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a record of pharmacology practicals for BDS as per kuhs, kerala syllabus
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INSTRUCTIONS
1. Records should be written neatly in ink on the right hand pages only, left hand being
reserved for diagrams, graph and observations.
2. Record should contain
a. The date
b. Number and name of the exercise as well as page number
c. The signature of the staff against each exercise
3. The record should be neat and tidy. The day to day exercises should be written on the
same day preferably before leaving the laboratory. Regularly get your record initialled by
the faculty.
4. Take the help of the faculty for your problems, if any and get your doubts clarified.
P.S.
The place where you are learning the art of dispensing of drug is pharmacy laboratory.
Remember that it is not a licensed dispensary. As such never take or advise anybody to
take the drugs prepared in the laboratory
No Date Name of the
experiment/exercise
Page
no.
Remarks
General considerations
Metrology
Posology
Equipments used in dispensing
pharmacy
Dosage forms in clinical practice
Experiments Mixtures
Sodium salicylate mixture
Alba mixture
Emulsions
Turpentine liniment
Castor oil emulsion
Dentifrices
Tooth powder
Tooth paste
Mouth washesPotassium permanganate mouth wash
PaintsMandl’s throat paint
The astringent gum paint
PrescriptionPrescription writing
AppendixLatin terms and abbreviations
commonly used in prescription writing
INDEX
Chapter I GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Pharmacy
Pharmacy is the art of identifying, selecting, preserving, compounding and dispensing medicinal
substances for easy, effective and palatable administration.
Importance of pharmacy
a. As a Qualified Doctor one should know the art of the dispensing medicines for treatment.
b. Further advance in the pharmaceutical industry.
Pharmacopoeias: They are comprehensive books published under the authority of a recognized
body, generally constituted by law to ensure uniformity in composition and strength of
medicines, used in the treatment of diseases. They consist of approved therapeutic agents
defined with respect to their preparations, physical or chemical characteristics, standardization
and dosage.
Well known examples of Pharmacopoeias
1. British Pharmacopoeia (B P)
2. Indian Pharmacopoeia (I.P.)
3. United States Pharmacopoeia (USP)
4. International Pharmacopoeia (I.P)
National formulary
It is published by the American Pharmaceutical Association. The drugs included here are
according to their therapeutic merit rather than extent of use.
National Formulary of India (NF) is published by Govt. of India.
British Pharmaceutical Codex (BPC) is like N.F. and is published by Pharmaceutical Society of
Great Britian.
Materia Medics is a division of pharmacology that deals with source, descriptions and
preparations of drugs.
Pharmacology in addition deals with Pharmacodynamics, Pharmacokinetics, and
Pharmacotherapeutics
Chapter II METROLOGY
It is science which deals with weights and measures.
Solids are weighed and liquids are measured. Metric system of weights and measure is now
official in
India. However, the apothecary system of weights and measures is widely used especially by
older practitioners.
The metric system
The basic weight of this system is kilogram and the basic measure of capacity is litre.
Weights:
1 Kilogram (Kg) - 1000 gms
1 Gram - 1000 milligrams (mg)
1 MG - 1000 micrograms (ug) or (mcg)
1 mcg - 1000 nanograms (ng)
Measures
1 Litre - 1000 millilitres
I cup 5-6 ounces (oz)
1 Glass - 8 ounces
I Wine glass - 2 ounces
1 Tumblerful - 240 ml
1 Tablespoonful - 15 ml
1 Teasponful - 5 ml
I ml - 20 drops
Apothecary (Imperial) system
Weight
I Pound (lb) - 12 ounces (oz)
I Ounce - 8 Drams (dr)
lDram. - 60 Grains (gr)
Measures
1 Pint (o) - 16 fluid ounces
I Fluid ounce - 8 fluid drams
I Fluid dram - 60 minims (m)
Approximate Equivalents
Apthecary Metric Domestic
1 Grain 65 mg -
1 Fl. ounce 30 ml 2 table spoons
1 minim 0.065 ml 1 drop
1 Dram 4 ml 1 tea spoon
2.2 pounds 1 Kg -
1 Ounce 30 gms (approx) -
Basic data for percentage calculations
1% W/W (Weight/Weight) - 1 gm of solute in 100 gm of solution
1% W/V (Weight/Volume) - 1 gm of solute in 100 ml of solution
1% V/V (Volume/Volume) - 1 ml of solute in 100 ml of solution.
Chapter III POSOLOGY
The term called DOSAGE which literally means "the method of dosing". The science that
deals with the study of dosage of medicines is referred to us the POSOLOGY
DOSE: It is the required amount of drug in weight, volume, moles or international units that is
necessary to provide a desired effect.
Doses for infants and children cannot be same as those for adults. They need to be calculated
separately. These doses may be found in the USP 'Drug information, the Pediatric Dosage Handbook'
and textbooks on pediatrics. Doses should not be calculated when it is possible to obtain actual infant or
child's dose.
Certain rules are followed for approximate doses for infants and children.
YOUNG’S RULE: applicable for children below 12 yrs of age.
Age of child
Pediatric dose = X adult dose
Age + 12
FRIED RULE: Based on age in months
Age (in months)
Pediatric dose = X adult dose
150
CLARK’S RULE: Based on body weight
Wt. of the child (lb)
Pediatric dose = X adult dose (70kg=150lb) OR
150
Wt. of the child (kg)
Pediatric dose = X adult dose
70
BASED ON BODY SURFACE AREA (BSA)
BSA (in sq. m)
Pediatric dose = X adult dose (BSA= W 0.425(kg) X H 0.725(cm) X 0.00718 )
1.8
PERCENTAGE OF ADULTS DOSE TO BE ADMINISTERED TO A CHILD = (1.5 Xwt in kg) + 10
OR (0.7 Xwt in lb) + 10
Chapter IV Equipments used in dispensing pharmacy
1. Dispensing balance.
2. Weight box.
3. Dispensing bottles.
4. Pestle and mortar,(wedge wood)
5. Pestle and mortar (glass)
6. Ointment slabs.
7. Ointment spatula.
8. Horn/bone spatula.
9. Beakers 250 ml and 100 ml
10. Measuring cylinders 5 ml, 10 ml and
100 ml.
11. Porcelain dish.
12. Glass funnel.
13. Glass rods.
14. Ointment jar/Jelly pot.
15. Wide mouth bottles,
16. Tripod stand.
17. Wire gauge.
18. Water bath.
19. Sand bath.
20. Suppository mould.
21. Suppository bath and cone.
22. Dusters.
Chapter V
Dosage forms of drugs based on route of administration
A dosage form of a drug is a product designed for administration to the body for the diagnosis ofr
for treatment of disease.
The need for dosage forms:
1- Accurate dose.
2- Protection e.g. coated tablets, sealed ampules.
3- Protection from gastric juice.
4- Masking taste and odour.
5- Placement of drugs within body tissues.
6- Sustained release medication.
7- Controlled release medication.
8- Optimal drug action.
9- Insertion of drugs into body cavities (rectal, vaginal)
10- Use of desired vehicle for insoluble drugs.
The important dosage forms are as follows:
I. Dosage form for oral administration
II. Dosage form for parenteral administration
III. Dosage form for local and/or external application
IV. Inhaled dosage form
V. Newer ones
Dosage forms for oral administration
The dosage forms for oral administration can be sub-divided into:
a Liquid dosage forms or wet preparations.
b Solid dosage forms
Liquid dosage form
Aromatic water are very weak aqueous saturated solutions of volatile substances usually volatile
oils. They are use as solvents for drugs and as vehicles in prescriptions intended for digestive
disorders, Eg. Camphor water.
Syrups are solutions of flavouring or medicinal substances in a saturated solution of sucrose in
water. Syrups are demulcents to the mucous membrane of the throat and used as vehicles as well
as presevative for drugs, Eg. Syrup of tolu, syrup of codeine phosphate.
Elixirs are hydro alcoholic solutions of medicinal substances sweetened and flavoured containing
about 22 % alcohol. Elixirs are excellent solvents for many drugs and mask the disagreeable odour
and taste of many substances dissolved in them, Eg. Phenobarbital elixir.
Tinctures are alcoholic or hydro alcoholic extractive preparations of vegetable drugs. When made
from potent drug they represent 10% of the drug from which they are prepared. e.g iodine tincture
Fluid Extracts are alcoholic or hydro alcoholic extractive preparations of vegetable drugs prepared
of such strength that 1 ml of the fluid extract usually represents 1 gm of the air dried drug. Eg.
Cascara sagrada fluid extract.
Dry Extracts are obtained by evaporating the solvent from tinctures or fluid extracts. They are
dried and powdered. Eg. Cascara sagrada dry extract.
Oral solutions are clear Liquid preparations for oral use containing one or more active ingredients
dissolved in a suitable vehicle.
Oral emulsions are stabilized oil-in-water dispersions, either or both phases of which may contain
dissolved solids.e.g castor oil emulsion
Oral suspensions are Liquid preparations for oral use containing one or more active ingredients
suspended in a suitable vehicle. Oral suspensions may show a sediment which is readily dispersed
on shaking to give a uniform suspension which remains sufficiently stable to enable the correct
dose to be delivered. paracetamol suspension
Linctuses are viscous, liquid oral preparations that are usually prescribed for the relief of cough.
They usually contain a high proportion of syrup and glycerol which have a demulcent effect on the
membranes of the throat. The dose volume is small (5ml) and, to prolong the demulcent action,
they should be taken undiluted.
Oral drops are Liquid preparations for oral use that are intended to be administered in small
volumes with the aid of a suitable measuring device. They may be solutions, suspensions or
emulsions.
Solid dosage forms
Powders are dosage forms which contain one or more ingredients in a dry and finely divided state.
The powder must weight at least 100 mg. Powders are:
1.Simple
2. Compound
3. Powders enclosed in capsules, sachets, or bisachets
4. Effervescent
5. Aerosols
6. Standardized powders
Pills: When powdered drugs are mixed with adhesive substances like glucose or honey, they may
be kneaded into a firm and adhesive mass which can be cut into desirable weights, and moulded
into spherical or oval forms called pills. In recent years the pills have been gradually replaced by
tablets and capsules.
Tablets : are solids of various shapes prepared by compressing granules of one of more drugs by a
tablet punching machine. Tablets may be coated with chocolate, gelatin, sugar, etc. for improving
their taste.
Enteric Coated Tablets: Tablets are sometimes coated with a special type of coating, such as
keratin, shellac or cellulose acetate phathalate, which carries the medicament, unafftected through
acidic stomach to the intestine where it disintegrates, releasing the active ingredients.
Sublingual and buccal medications are administered by placing them in the mouth, either under
the tongue (sublingual) or between the gum and the cheek (buccal). The medications dissolve
rapidly and are absorbed through the mucous membranes of the mouth, where they enter into the
bloodstream. Avoid the acid and enzymatic environment of the stomach and the drug metabolizing
enzymes of the liver. Examples of drugs administered by this route: e.g. vasodilators, steroidal
hormones.
Effervescent tablets are uncoated tablets that generally contain acid substances (citric and tartaric
acids) and carbonates or bicarbonates and which react rapidly in the presence of water by releasing
carbon dioxide. They are intended to be dissolved or dispersed in water before use providing:
Very rapid tablet dispersion and dissolution and pleasant tasting carbonated drink.
Capsules: Consists of a body and a cap made of gelatin. Although quite hard they readily soften
and dissolve on swallowing with water. Capsules are:
o Hard
o Soft (may be round or oval in shape containing liquids or semiliquids)
o Enteric (Made of the gelatin and formaldehyde)
Delayed action capsules: A useful dosage form for drugs has been achieved by coating particles of
the active ingredients with an agent which provides intermittent release of the drug in the gut.
Thus a number of tiny particles of beads are incorporated in one capsule. This dosage form
provides a uniform medication over a period of 10 to 12 hours, and are designated by different
manufacturers as a spansules, repeatabs, lontabs, etc.
Lozenges It is a solid preparation consisting of sugar and gum, the latter giving strength and
cohesiveness to the lozenge and facilitating slow release of the medicament. It is used to medicate
the mouth and throat for the slow administration of indigestion or cough remedies.
Dental Cones: A tablet form intended to be placed in the empty socket following a tooth
extraction, for preventing the local multiplication of pathogenic bacteria associated with tooth
extractions. The cones may contain an antibiotic or antiseptic.
II Dosage form for parenteral administration
Injections: are a class of sterile liquids or suspensions which are packaged in containers which
will maintain the sterility and are intended for parenteral administration.
Pellets: These ale usually inserted subcutaneously and often contain a hormonal preparation
which is absorbed slowly over a period of days
III Dosage forms for local / external application
Lotions: are liquid preparations for local application to skin or to the mucous membrane or washes
like mouth washes, gargles, urethral and vaginal irrigations. Eg. Calamine lotion, KMn04 solution
Liniments: are liquid medicament meant for external use to be applied with friction Eg. Turpentine
liniment.
Powders for external use: Dusting powders, snuffs, insufflations, tooth powders etc.
Ointments: are mixtures of various substances with fats, waxes, or hydrocarbons intended to be
applied to the skin on lint for other material, or to be applied upon the skin directly with or without
friction. Eg. Sulphur ointment.
Pastes: These differ from ointment in having a non-greasy base and are stiffer in consistency
Plasters: are of two types: 1. Diachylon plaster.
2. Self adhesive plaster
o Diachylon plaster: is a resinous plaster mass containing reactive products of lead oxide,
vegetable oil, and active ingredient. Eg. Belladona plaster.
o Self adhesive plaster: is a soft and self adhesive mass containng a sticky cohesive
material such as Indian rubber, colophony and active ingredient Eg. Cantharidin plaster.
Suppositories: are solid uniformly medicated masses intended for administration to body cavities
through natural orifices other than mouth. They are rectal (1.2gms) vaginal (Pessaries 4.8 gms),
and urethral (Bougles 1 gm)
Paints are liquids for application to the skin or mucous membranes. Skin paints contain volatile
solvent that evaporates quickly to leave a dry resinous film of medicament. Throat paints are more
viscous due to a high content of glycerol, designed to prolong contact of the medicament with the
affected site.
Eye, Ear, and Nasal drops.
IV inhaled dosage forms
Inhalers are solutions, suspensions or emulsion of drugs in a mixture of inert propellants held
under pressure in an aerosol dispenser. Release of a dose of the medicament in the form of
droplets of 50 um diameter or less from the container through a spring-loaded valve incorporating
a metering device. The patient then inhales the released drug through a mouthpiece.In some types,
the valve is actuated by finger pressure, in other types the valve is actuated by the patient
breathing in through the mouthpiece. It is commonly used to treat asthma and other respiratory
problems.
A nebulizer is a device used to administer medication to people in forms of a liquid mist to the
airways. It is commonly used in treating asthma, and other respiratory diseases. It pumps air or
oxygen through a liquid medicine to turn it into a vapor, which is then inhaled by the patient.
V Some newer drug delivery systems/dosage forms
Recently membranes have been used for controlled release of drugs. The total amount of the drug
is enclosed with a special membrane and a constant amount is released per unit time.
Occusert: This is an elliptically shaped unit consisting of the active drug reservoir surrounded by a
permeable membrane, placed into the cu-desac of the eye and release constant amount of the drug
over a period of days. Eg. Pilocarpine in glaucoma.
Progestasert is an intrauterine device consisting iof a polymer outer membrane over a progesterone
impregnated core, anmd delivers about 50 to 65 ug. of progesterone daily.
Trans dermal drug delivery system (TDDS): Patches made of a new multilayer polymer adhesive
impregnated with drug molecules are pressed on to the skin. Unlike a pill the patch transmits the
drug through the body directly to the target organ and unlike an injection, it releases the drug
slowly over a of days. Eg. Vasodilators for heart diseases
Chapter VI EXPERIMENTS
MIXTURES
A mixture is a liquid preparation intended for oral administration in which drug or drugs are
dissolved, suspended or dispersed in a suitable vehicle and generally several doses are contained
in a bottle. When only one dose is dispensed it is known as draught.
Mixtures differ from solutions that the mixtures may be homogeneous or heterogeneous and are
for oral administration whereas solutions are homogeneous and are for external or internal use.
Mixtures are extemporaneously prepared and they are supplied in such doses that whole of the
mixture is used up within a few days. If need arises then fresh mixture is prepared.
Advantages of mixtures
1. They are more quickly effective than solid dosage forms which require previous disintegration
in the body before absorption can take place.
2.Certain substances can only be given in liquid form because they are inconvenient to administer
in any other form due to their liquid nature and large dose e.g. castor oil, liquid paraffin, aromatic
waters etc.
3.Certain substances like potassium iodide and potassium bromide may cause pain in the stomach
if given in the solid form as a powder or a tablet.
4.Certain substances are useful when they are administered in a suspension form e.g. light kaolin
and bismuth salts, because in suspension form they afford large surface area for the absorption of
toxic substances in the gut.
5. Mixtures are easy to administer and economical as compared to other oral preparations.
Disadvantages
1.They are comparatively less stable than solid dosage forms.
2.Incompatibility is more in liquid preparations as compared to solid ones.
3. They are more bulky and difficult to carry.
Classification
Mixtures may be classified as follows:
1. Simple mixures
2. Mixtures containing diffusible solids.
3. Mixtures containing indiffusible solids.
Simple mixtures
A simple mixture is one which contains only soluble ingredients e.g. carminative mixture,
diaphoretic mixture, cough expectorant etc.
Mixtures containing diffusible solids
Diffusible solids are those substances which do not dissolve in water, but on shaking. they can be
mixed with it and remain evenly distributed throughout the liquid for sufficient long time allowing
uniform distribution of the drug in each dose. However, on. standing, the insoluble solids settle at
the bottom of the bottle which require re-shaking of the bottle each time whenever a dose is to be
measured. Hence the bottle containing the diffusible mixture must be labelled "Shake the bottle
before use".
Diffusible solid include: aromatic chalk powder, bismuth carbonate, light kaolin, magnesium
oxide, magnesium carbonate, magnesium trisilicate, phenolphthalein and rhubarb powder.
Mixtures containing indiffusible solids
Indiffusible solids are those substances which do not dissolve in water and they do not remain
evenly distributed throughout the vehicle, even after shaking they immediately settle at the bottom
therefore it becomes difficult to measure the dose. The indiffusible substances are made diffusible
by increasing the viscosity of the vehicle by adding suitable suspending agent i.e. compound
tragacanth powder or tragacanth mucilage. The former is used at the rate of 2 gm/100 ml and later
at the rate of 1/4th of the volume of mixture to be prepared.
Compound tragacanth powder must be used as suspending agent when the vehicle is medicinally
active because tragacanth mucilage is prepared by using chloroform water as vehicle which may
replace certain amount of medicinally active vehicle-thereby decreasing its medicinal and
flavouring properties. The indiffusible mixture must also be labelled "Shake the bottle before use".
Indiffusible solid include: prepared chalk powder, sulfadimidine, acetyl salicylic acid
Exp No 1 Date :
SIMPLE MIXTURE
SODIUM SALICYLATE MIXTURE (SODA SOL MIXTURE)
Aim : To prepare and dispense 15ml of soda sol mixture
Date:
Name:
Age:
Sex: Address
R
Sodium salicylate 1.0 gm
Sodium bicarbonate 1.0 gm
Sodium metabisulphite 0.01 gm
Chloroform water to 15.0 ml
Fiat: Make a mixture and dispense
S i g : T w o t a b l e s p o o n f u l l t o b e t a k e n 3 t i m e a d a y a f t e r f o o d .
Dr.
Reg. no
Type Simple mixture.
Theory
When sodium salicylate comes in contact with hydrochloric acid present in stomach, salicylic
acid is formed which gets precipitated and leads to irritation in the stomach. Hence when
sodium salicylate is prescribed it is usually prescribed with sodium bicarbonate which will
temporarily neutralize the gastric secretion and thus minimize the formation of salicylic acid.
Sodium salicylate in solution form, especially when it is alkaline in nature, absorbs oxygen and
solution becomes brownish black. Though the therapeutic value is not changed but it may lead
to confusion in the mind of the patient that the mixture has spoiled and he may not like to use
the mixture. Therefore to prevent the air oxidation, sodium metabisulphite is used as an
antioxidant which will considerably retard the change in colour.
Procedure
Dissolve the weighed quantities of sodium salicylate and sodium bicarbonate in 3/4th of the
measured out vehicle. To this dissolve sodium metabisulphite. Filter if any foreign particles are
present. Incorporate more of vehicle to produce the required volume. Transfer the mixture to a
bottle, cork, label and dispense.
Uses
This preparation is used as an analgesic, antipyretic and anti-rheumatic mixture.
Packing: Amber colored bottle with white snap on cap.
Storage instructions:
Store below 30°C out of direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children. Do not use continuously
for more than 10 days. Shake well before use
Exp No:2 Date:
ALBA MIXTURE
Aim : To prepare and dispense 15 ml of alba mixture
Date:
Name:
Age:
Sex: Address
R
Magnesium sulphate 30mg
Light magnesium carbonate 4mg
Peppermint water to 180ml
Fiat: Make a mixture and dispense
Signs: T w o t a b l e s p o o n f u l l t o b e t a k e n i n t h e m o r n i n g b e f o r e b r e a k f a s t .
Dr.
Reg. no
Type Mixture containing diffusible solid.
Theory
Magnesium sulphate is a soluble substance whereas light magnesium carbonate is a diffusible
substance so method for mixtures containing diffusible solids will have to be followed.
Magnesium sulphate acts as purgative in large doses but in small doses it acts as an antacid.
Light magnesium carbonate acts as an adjuvant and potentiates the action of magnesium
sulphate, It is also used as an antacid. Peppermint water acts as a flavouring agent.
Procedure
Mix the calculated quantities of magnesium sulphate and light magnesium carbonate in a
mortar. Measure 3/4th of the vehicle. Out of this add small amount of vehicle to the powders.
Triturate thoroughly so as to form a smooth cream. Then add remainder of the vehicle. Strain
through a piece of muslin if foreign particles are present. Incorporate more of vehicle to produce
the final volume. Transfer the mixture to a bottle, cork,and dispense
Uses
This preparation is used as a saline purgative
Label "Shake the bottle before use" “Keep away from children”.
EMULSIONS
Emulsions are the biphasic liquid dosage form of medicament in which two immiscible liquids
(generally one of which is water and the other is some lipid or oil) are made miscible by The
addition of a third substance known as emulsifying agent or emulgent.
Milk is an example of natural emulsion.
An emulsion may also be defined as a mixture of two immiscible liquids in which one liquid is
dispersed as minute globules into the other. The liquid that is broken up into globules is called
dispersed phase or internal phase and the liquid in which the globules are dispersed is khown as
continuous phase, external phase or dispersion medium. The globules remain dispersed only for a
short time, separation takes place quickly upon standing. Therefore a third substance known as
emulsifying agent is added to the system which forms a film around the globules of the dispersed
phase thereby the globules remain scattered indefinitely in the continuous phase and a uniform,
stable product is formed.
Purpose of Emulsification
1. Cartain medicinal agents having an unpleasant taste and odour can be made more palatable for
oral administration in the form of emulsions which are otherwise difficult to take e.g cod
liver oil, shark liver oil, castor oil etc.
2. To prepare a homogeneous product containg immiscible liquids (oil and water).
3. The activity of certain drugs can be increased and action prolonged by emulsifying the drug in a
suitable vehicle.
4.Sterile, stable intravenous emulsions containing fats, carbohydrates and vitamins all in one
preparation can be administered to the patients who are unable to take these vital substances by
oral route.
Dermatological preparations like liniments, lotions and creams help in quick absorption of drugs
from skin surfaces when applied externally.
Types of emulsions:
There are two types of emulsions.
1. Oil in water type (o/w) emulsions.
2. Water in oil type (w/o) emulsions.
In oil in water type emulsions the oil is in the dispersed phase whereas water is in the continuous
phase. Oil in water type emulsions are preferred for internal use because the unpleasant taste and
odour is masked by emulsification and oil being in a finely dispersed state is more quickly
assimilated in the body. Some of the o/w type emulsions can also be used externally.Water in oil
type emulsions, the water is in the dispersed phase whereas oil is in the continuous phase. These
types of emulsions are mainly used externally.
Emulsions can be prepared by the following methods:
1. Dry gum method.
2. Wet gum method
3.Bottle method.
In dry gum method the oil is triturated with gum and then water is added to make a primary
emulsion whereas in wet gum method the gum is triturated with water to form mucilage first and
then oil is added for the preparation of primary emulsion.
For extemporaneous compounding of emulsions by dry gum method and wet gum method the
most efficient apparatus used is mortar and pestle. Wedge wood or porcelain mortar and pestle is
used which should be flat bottomed and rough on the inner surface so as to produce fine particles
of the dispersed globules. Glass mortars should not be used because of their smooth surface
which will not produce a good emulsion.
The quantities of oil, gum and water required for primary emulsion are as follows:
Proportion of oil : Water : Gum
Fixed oils 4 : 2 : 1
Volatile oils 4 : 4 : 2
The most commonly used fixed oils include castor oil, cod liver oil, shark liver oil, olive oil,
almond oil and liquid paraffin (mineral oil).
The volatile oils include turpentine oil, sandal wood oil, cinnamon oil and peppermint oil.
1. Dry Gum Method
This method is also known as 4 : 2: 1 method because these figures represent the proportions of
oil, water and gum acacia required for the preparation of primary emulsion. Measure the given
quantity of oil with a clean and dry measure and transfer it to a dry mortar, To this add the
calculated quantity of acacia and triturate rapidly so as to mix them. To this incorporate
water required for primary emulsion and triturate rapidly without ceasing till a clicking sound is
produced and the product becomes white or nearly white. At this stage the emulsion is known as
primary emulsion. Then add more of water to produce the required volume. If any soluble
ingredient is also to be incorporated that must be dissolved in the second part of water to be
added after making the primary emulsion and to produce the final volume.
2. Wet Gum Method
The proportion of oil, water and gum are same as for dry gum method. in this method the
calculated quantity of gum is triturated with water required for primary emulsion, to form a
mucilage. Then the given amount of oil is incorporated in small portions with rapid trituration
until a clicking sound is produced and the product becomes white or nearly white. Add more of
vehicle to produce the final volume.
3. Bottle Method
The bottle method is used for the preparation of emulsions of volatile and other non-viscous
oils. The emulsions can be prepared by both dry gum and wet gum methods. Because of low
viscosity the volatile oils require greater amount of gum for emulsification than fixed oils.
In the preparation of majority of emulsions it is necessary to prepare first the primary emulsion
which is diluted afterwards with more of vehicle. It is very difficult to mix whole of the oil with
whole of water all at once because the volume of the liquid becomes quite large and the
shearing force required to cut the dispersed phase into suitable size of globules is difficult to
obtain. However, if the oil is first emulsified with only a small portion of water and
emulsifying agent, a primary emulsion is formed by suitably reducing the size of oil globules,
which can be diluted afterwards with more of water. The entire process of emulsion formation
depends on the proper preparation of primary emulsion. Better the primary emulsion formed
better will be the emulsion.
Liniments
Liniments are the liquid preparations meant for external application to the skin. They are
applied with friction and rubbing of the skin. They should not be applied to the broken skin.
Liniments should be dispensed in coloured gutted bottles in order to distinguish from
preparations meant for internal use. The bottle should be labelled "for external use only" and
"shake the bottle before use".
Exp No: 3 Date
TURPENTINE LINIMENT
Aim : To prepare and dispense 30 ml of the turpentine liniment
Date:
Name:
Age:
Sex: Address
R
Soft soap 90 gm Turpentine o i l 6 5 0 ml
Camphor 50 gm Purified water q.s to 100 ml
Fiat: Make an emulsion
Sig : To be applied externally to the affected part with friction.
Dr.
Reg.no
Type : Emulsion type liniment made with alkali soap.
Theory
1. Irritants are the agents or substances which do not directly destroy the tissues but cause
inflammation in the area to which they are applied.
2. Rubefacients are the substances which produce congestion and redness of the area to which
they are applied, producing the initial symptoms of irritation.
3. Counter-irritants are the agents or drugs which are applied locally to irritate the intact skin
thus re ducing or relieving another irritation or deep seated pain. They seem to work by
producing an inflammation, thus increasing the flow of blood to the affected area. Physical
counter-irritants include: hot water bottles, radient heat, short wave diathermy and galvanic
electric current. Chemical counterirritants include: volatile substances like turpentine oil,
camphor, menthol, thymol and methyl salicylate.
4 Since turpentine oil is a volatile oil which is not miscible with water, to make them miscible
with each other soft soap has been used which acts as an emulsifying agent.
5.Turpentine oil is a volatile oil obtained by the distillation and rectification of turpentine which
is an oleoresin obtained from various species of pines.
6. Camphor is a volatile substance obtained from wood of cinnamonium camphors. It can be
prepared synthetically. Externally it acts as a-mild analgesic and rubefacient. It is used as a
counter-irritant in the treatment of fibrositis and neuralgia.
Procedure
Dissolve the calculated amount of Camphor in turpentine oil in a dry container. Separately
dissolve soft soap in small amount of purified water in a mortar. To this gradually add the
camphor solution with thorough triturating after each addition until a thick creamy emulsion is
formed. Add sufficient purified water to produce the required volume. Transfer the preparation
to a bottle, label and dispense. Apply the secondary label "for external use only" and "Shake the
bottle before use."
Uses
It acts as an irritant, counter- irritant and rubefacient.Liniment of turpentine is applied externally
to the patients suffering from arthralgia (pain in the joints), myalgia (muscular pain), fibrositis
(ligamental pain) and sprain.
Precautions
Liniments are not to b e applied to the broken skin-because they may produce excessive
irritation of the skin.
Label "for external use only" and "Shake the bottle before use." and “ not to be applied to
broken skin.
Exp No 4 Date
CASTOR OIL EMULSION
Aim; To preprare and dispense 15 ml 0f castor oil emulsion
D a t e :
N a m e :
A g e :
S e x : A d d r e s s
R
Castor oil 8 ml
Water ad 30 ml
Fiat: Make an emulsion
Signs: Administer during morning
Dr.
Reg. no
Type: o/w type emulsion for internal use.
Theory
Castor oil is a fixed oil and is not miscible with water. To make it miscible a third substance
known as emulsifying agent in the ratio of 4 : 2 : 1 i.e. oil: water: gum will be used for the
preparation of primary emulsion. Gum acacia will be used as emulsifying agent because
emulsions prepared with gum acacia remain stable for sufficient long time.
Formula for primary emulsion:
Oil Water Gum
4 ml 2 ml 1gm
8 ml 4 ml 2 gm
Procedure
Wet gum method:
Thoroughly clean and dry a pestle and mortar. Weigh out 2 gm gum acacia and transfer it to the
mortar. Measure 4 ml water and triturate it with gum so as to form a mucilage. To this add 8 ml
castor oil in small quantities at a time with thorough trituration after each addition. Triturate
briskly without ceasing until a clicking sound is produced and the product becomes white or
nearly white. At this stage the emulsion is known as primary emulsion. Add about 10 ml more
of vehicle in small quantities at a time with constant trituration so as to get a homogeneous
product. Transfer the emulsion to a measure, add more of vehicle to produce the final volume 30
ml, stir thoroughly so as to forma uniform emulsion. Transfer the preparation to a bottle, cork,
polish the bottle to remove finger prints, label and dispense.
Attach the secondary label "Shake well before use."
Uses
Castor,oil is used as purgative.
Precautions
Because of its prompt action castor oil should not be administered at bed time, preferably it
should be given early in the morning.
Label
The most important auxiliary label is "for oral use"," shake well before use" avoid excessive
use" the shelf life is one month. The storage condition is “store in cool and dry place, avoid
freezing” Keep away from children.
DENTIFRICES
POWDERS
Powders are the solid dosage form of medicament in which the drug or drugs are dispensed in a
finely divided state. They are available in crystalline or amorphous form. Whenever crystalline
substances are to be dispensed in powder form, they must be reduced to a fine powder before
mixing them with other substances. Powders may be dispensed as divided powders (single
doses) by wrapping individually in suitable size papers or as bulk powders in suitable
containers.
Exp No 5 Date
TOOTH POWDER
Aim: To p repa re and d i spense 10 gm of too th powder a s pe r NFI
Date:
Name:
Age:
Sex: Address
R
Quantity required for 50gm
Thymol 0.6 gm
Sodium bicarbonate 7.2 gm
Saccharine sodium 2.4gm
Hard soap 7. 2gm
Calcium carbonate 32.6 gm
Fiat: Prepare and dispense the powder
Sig: Use regularly with a tooth brush
Dr.
Reg.no
Theory:
Powders used to clean the teeth are called dentifrices. It is applied with a tooth brush.
Packaging: Sifter top metallic or plastic container. Divided powders (i.e. single dose) each dose is
separately enclosed in a piece of paper. (1) For wrapping divided powders, white glazed paper
(demy paper) is generally used.The powder wrappers are stacked in a paper box and dispensed.
Some time double wrapping is required, especially if the powder is hygroscopic. In this case
waxed paper is used as inner wrapper, then the demi wrapper as the outer wrapper.
1. Thymol: Antiseptic , irritant , deoderant, sialogogue( which increases salivary
secretion)
2. Sodium bicarbonate: Mucolytic agent and an alkalie which neutralizes acid and
prevents acid destruction of tooth and caries formation. It acts as an oral antacid.
3. Saccharin sodium: Sweetening agent
4. Hard soap: Detergent, cleaning agent, lubricating agent
5. Calcium carbonate: It is an abrasive which cleans and polishes the teeth. It helps in
loosening and removal of food particles and stains from teeth.
Procedure:
Calculated amount of thymol, sodium bicarbonate, saccharine sodium, hard soap, and calcium
carbonate are weighed separately and taken in a clean dry mortar. Powder well by trituration.
Transfer the preparation to a paper pack, label and dispense.
Uses
To clean and polish teeth
To remove dental plague and stains from teeth
To maintain good oral hygiene
To prevent tartar formation
PASTES
Pastes are the semi-solid preparations meant for external application to the skin, They differ
from ointments that they generally contain a large amount of finely powdered solids such as
starch, zinc oxide, calcium carbonate etc. They are quite thick and stiff than ointments but are
less greasy than ointments.
Exp No 6 Date:
TOOTH PASTE
Aim: To prepare and dispense 10g of toothpaste as per NFI
Date:
Name:
Age:
Sex Address
R
Quantity required for 100g
Calcium carbonate 52 gm
Soft soap 4 gm
Glycerine 20 ml
Saccharine sodium 2 gm
Methyl salicylate 2ml
Starch 4 gm
Distilled water 15 ml
Fiat: Prepare and dispense the tooth paste
Sig: Use regularly with a tooth brush
Dr,
Reg. no
Theory
Calcium carbonate- An abrasive which cleans and polishes teeth.It helps in loosening and removal of food
particle and stain from the mouth
Soft soap- Detergent and cleansing agent
Glycerine- Used as solvent or vehicle in which other medicaments are dissolved. It is a hygroscopic agent
and keeps the area moist. Because of its viscous nature it retains the medicament in area for sufficient time
rendering prolonged action. It is demulcent and smoothens, softens the oral mucosa.
Procedure
Calculated amount of Calcium carbonate , soft soap, starch are weighed separately and taken in a dry and
clean mortar. Powder it. Calculated amount of saccharine, glycerin, methyl salicylate, and distilled water are
added. Triturate it well. Transfer to an oil paper. Label and dispense.
Uses
1. To maintain good oral hygein
2. To polish and clean teeth
3. To prevent tartar formation
4. To prevent halitosis
MOUTH WASH
A mouth wash is an aqueous solution with a pleasant taste and odour used for rinsing,
deodorant, refreshing or antiseptic action. The medicated mouth washes should not be
indiscriminately used by a normal person, the continuous use may prove harmful.
Exp No: 7 Date:
POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE MOUTH WASH
Aim: To prepare and dispense 100ml of 1:5000 potassium permanganate mouth wash
Date:
Name:
Age:
Sex: Address
R
Quantity required for 100ml of 1:5000 Kmno4 mouth wash
Pottassium permanganate 20 mg
Sodium chloride 900 mg
Distilled water 100ml
Fiat: Prepare and dispense the mouth wash
Sig:1. Dilute it with an equal volume of warm water before use.
2. Rinse the mouth in morning and night after brusing.
Dr.
Reg.no
Theory
Normal Saline (0.9% Nacl) - used for cleaning of wounds and dehydration
Potassium permanganate- antiseptic, deodorant, astringent (Mechanism: When it comes in
contact with substance, it releases nascent oxygen, which kills the microbes.
Procedure
Add 100mg of potassium permanganate to 100ml of distilled water and stirr well. Take 20ml of
this add .0.9gm NaCl. Transfer it to a measuring jar, add distilled water to make the volume
100ml. Solution is transferred to an amber coloured bottle because potassium permanganate is
decomposed by sunlight. Bottle is labeled properly.
Uses
Mouth wash(1:5000)- pharyngitis, tonsillitis
Cleansing of wounds , ulcers
Disinfection of water
Cleaning of vegetables
Used in antral wash in sinusitis
Stomach wash (gastric lavage) in case of alkaloid poisoning
In case of snake bite
For dressing exudative dermatitis
Label : “FOR DENTAL USE” Not to be swallowed Keep out of reach of children
PAINTS
Throat paints are viscous liquid preparations used for mouth and throat infections. Glycerin is
commonly used, because it is very viscous and it adheres well to the mucous membrane of mouth
and throat. It also gives a sweet taste and warm sensation to the inflamed area.
Examples: Compound iodine paint (Mandl’s paint), boric acid glycerin, phenol glycerin, tannic
acid glycerin.
Exp No:8 Date:
MANDL’S THROAT PAINT
Aim: To prepare and dispense 10 ml of Mandl’s paint
Date:
Name:
Age:Sex Address
R
Potassium iodide 25g
Iodine 12.5g
Alcohol 90%v/v 40ml
Water 25ml
Peppermint oil 4ml
Glycerol upto 1000ml
Fiat : make a throat paint and dispense 10 ml
Sign : to be applied on the affected part 2-3 times a day with a cotton swab.
Theory
Iodine – antiseptic, antifungal and anti viral
Potassium iodide – helps to dissolve the iodine
Distilled water as solvent
Peppermint oil – flavoring agent
Alcohol mild antiseptic and dissolves peppermint oil
Glycerine – act as vehicle, adherent, soothening agent and demulsent
Method of preparation
(i) Take potassium iodide and iodine in clean and dry glass mortar and powder well and add
distilled water and mix it well to form KI3 (or higher iodides).
(ii) Peppermint oil is dissolved in alcohol 90%v/v and the alcoholic solution is added to the
iodine solution.
(iii) Volume is made up with glycerin.
USES: Pharyngitis, tonsilitis and gingivitis
Container
Containers: Air-tight, light resistant (required for peppermint oil), fluted bottle.
Label: “FOR EXTERNAL USE ONLY’
Not to be swallowed in large amount.
Storage: Stored in a cool place.
Exp No:9 Date:
THE ASTRINGENT GUM PAINT
Aim: To prepare and dispense 10 ml of astringent gum paint
Date:
Name:
Age:
Sex Address
R
Tannic acid 5 gm
Potassium Iodide 10 gm
Iodine 5 gm
Glycerine up to 100ml
Fiat : Make and dispense 10 ml
Sign : Put a drop or two of gum paint on the tip of the finger and rub gently on to the affected
areas every 3-4 hours.
THEORY
Tannic acid has been used as an astringent for the mucus membranes of the mouth and throat.
Gum paint, provides cooling, soothing, astringent effect. Similarly, ingredients like
iodine, potassium iodide have germicidal, fungicidal, anaesthetic and healing
properties. Menthol provides the cooling effect and also it possesses local
anesthetic action. Glycerine helps the healing of the ulcer as well as it has antiinflammatory
property.
PROCEDURE
Required quantities of iodine, potassium iodide and tannic acid are weighed and transferred into a
china dish and kept on a water bath and mixed with a glass rod cool it to room temperature and
transferred to an amber colored bottle and labeled and dispense.
Uses: Stomatitis, Glossitis, Peridontitis, Gingivitis and Aphthous Ulcers.
Label: “FOR EXTERNAL USE ONLY’
Not to be swallowed in large amount.
Storage: Stored in a cool place
Chapter VII PRESCRIPTION
Prescription is an order written by a physician, dentist or any other registered medical practitioner
to a pharmacist to compound and dispense a specific medication for the patient.
The order is accompanied by directions for the pharmacist that what type of preparation is to be
prepared and how much is to be is prepared. It is also accompanied with the directions for the
patient that how much medicament is to be taken, how many times or at what time and how it is to
be taken.
Prescriptions were generally written in Latin language which was understood allover the world, so
that the ingredients of the prescriptions remain unknown to the patient to avoid self medication.
Still the use of Latin abbreviations in the prescription writing is very common especially in dosage
instructions.
The modern tendency in prescribing drugs is to make prescriptions simple. Instead of prescribing a
mixture of numerous drugs, the prescription of a single drug with definite and specific action is
desired.
More stress is laid on the readymade preparations which are available in the market.
Stepwise Procedure:
Prescriptions are generally written in English language but Latin words or abbreviations are some
times used. So it becomes necessary for Pharmacist to become familiar with the Common Latin
terms and abbreviations.
Parts of the prescription:
1. Prescriber's office information:
It gives information about the prescriber, his/her clinic with address and phone number.
2. Date:
Date helps a pharmacist to find out the date of prescribing and date of presentation for filling.
Prescription of Narcotic or other habit-forming drugs must bear the date.
3. Name, age, sex and address must be written because it serves to identify the prescription. It
also helps the pharmacist to check the prescribed dose of medication in case of children.
4. Superscription:
It is represented by a symbol Rx which is written before writing the prescription. It is an
abbreviation of Latin word Recipe which means 'You take ' (Take Thou). In olden days, the
symbol was considered to be originated from the sign of Jupiter, God of healing.
5. Inscription:
This is the main part of the prescription order, contains the Name and Quantities of the prescribed
ingredients. The name of each ingredient is written on a separate line along with its quantity.
Inscription can be divided into different parts like Base, Adjuvant and Vehicle. For example in
above format sodium bicarbonate is an antacid drug (maximum dose: 5 gm), compound tincture
of cardamom for flavour, simple syrup as sweetener and water as vehicle.
6. Subscription:
It gives direction to the pharmacist for preparing the prescription and number of doses to be
dispensed.
7. Signetur (Signa):
This consists of directions to be given to the patient regarding administration of the drug. For
example direction given above can be translated into English as: One tablespoonful to be taken
three times a day after meals.
8. Refill:
Number of authorized refills is indicated to prevent misuse of prescription.
9. Signature, address and registration number of the prescriber:
It is important in order to avoid misuse of the preparations.
Modern method of prescribing:
Though above information describes traditional way of prescribing, with flow of time many
changes have taken place. For example, now a days majority of drugs are available in the market
as readymade formulations which are more suitable considering sterilization, container suitability,
very small size (micro, nano) of drug molecules etc. Thus there is no need to dispense the drugs by
the pharmacists. So prescriptions by physicians generally contain the generic name, trade name,
dose size, dosage forms, etc. The language use of English terms instead of Latin, metric system
weights and measures instead of grains and minims, use of computers for storage of patients
related information are salient features.
A student has to adopt above changes in his career of professional life, as these are the existing
ways. In view of above there are some prescriptions in this manual containing metric system,
English language etc. But to learn the basic things and to be perfect in all angles, old ways are
retained in few prescriptions.
DENTAL COLLEGE
MUVATTUPUZHA Ph. - 04852222222
Date: --/-- /----
Name---------------------------------- Age----yrs Sex---
Address--------------------Body surface area----sq. m. Wt --- kg
R (Superscription)
Fiat: Mistura (subscription)( make a mixture)
Signa. Cochleare magnum ter in die post cibos sumenda (Signature)
(Take one tablespoon full t.i.d after the meals)
Refill:-----------
LABEL
The following information should be written on all the labels:
(i) Type of the preparation: The mixture, The Emulsion, The powder etc. It's quantity should also
be mentioned.
(ii) For: Name of the patient, age and sex.
(iii) Registration no.
(iv) Date of dispensing.
(v) Expiry date if any.
(vi) Direction for its use.
(vii) Storage conditions.
(viii) Name and address of the pharmacy.
(ix) In case of liquid preparations which require previous shaking e.g. emultions, suspensions,
liniments, lotions etc. must be attached with secondary label "Shake the bottle before use".
(Signature) Sdl- Dr. --------------Regd. No. -
INSCRIPTIONSodium bi-carbonate 3 gm
Compound tincture of cardamom 2 ml
Simple syrup 6 ml
Water quantity sufficient 90 ml
(x) The prescriptions meant for external use e.g. liniments, lotions, ointments, eye drops, ear drops
etc. must be attached with secondary label "for external use only".
Sample label
THE POWDER
(5 x 250 mg)
For:Mrs X.Y.Z. Age: 25 yrs (Y) Sex
Regd. no. "47
Date of dispensing:
Directions: One to be taken when the pain is severe.
Dispensed by-.
Name and address of pharmacy.
Chapter VIII PRECRIPTION WRITING
Write the rational prescriptions for the following and justify it?
I. Problems encountered in clinical practice
1. Prescribe drugs for chronic bronchial asthma
2. Prescribe drugs for 50 year old patient diagnosed for hypertension(140/95)
3. Prescribe drugs for severe congestive heart failure.
4. Prescribe drugs for acute angina.
5. Prescribe drugs for recurrent case of peptic ulcer.
6. Prescribe drugs for bacillary dysentery
7. Prescribe drugs for pseudo membranous colitis
8. Prescribe drugs for type II diabetes mellitus
9. Prescribe drugs for diabetic coma
10. Prescribe drugs for osteoarthritis
11. Prescribe drugs for anaphylaxis
12. Prescribe drugs for status asthmaticus
13. Prescribe drugs for status epilepticus
14. Prescribe drugs for iron deficiency anaemia
15. Prescribe drugs for pernicious anaemia
II. Problems encountered in dental practice.
1. Prescribe drugs for acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
2. Prescribe drugs for acute herpetic gingivitis
3. Prescribe drugs for acute stomatitis
4. Prescribe drugs for acute gingival abscess
5. Prescribe drugs for pericoronal abscess
6. Prescribe drugs for dental caries
7. Prescribe drugs for aphthous ulcers
8. Prescribe drugs for hypersensitive dentine
9. Prescribe drugs for dentoalveolar abscess
10. Prescribe drugs for xerostomia
11. Prescribe drugs for acute tooth ache
12. Prescribe drugs for post operative pain
13. Prescribe drugs for post extraction pain with swelling
14. Prescribe drugs for oral candidiasis
15. Prescribe drugs for scurvy
Appendix
LATIN TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS COMMONLY USED IN PRESCRIPTION WRITING
DOSAGE FORMS
Latin Name Abbreviation English Name
Auristille
Capsula
Cataplasma
Charta
Collutorium
Collyrium
Cremor
Emulsio
Haustus
lnjectio
lnsufflatio
Linctus
Linimentum
Liquor
Lotio
Mistura
Naristillae
Nebula
Pasta
Pilula
Pulvis
Solutio
Suppositorium
Tabletta
Unguentum
auristill.
caps.
cataplasm
chart.
collut.
collyr.
crem.
emul.
ht.
inj.
insuff.
linct.
lin.
liq.
lot.
m,mist
narist.
neb.
past.
pil.
pulv.
sol.
suppos
tab.
ung.
Ear drops
A Capsule
A poultice
A powder
A mouth wash
An eye wash
An cream
An emulsion
A draught
An injection
An insufflation
A linctus
A liniment
A solution
A lotion
A mixture
Nasal drops
A spray solution
A paste
A pill
A powder
A solution
A suppository
A tablet
An ointment
TIME OF ADMINISTRATION
Latin Name Abbreviation English Name
Semel in die
Bis in die, Bis d
Ter in die
Quater in die
Sexies in die
Sem in die
b.i.d., b.d.
t.i.d., t.d.
q.i.d., q.d.
Sex.i.d.
Once a day
Twice a day
Three times a day
Four times a day
Six times a day
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION OR APPLICATION
Latin Name Abbreviation English Name
Addendus
Applicandus
Capiendus
Dandus
Deglutiendus
lnfricandus
inhaletur
Miscendus
Signa
Sumendus
Utendus
addend.
applicand.
capiend.
dand.
deglut.
infricand.
inhal.
miscend.
sig.
S or sum.
U or utend.
To be added
To be applied
To be taken
To be given
To be swallowed
To be rubbed in
Let (it) be inhaled
To be mixed
Label
To be taken
To be used
OTHER TERMS
Dolore urgent
Frequenter
Lente
More dicto
Modo dicto
Si opus sit
Statim
Tussi urgent
dol.urg.
f req
m.d.
m.d.
S.O.S.
stat.
tuss.Urg.
When the pain is severe
Frequent
Slowly
As directed
When required or When necessary
Immediately
When the cough is troublesome
PARTS OF BODY
Auris dexter
Auris laevus
Brachio
Corpori
Jugulo
Naso
Oculis dexter
Oculis laevus
Os, oris
Pro oculus
Sterno
a.d.
a.1.
brach,
Corp
jug.
------
0.d.
0.1.
O.S.
pro.ocul.
Stern
To right ear
To left ear
To the arm
10 the body
To the throat
To the nose
To right eye
To left eye
To mouth
For the eyes
To the chest
DIFFERENT TIME OF THE DAY
Primo mane
Mane
Omni mane
Omni nocte
Inter noctem
Nocte
Jentaculum
Nocte et mane
Nocte maneque
Omini hora
Omini Quarta ho
Singulis horis
Alternis horis
Tertis horis
Quartis horis
Sextis horis
Ante cibos
Post cibos
Inter cibos
prim.m.
m
0.m.
0.n.
Inter noct
n
jentac
n.et.m.
n.m.
0.h.
0.q.h.
Sing. hora
Alt. hor.
Tert.hor
Quart.hor.
sext. Hor
a.c
p.c
i.c
Early in the morning
In the morning
Every morning
Every night
During the night
At night
Breakfast
Night and morning
Night and morning
Every hour
Every fourth hour
Every hour
Every two hours
Every three hours
Every four hours
Every six hours
Before meals
After meals
Between meals
VEHICLE USED AND MEANS OF APPLICATION
Cocheare amplum
Cocheare magnum
Cocheare maximum
Cochleare medium
Cochleare minimum
Cum
Cum duplo
Cum parte aequale
Cum tanto
Cyathus amplus
Cyathus magnus
Cyathus vinosus
E.lacte
Ex.aqua
Coch amp
Coch mag
Coch max
coch. med.
coch. min.
c.c.
c. dup.
c. pt. aeq.
c. tant.
cyath. amp.
cyath. mag.
cyath. vin.
e. lact.
ex. aq.
One tablespoonful
One dessertspoonful
One teaspoonful
With
With twice as much
With an equal quantit
With as much
A tumbler
A tumbler
A wine glass
With milk
With water
MISCELLANEOUS
Ana
Ante
Aqua
Aqua distillate
Cibos
Fiat
Gutta, guttae
Hora
Laevo
Misce
Mitte
Mitte tales
More dicto
Omni
Pro dosi
Quantum sufficiat
Recipe
Semi
Solve
Talis, tales
aa
a
aq
aq.dest
cibos
ft .
gtt.
h
L
m
mitt.
mitt tal
m.dict.
omn
-----
q.s.
R
SS
-----
Tal
Of each
Before
Water
Distilled water
Meals, food
Make, let (it) be made
A drop, drops
An hour
Left
Mix, let it be mixed
Send
Send such
In the manner prescribe
Every
As a dose
As much as is sufficient
Take
Half
Dissolve
Such
NUMERALS
Unus
Duo
Tres
Quatuor
Quinque
Sex
Septem
Octol Octem
Novem
Decem
Undecim
Duodecim
Quatuordecim
Quindecim
Viginti
Quinquaginta
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
XIV
XV
XX
L
One
Two
Three
Four
Five
Six
Seven
Eight
Nine
Ten
Eleven
Twelve
Fourteen
Fifteen
Twenty
Fifty
Centum C One hundred