of equipment used to administer the drug
n Can you list the “Five Rights”?
n Document, document, document!
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+Drug Orders from the Veterinarian
n Order – verbal or written
n Dose administered (initials or signature depending on record) n Prevents missed/repeat dose
n Error in administration
n DVM clarifies incomplete or incorrect orders in patient record
n NEVER ASSUME!
n Clean/organized work environment bluedoor, LLC
+Forms of Medication
n Liquids n Suspension n Emulsion n Solution
n Solids n Tablet (scored or not) n Chewable (tablet) n Capsule n Bolus n Lozenges n Powders n Suppositories n Implants
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+Forms of Medication
n Gases n Liquids vaporized into gas (anesthetics) n Medications nebulized n Oxygen
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+Forms of Medication
n Topical Medications - provide local effects (not systemic) n Cream
n Ointments
n Drops
n Gel
n Liniment
n Lotion
n Ointment
n Powder
n Paste
n Spray (aerosol and not)
n Transdermal patch
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+Forms of Medication
n Parenteral Administration (injection) n Prefilled syringe and needle for injection
n Liquid solution for injection
n Powder - reconstituted to liquid using a sterile diluent
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+How Should Drug X Be Given?
n Factors that influence administration n Patient information
n Status of patient
n Symptoms
n Need for action of drug
n Age of patient
n Health of patient
n Drug information
n How is drug labeled for administration (routes)?
n Duration of effect
n Available forms or concentrations
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+Onset of Action
n From administration to target (Once it is “in” the patient, how long until it starts working?)
n IV à IM à SQ à Transdermal à Rectal à Inhalation à PO
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+Routes of Administration: Enteral
n By mouth = PO
n Directly or indirectly into GI tract n Hand pill
n Pill syringe
n Balling gun
n Frick speculum
n Syringe
n Drenching
n OG or NG tube
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+Routes of Administration: Parenteral
n “Avoiding absorption by both the stomach and intestines”
n Injections or infusions n Liquids
n Powders (diluent)
n Implants
n Aseptic technique
n Precautions for each route bluedoor, LLC
+Parenteral: Intravenous (IV)
n Quickest onset n Vessel (vein or artery) n Catheter n Fluid lines n Injection ports
n Cephalic
n Saphenous
n Jugular
n Femoral
n ASPIRATE (flash of blood à proceed)
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+Parenteral: Intramuscular (IM)
n Canine and Feline n Epaxial (lumbar) muscles
n Biceps femoris
n Large animal sites for injection differ greatly depending on species n Why?
n ASPIRATE (no flash of blood à proceed)
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+Parenteral: Subcutaneous (SQ)
n “Under the skin”
n “Tent”
n Most common route for vaccine administration n Rabies on the RIGHT REAR
n FeLV on the LEFT REAR
n Isotonic fluids, some medications, microchip implantation, etc.
n ASPIRATE (no flash à proceed)
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+Parenteral: Other Routes n Intraperitoneal (IP)
n Liver absorption
n Slow onset
n Risk of organ laceration
n Risk for peritonitis
n Intracardiac (IC) n Not routine route
n Emergency or euthanasia
n Anesthetized patients ONLY
n Intradermal (ID) n “Within the skin layers”
n Allergy testing, local anesthetics, other medications
n Small gauge needle
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+Parenteral: Other Routes
n Intra-articular (IA) n Sterile technique, sterile infusions
n Diagnostic testing
n Equine, other species
n Intra-arterial (IA) n Not routine route
n CAUTION (Vein or artery?)
n Intraosseous/intramedullary (IO) n Neonates, exotics, avian patients
n Fluids, colloid infusions
n Proximal condyle of humerus or femur
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+Parenteral: Inhalation
n Liquid +/- oxygen = gas, vapor, aerosol
n O2 can be the vehicle
n Anesthetics (vaporized chemical) n Mask
n Induction chamber
n Endotracheal tube (best)
n Nebulizer or inhaler (concentrated medication or saline) n Mask
n Chamber
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+Parenteral: Topical
n Transdermal n Local or systemic
n “Fur Factor”
n Ointments, analgesic patches on skin
n Ophthalmic, otic ointment/drops
n Wear gloves (ex. Methimazole)
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+Medication Containers n Vial
n Single or multi-use n Syringe +/- needle n mL, ounces, grams, etc.
n Ampules n Single or multi-use n Transfer to sterile vial n Syringe/filter needle (tiny glass shards = L)
n Blister packs n Medications or other containers of medications
n Prefilled syringe and needle
n Pill/tablet/capsule bottle (quantities, concentrations)
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