Pharma Cog Nosy I Part 2

8/3/2019 Pharma Cog Nosy I Part 2

1/20

Pharmacognosy2nd lecture


2/20

I. Introduction to Pharmacognosy

A brief history of natural products in

medicine

Value of natural drug products

Production of natural drug products

The role of natural products in drug discovery

General principles of botany: morphologyand systematics


3/20

Importance of plants in modern

pharmacy and medicine

Types of drugs derived from plants:

1. herbal drugs (specific part of a medicinal

plant)Ex: the herb of St Johns Wort (Hypericum perforatum)mild

depression

The leaves of Ginkgo biloba dementia

Chamomile GI complaints


4/20


5/20

3. Nutraceuticals (functional foods)

Ex: Garlic, ginger, turmeric

Anthocyanin-flavonoid containing plants such as

cocoa, red wine.

Carotenoid-containing pants such as tomatoes,

carrots.


6/20

Pharmacist are responsible

To ensure that the stocks of herbal medicines are

obtained from reputable source of supply

To not recommend any remedy where they have any

reason to doubt its safety or quality (toxicity, druginteractions)

Offer herbal medicines that is safe, and effective


7/20

I. The history of natural products in

medicine

A great proportion of the natural products used as

drugs

The study of drugs used by traditional healers is an

important object of pharmacognostical research

Sumerians and Akkadians (3rd millennium BC)


8/20


9/20

Egyptians(Ebers papyrus, 1550 BC)

Ebers Papyrus treatment for cancer:recounting a "tumor against the godXenus", it recommends "do thou

nothing there against"
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor


10/20

Authors of antiquity

Hippocrates(460-377 BC)The Father of Medicine

Hippocratic Oath

("To please no one will I prescribe adeadly drug")

("I will leave this operation to beperformed by practitioners,

specialists in this art")


11/20

Pedanius Dioscorides(40-80 AD)De Materia Medica (600 medicinal plants)

Dioscorides De MateriaMedica inArabic, Spain, 12th-13thcentury.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic


12/20

Aelius Galenus or Claudius

Galenus (AD 129 200/217)

was aprominent Roman physician

and philosopher of Greekorigin

Galen performed anatomical

dissections on living (vivisection) and

dead animals,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivisectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivisectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome


13/20

The Islamic era

Ibn Altabari(770850)

a Muslimhakim, Islamicscholar, physician and psychologist ofPersianJewish orZoroastrian

descent, who produced thefirst encyclopedia ofmedicineFirdous al-Hikmah wasthe firstknown encyclopedia ofme

dicine,. He was a pioneerofpediatrics and the fieldofchild development.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakim_(title)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Muslim_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Muslim_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Jewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Jewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatricshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatricshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Jewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Jewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Muslim_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Muslim_sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakim_(title)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim


14/20

Ibn Sina(980-1037)Avicenna (Abitzianos)

His most famous works are The Book of Healing, a vastphilosophical and scientific encyclopaedia, and The

Canon of Medicine

( Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_of_Healinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canon_of_Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canon_of_Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canon_of_Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canon_of_Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_of_Healing


15/20

The era of European exploration overseas

(16th and 17th century)


16/20

The 18th century, Pharmacognosy

Linnaeus (naming and classifying plants)

At the end of the 18th century, crude drugs were still

being used as powders, simple extracts, or tinctures


17/20

The era of pure compounds(In 1803, a new era in the history of medicine)

Isolation of morphine from opium

Strychnine (1817)

Quinine and caffeine (1820)

Nicotine (1828)

Atropine (1833)

Cocaine (1855)


18/20

In the 19th century, the chemical structures of

many of the isolated compounds weredetermined

In the 20th

century, the discovery ofimportant drugs from the animal kingdom,

particularly hormones and vitamins.

microorganisms have become a very importantsource of drugs


19/20

Definitions

Pharmacognosy:

is multidisclipinary subject which comprises partsof botany, organic chemistry, biochemistry, and

pharmacology (Samuelsson, 1991).The subject of pharmacognosy deals with

naturals products as drugs or for theproduction and discovery of a drug.

It is used for those natural products such asplants or part of plants, extracts and exudateswhich are not pure compounds


20/20

Ethnobotany:

It is a broad term referring to the study of plants

by humans

Ethnomedicine:

It refers to the use of plants by humans as

medicine

Traditional medicine:

It is the sum total of all non-mainstream medical

practices, usually excluding so called westernmedicine

Documents

Pharma Cog Nosy I Part 2