8/14/2019 Pharma Introduction

1/31

PHARMACOLOGY

INTRODUCTION

Irene L. Gardiner, MD

8/14/2019 Pharma Introduction

2/31

introduction IRENE L. GARDINER, MD 2

PHARMACOLOGY

Science of drugs

Greek word pharmakon drug ; logos studyThe study of the biological effects ofdrugs on living organisms

The study of crude drugs and the plantsfrom which they are derived

8/14/2019 Pharma Introduction

3/31

introduction IRENE L. GARDINER, MD 3

TOXICOLOGY

Study of the poisonous / undesirableeffects of drugs and other chemicalagents in the biological system

8/14/2019 Pharma Introduction

4/31

introduction IRENE L. GARDINER, MD 4

PHARMACY

Allied pharmacology which is aseparate discipline concerned withpreparing, compounding anddispensing of drugs

Place where drugs are prepared and

dispensed

8/14/2019 Pharma Introduction

5/31

introduction IRENE L. GARDINER, MD 5

THERAPEUTICSThe utilization of pharmacological

knowledge for the cure or alleviation ofdisease

PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS

Deals with the curative nature/effects ofthe drugs whether synthetic or non-synthetic

8/14/2019 Pharma Introduction

6/31

introduction IRENE L. GARDINER, MD 6

PHARMACOGNOSY

the study of medicines from natural sources.

has its focus on medicines from natural sources

(plants, animal-derived products, minerals)scope is the identification or authentication ofcrude drugs (in dried form) using macroscopical,microscopical, or chemical methods.

8/14/2019 Pharma Introduction

7/31introduction IRENE L. GARDINER, MD 7

PHARMACODYNAMICS

Study of the biochemical andphysiological effect of the drugDeals with mechanism of action,relationship between concentration of

the drug and its effectExplores what the drug does to thebody

8/14/2019 Pharma Introduction

8/31introduction IRENE L. GARDINER, MD 8

PHARMACOKINETICS

determination of the fate ofsubstances administered to a livingpersondeals with absorption, distribution,metabolism and excretion of drug

explores what the body does to thedrug

8/14/2019 Pharma Introduction

9/31introduction IRENE L. GARDINER, MD 9

NURSES & DRUG THERAPY

Administering the drugAssessing drug effectsIntervening to make the drug regimenmore tolerableProviding patient teaching about

drugs and the drug regimenMonitoring the overall patient careplan to prevent medication errors

8/14/2019 Pharma Introduction

10/31introduction IRENE L. GARDINER, MD 10

MEDICATION / DRUG

is any biological substance, synthetic or non-synthetic, that is taken for non-dietary needs

Any small molecule that when introduced in thebody, alters the bodys function by molecularlevel interactionSubstance administered for the diagnosis,treatment, relief or prevention of disease or

used to otherwise enhance physical or mentalwell-being

8/14/2019 Pharma Introduction

11/31introduction IRENE L. GARDINER, MD 11

PRESCRIPTION

A written direction for thepreparation and administration of the

drug

8/14/2019 Pharma Introduction

12/31introduction IRENE L. GARDINER, MD 12

CLASSIFICATION

May be classified according tochemical structure or pharmacological

action

8/14/2019 Pharma Introduction

13/31introduction IRENE L. GARDINER, MD 13

DRUG PRODUCT

Finished dosage form that containsthe active ingredient

ACTIVE INGREDIENTThe chemical components responsible forthe claimed therapeutic effect of drugs

8/14/2019 Pharma Introduction

14/31introduction IRENE L. GARDINER, MD 14

DRUG PRODUCT

CHEMICAL NAMEChemical structure of the drugEx. PARA-ACETYLAMINOPHENOL

GENERIC NAMEShortened scientific name based, or active ingredientEx. PARACETAMOL / ACETAMINOPHEN

BRAND NAME / TRADE NAME

Proprietary or trade mark given by pharmaceuticalcompaniesEx. CALPOL, BIOGESIC

8/14/2019 Pharma Introduction

15/31introduction IRENE L. GARDINER, MD 15

GENERIC DRUG

A drug product whose patent hasexpired, or was never patented

8/14/2019 Pharma Introduction

16/31introduction IRENE L. GARDINER, MD 16

CHARACTERISTICS

CHEMICAL NATURE

weak acids or weak bases

SHAPEshape of the drug must be complementaryto the shape of the receptor site to producea response

MOLECULAR SIZE

majority fall into the MW range (100-1000)

8/14/2019 Pharma Introduction

17/31introduction IRENE L. GARDINER, MD 17

SOURCES

Drugs are obtained from manysources.

Many inorganic materials, such asmetals, are chemotherapeutic;hormones, alkaloids, vaccines, and

antibiotics come from livingorganisms; and other drugs aresynthetic or semisynthetic.

8/14/2019 Pharma Introduction

18/31

introduction IRENE L. GARDINER, MD 18

SOURCES

Synthetics are often more effective and

less toxic than the naturally obtainedsubstances and are easier to prepare instandardized units.The techniques of genetic engineering arebeing applied to the production of drugs,

and genetically engineered livestock thatincorporate human genes are beingdeveloped for the production of scarcehuman enzymes and other proteins

8/14/2019 Pharma Introduction

19/31

introduction IRENE L. GARDINER, MD 19

TYPES OF DRUGS

ILLICIT OR PROHIBITED DRUGSDrugs that are known as Recreational drug

useis the use of psychoactive drugs forrecreational purposes rather than for work,medical or spiritual purposes.

INVESTIGATIONAL DRUGS

Drugs that are being established by means ofclinical evaluation and trials

8/14/2019 Pharma Introduction

20/31

introduction IRENE L. GARDINER, MD 20

TYPES OF DRUGS

PRESCRIPTION ONLY MEDICINESPOM

Licensed medicine that is regulated torequire a prescription before it can beobtained

8/14/2019 Pharma Introduction

21/31

introduction IRENE L. GARDINER, MD 21

TYPES OF DRUGS

OVER THE COUNTER MEDICINESOTC

Drugs that are readily available withoutprescription for self-treatmentProblems related to use of OTC

Can mask the underlying S/Sx of diseases

Could result in drug interactions and interferencewith drug therapyoverdosages

8/14/2019 Pharma Introduction

22/31

introduction IRENE L. GARDINER, MD 22

TYPES OF DRUGS

BEHIND THE COUNTER MEDICINESDispensed by a pharmacist without needing

a doctors prescription

8/14/2019 Pharma Introduction

23/31

introduction IRENE L. GARDINER, MD 23

STANDARDIZATION

AGENCIES

PHILIPPINESBureau of Food and Drugs (BFAD)

USAUS Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

CANADANarcotics Institute

8/14/2019 Pharma Introduction

24/31

introduction IRENE L. GARDINER, MD 24

BFAD

Ensures the safety, efficacy, purity,and quality of processed food, drugs,

diagnostic reagents, medical devices,cosmetics, and household hazardoussubstances through state-of-the-arttechnology, as well as the scientificsoundness & truthfulness of theproduct information for theprotection of public health

8/14/2019 Pharma Introduction

25/31

introduction IRENE L. GARDINER, MD 25

US PHARMACOPEIA

a compendium of quality control tests for drugsand exipients to be introduced into a medicinal

formulationIt is published every year by the United StatesPharmacopoeial Convention.

It forms the basis of enforcement actions by the

U.S. FDA and the US DEA and is the officialpharmacopoeia of the U.S.A. and several othernations.

8/14/2019 Pharma Introduction

26/31

introduction IRENE L. GARDINER, MD 26

US PHARMACOPEIA

In case of a dispute those methodsfor, amongst others, identification,

assay and purity determination of adrug substance or exipient which arestated in the USP, will be the legally

binding ones.

8/14/2019 Pharma Introduction

27/31

introduction IRENE L. GARDINER, MD 27

US PHARMACOPEIA

Within the field, the compendium isreferred to simply as the USP.

The initials USP are affixed tomaterials' names to indicate thatthey conform to the specifications in

the USP, and may be used medicinally

8/14/2019 Pharma Introduction

28/31

introduction IRENE L. GARDINER, MD 28

LAWS

The Generic Act of 1988

Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act

Narcotic Act Control

8/14/2019 Pharma Introduction

29/31

introduction IRENE L. GARDINER, MD 29

GENERIC ACT OF 1988

Philippines

an act to promote, require and ensurethe production of an adequate supply,distribution, use and acceptance ofdrugs and medicines identified by

generic names

8/14/2019 Pharma Introduction

30/31

introduction IRENE L. GARDINER, MD 30

FEDERAL FOOD, DRUG &COSMETIC ACT

USA

a set of laws passed by Congress in1938 giving authority to the Food andDrug Administration (FDA) to overseethe safety of food, drugs, and

cosmetics.

8/14/2019 Pharma Introduction

31/31

NARCOTIC ACT CONTROL

Canada

one of Canada's national drug controlstatutes prior to its repeal by the1996 Controlled Drugs andSubstances Act.

It implemented the provisions of theSingle Convention on Narcotic Drugs