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ELG4126: Case Study of Renewable Energy and
Smart Grid
By Lindsay Thompson, 5203120
Presented to Professor Riadh Habash
2/15/2013
PHASE 1: SIMCOE WIND FARM
2
Table of Contents 1.0 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 3
2.0 WIND FARM DEVELOPMENT PHASE ....................................................................................................... 3
2.1 WIND ASSESSMENT AND LOCATION................................................................................................... 3
2.2 WIND FARM DESIGN ........................................................................................................................... 3
2.3 WIND TURBINE SELECTION ................................................................................................................. 4
2.3.1 CATEGORY OF WIND TURBINE ..................................................................................................... 5
2.3.2 CAPACITY FACTOR CALCULATION ................................................................................................ 6
2.4 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT ........................................................................................................ 7
2.4.1 LIGHTNING AND ICE CONDITIONS ............................................................................................... 7
2.4.2 BIRD/BAT EFFECT ......................................................................................................................... 7
2.4.3 NOISE CONDITIONS ...................................................................................................................... 8
2.5 LAND ACQUISITION ............................................................................................................................. 8
2.6 PERMITTING AND CONSULTATION ..................................................................................................... 8
2.7 WIND TURBINE PLACEMENT ............................................................................................................... 8
2.7.1 INTEGRATING WITH WOLFE ISLAND WIND FARM ....................................................................... 9
2.7.2 CABLE SELECTION ....................................................................................................................... 10
2.7.3 GRID CONNECTION .................................................................................................................... 10
2.7.4 POWER QUALITY ........................................................................................................................ 11
2.7.5 WIND FARM PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS .............................................................................. 11
2.8 ECONOMICAL AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS ......................................................................................... 12
3.0 CONSTRUCTION PHASE ......................................................................................................................... 13
3.1 MANUFACTURING AND SITE PREPARATION ..................................................................................... 13
3.3 COMMISSIONING .............................................................................................................................. 13
4.0 OPERATION ........................................................................................................................................... 14
5.0 CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................................................... 14
6.0 References ............................................................................................................................................ 15
3
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The Simcoe Wind Farm is located on an small Island in Lake Ontario near Kingston , Ontario. This project involves the construction, installation and operation of 5 REpower System MM92 series wind turbines, each rated at 2MW, for a total installed capacity of 10MW. The generated power will be transmitted from the island to the mainland, where it will then be used to power approximately 4,000 homes! This case study will analyse and determine the feasibility of different aspects related to the development, construction and operation phases of the Simcoe wind farm.
2.0 WIND FARM DEVELOPMENT PHASE
2.1 WIND ASSESSMENT AND LOCATION The location of the wind farm was chosen to be in an area near a big city where wind speeds are above
4m/s. The city chosen was Kingston Ontario, with a population of 160 000 people. Kingston is also
located on Lake Ontario, at a 44.23 latitude and -76.48 longitude. Plugging
these values into the Canadian Wind Energy Atlas, we obtain the information
on wind speeds and energy displayed in Figure 2 [1]. Thus, the annual average
wind speed is approximately 7.46m/s which is sufficient for a wind farm.
The mean wind energy will be approximately 414.50 W/m2.
2.2 WIND FARM DESIGN Doing research on areas surrounding Kingston, I decided to place my wind farm on a nearby island,
called Simcoe Island as seem in Figure3. This is a small island in Lake Ontario which is almost all
farmland. The island is located near Wolfe Island, which is home to Canada's
second largest wind farm. This is convenient because it will allow the Simcoe wind
farm to have access to distribution
stations and grid connections. The nearby
transmission and distribution stations
owned by Hydro One are displayed in
Figure 4.
From the Hydro One website, I was also
Figure 1: Wind speeds
Figure 2: Mean wind and energy for Kingston, Ontario
Figure 3: Simcoe Island
Figure 4: TS and DS owned by Hydro One
4
able to find information on distribution stations and available capacities. A list of the Gardiner
distribution stations located near Kingston can be found in Figure5 [2]. There are two Gardiner
Distribution stations, with a total of 5 feeder connections. In order to connect to one of these feeders,
the thermal capacity of the DS, which is the estimated amount of generation that can be connected to a
bus before exceeding the reverse flow limits of the transformer must be above 10MW. Unfortunately,
we see that this is not the case. After summing the two Gardiner DS, we obtain a thermal capacity of
3.4MW + 3.5MW = 6.9MW, which is insufficient. Thus, for this case study it will be assumed that there is
sufficient capacity for my 10MW wind farm to connect to the DS.
2.3 WIND TURBINE SELECTION
I decided to purchase my wind turbines from REpower Systems SE, a Suzlon group company located in Hamburg, Germany.I decided to choose the MM92 wind turbine model, which is a 3-blade HAWT wind turbine. The specifications are listed in the table below [3]. It is important to note that the Rated power of this wind turbine is actually 2.05 MW but since the wind farm capacity for this project is 10MW, I will round off the rated power to 2MW rather than 2.05MW, thus having a total wind farm capacity of 10MW.
Wind turbine info
model MM92
Manufacturer RePower Systems
Design Data
Rated Power 2,050 kW
Cut-in wind speed 3.0m/s
Rated wind speed 12.5m/s
Cut-out speed 24.0 m/s
Wind zone Up to DIBt3
Type class Up to IEC IIA
ROTOR
Diameter 92.5m
Rotor area 6,720 m2
Rotor speed 7.8 - 15.0 rpm (+12.5%)
Nacelle weight (excluding rotor) Approximately 71.0 t
Nacelle Length - Height - Width Approximately 10.3m - 3.9m - 3.8m
ROTOR BLADE
Length 45.2m
Weight Approximately 8 t
Type GRP sandwich construction; manufactured in Infusion-process
Number of blades 3
Figure 5: Gardiner Distribution Stations
5
YAW SYSTEM
Type Double-row externally geared four-point bearing
Drive System Gear motors
Stabilization Disc brakes
GEAR SYSTEM
Type Combined planetary/spur wheel gearbox
Transmission ratio i=approx 96.0 (60Hz)
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
Generator Type Double-fed asynchronous generator 6-pole (60Hz)
Rater power 2,050 kW
Rated voltage 575 V (60Hz)
Rated speed 720 - 1,440 rpm (60Hz)
Generator protection class IP 54
Converter type Pulse width-modulated IGBTs
POWER CONTROL
Principle Electrical blade angle adjustment - pitch and speed control
SOUND POWER LEVEL
LWA, 95% 104.2 dB (A)
TOWER
Type Steel tube
Hub height 68.5/80/100m * 80m hub height will be chosen*
Hub weight (including pitch system) Approximately 17.5 t
FOUNDATION
Type Reinforced concrete foundation with foundation insert, adjusted to site conditions
This is a very popular model, which has additional features as listed in the table below.
ADDITIONAL FEATURES
Individually adjustable blades (electrically controlled) - fail-safe system
Extensive redundant temperature and speed sensing system
Fully integrated lightning protection
Shielded cables and power rails protecting people and machinery
Rotor holding brake with soft-brake function
The corresponding power curve is displayed in Figure 6..
2.3.1 CATEGORY OF WIND TURBINE
The generator used in the REpower MM92 wind turbine is a
Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG), which means this is a
Type 3 wind turbine, corresponding to variable speed with
partial power electronics conversion. An example of a doubly-
fed induction generator is shown below:
Figure 6: MM92 Power curvce
6
Although the introduction of power electronics will result in the presence of harmonics, there are
certain advantages that come with a DFIG, including the following [4]:
Reasons for choosing DFIG
Operation at variable rotor speeds.
Optimization of the amount of power generated depending on wind.
Control of the power factor.
Generation of electrical power at lower wind speeds
Virtual elimination of sudden variations in the rotor torque and generator output power.
2.3.2 CAPACITY FACTOR CALCULATION
By entering the corresponding maximum power
output, the cut-in wind speed and the rated wind
speed of the MM92 turbine, the outputted power
and energy estimations as well as the use factors
were supplied by the Canadian Wind Energy Atlas
website. Beside is a table summarizing the data.
From the table, we see that one turbine will generate
approximately 7910.34 MWh/year, so we can
determine that the wind farm in total will have an
energy output of approximately
7910.34*5=39551.7MWh/year. Thus, we can now
calculate the capacity factor of the wind farm:
Figure 7: DFIG
7
The capacity factor allows us to compare the plant's actual production over a given period of time with
the amount of power the plant would have produced if it had run at full capacity. From above
calculation, the capacity factor of my wind farm is 45.15% which falls within the typical range.
2.4 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT Environmental studies must be conducted in order to evaluate the condition of the land chosen for the wind farm location and determine impacts on landscape and wildlife for example.
2.4.1 LIGHTNING AND ICE CONDITIONS
Lightning, both direct and indirect, can cause misoperation and harm to the wind turbines. The table below holds lightning statistics for Kingston, Ontario from 1999 to 2008 [5]. Kingston is definitely an area that is not heavily affected by lightning storms, although to be safe, it is important to incorporate some type of lightning protection.
RePower systems offers lightning protection on their MM92 series wind turbines. The lightning protection chosen for the wind turbine is described in Figure 8 below:
Figure 8: MM92 lightning protection
Due to bad winter conditions in Ontario, another environmental aspect that must be considered is snow and ice accumulation on the blades. Such an accumulation could lead to ice throwing, and can also damage equipment and lead to unbalanced and higher loads on blades, bearings and drive train[6]. The behaviour of the blades will thus be affected, as well as the overall performance. Ways to detect ice include :
-> checking for changes in the power curve -> checking for additional tower vibrations. REpower offers optional icing detection solutions for MM92 wind turbines, which will be applied to this wind farm.
2.4.2 BIRD/BAT EFFECT
Due to the fact that Simcoe Island is located only a few kilometers beside Wolfe Island, we can assume that both islands will have approximately the same bird and bat mortality statistics. From previous monitoring studies carried out on the Wolfe Island wind farm, the following was calculated [7]:
-> Annual bird mortality rate of 4.34 birds/MW -> Annual bat mortality rate of 9.71 bats/MW
We can assume similar monitoring results for Simcoe Island Wind farm.
8
2.4.3 NOISE CONDITIONS
MM92 typical Speeds Noise
5 m/s 101.7 dBA
6 m/s 103.4 dBA
7 m/s 104.2 dBA
> 8 m/s 104.2 dBA
Thus, the maximum noise attainable by the MM92 wind turbine is 104.2 dBA.
2.5 LAND ACQUISITION
As previously mentioned, Simcoe island is mostly farmland. Thus, land acquisition is required from
farmers and land owners. I have decided to provide rent payments per year per turbine. According to
OSEA's "Ontario Landowner's Guide to Wind Energy", it is typical for wind developers in Ontario to offer
minimum rent payments from $1,250 to $5,000 per turbine and royalties from 1.75% to 3% of gross
revenues from the turbine or turbines on the land owner's property.
Land Rental Budget
Rent cost per turbine per year Number of turbines Assumed life span
$2,000 5 20 years
Total = ($2000*5)*20 years = $200,000
This does not include royalty percentages from the gross revenues from the turbines, which would be
additional cost depending on gross revenues.
2.6 PERMITTING AND CONSULTATION A variety of permits and consultations are requires before being able to enter the construction phase of
the wind farm. For example, according to OSEA's Ontario Landowner's Guide to Wind Energy, the
following assessment will be required:
"In Ontario, a wind developer may be required to perform either a provincial or a federal environmental
assessment (EA). For all projects that are greater than 2 MW in Ontario a provincial EA is required. The
provincial EA process is covered under Ontario Electricity Projects Regulation 116/01."
Thus, since the Simcoe wind farm will have a total installed capacity of 10MW, a provincial EA will be
required.
2.7 WIND TURBINE PLACEMENT
The distances between turbines are measured relative to the Rotor Diameter, which is this case, is equal to 92.5 m (1RD = 92.5m). As seen in class, the typical wind turbine spacing is 3-5 RD by 5-9 RD. I have chosen a 4 RD by 6RD terrain,(370x555 m2) for the Simcoe wind farm, as seen to the left.
9
The Wind Atlas also provides a wind rose, which as seen in Figure 9, is in a South-West direction. The five wind turbines will be facing upwind, thus being put in a South-West direction. An approximated wind farm setup is shown below with the red dots representing the roads leading to each turbine, and the blue dots representing possible cable placement for interconnection of the wind farm. The newly constructed roads will interconnect with the island's only main dirt road, Nine Mile Point Road, as shown on the map.
2.7.1 INTEGRATING WITH WOLFE ISLAND WIND FARM
One reason why I chose this location was due to the existing neighbouring wind farm on Wolfe Island.
This wind farm was installed in 2009 and a major component is the 7.8km long submarine cable used to
transmit power from the island to the existing
Hydro One 239kV Gardiner Transformer Station
situated on the mainland[8].
The cable route is displayed on the image to the
right. Other than the submarine cable, the Wolf
island wind farm also has the following features
installed on the island:
-> Gardiners transformer station
-> 230 kV Substation
-> Switching Stations
-> 230 kV buried transmission line
-> 34.5 kV Collector Lines (mostly buried)
Thus, the only cabling required will be on Simcoe island itself amongst the 5 wind turbines and an
underwater cable connecting Simcoe Island to Wolfe Island. Once the generated energy reaches Wolfe
Figure 9: Wind rose
Figure 10: Wolfe Island wind farm submarine cable
10
island, it will interconnect with the Wolfe island substation, where the voltage will be converted in order
to be able to successfully connect to the 230 kV transmission line and 230kV submarine cable to be
transported to Kingston Mainland. Evidently charges will apply and an amount of money will have to be
given to the developers of the Wolfe island wind farm in exchange for this interconnection.
2.7.2 CABLE SELECTION
I have chosen to use an underground single string configuration so that all the wind turbines are on a
single series circuit[9]. This may not be the most reliable configuration, but it will allow easy power
transportation from Simcoe Island to Wolfe Island, where the already existing Substation will be the
point of connectivity. The submarine cable connecting the two islands together will follow the same
specifications of the one connecting them wind farms to the mainland.
2.7.3 GRID CONNECTION
Below lists typical grid code requirements [10]:
furthermore, connecting to the grid also requires impact studies to be performed before successful
interconnection. There exist many IEEE standards and compliances that must be considered when
building and interconnecting a wind farm to the grid. I have created a table summarizing different
requirements of the IEEE 1547 standard that would have an impact on the Simcoe Wind farm. The
requirement information below was taken from the UWIG "Application Guide for Distributed Wind
Interconnection - Interconnection Requirements" paper.
IEEE 1547 Requirement Requirement Condition
1.0 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
Voltage Regulation PCC voltage shall not be actively regulated by the DR.
Integration with area electric power system (EPS) grounding
Equipment rating shall not be exceeded by overvoltage not sufficiently limited by the grounding scheme of the interconnection.
Synchronization Voltage fluctuation at the PCC exceeding +- 5% of the prevailing PCC voltage level of the area EPS and flicker requirements shall not be caused by paralleling the DR with the area EPS.
Interconnect integrity The interconnection system shall comply with electromagnetic interference (EMI) requirements in IEEE std C37.90.2-1995
Surge withstand performance
the interconnection system shall comply with voltage and current surge withstand requirements in IEEE std C62.41.2 (2002).
2.0 ABNORMAL CONDITIONS
Abnormal voltages and frequencies
During abnormal voltages and frequencies (different from 60Hz), the DR shall cease to energize the area EPS.
11
Above table lists requirements considered for the interconnection of the Simcoe wind farm.
2.7.4 POWER QUALITY
Due to fluctuations in power caused by varying environmental conditions, power quality issues must be considered. This includes flicker, unintentional islanding, interruptions, and since my wind farm is composed of type 3 wind turbines, there are power electronics involved, meaning that the injection of harmonic current into the grid must be considered. The IEEE 1547 requirements for power quality as stated in the UWIG paper mentioned above are listed in the table below:
IEEE 1547 Requirement Requirement Condition
3.0 POWER QUALITY
Limitation of flicker DR shall not create objectionable flicker. IEEE Std. 1453-2004 adopts the flicker evaluation and measurement methods in IEC Std. 61000-3-3.
Harmonics DR shall not inject excessive harmonic currents into an area EPS. This standard gives upper limits for individual off harmonic current injection from the DR The IEEE 1547 limits for harmonic current distortion are based upon the limits provided in IEEE 519-1992, utilizing the most stringent current injection limits for distribution systems. The IEC standard for characterizing power quality of wind turbines specifies test procedures and data reporting for wind turbine harmonic current injection.
Islanding DR shall cease to energize the area EPS within two seconds after the formation of an unintentional island.
2.7.5 WIND FARM PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS
Below is the protection scheme that will be applied to the Simcoe Wind farm.
Figure 11: Wind farm zone protection
The protection will be separated into 6 zones, which are listed in more detail in the diagram below[10]:
12
2.8 ECONOMICAL AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS
According to the wind economics paper seen in class, costs of a wind turbine farm can be separated into two main categories:
-> Capital costs (~80 % of the total cost) -> Variable costs (~20% of the total cost)
Creating a wind farm requires a very large investment, however the creation of energy should eventually pay back the costs of the wind farm. Below is a table of capital costs and variable costs estimations that would have an effect of the total cost of the wind farm in Simcoe Island. (These estimated prices are subject to change)
WIND FARM BUDGET Approximate cost
CAPITAL COSTS (approximately
80% of total cost)
Wind turbine costs
Cost per kW of installed capacity 1,750/kW
production (1,750/KW*2000KW) x 5
wind turbines
=17.5 Million Dollars
blades
transformer
transportation
installation
Grid connection costs
Cables $10/ft
Trenching costs $15/ft
Connection $5,000/year
Power evacuation systems $2,000
Civil Work costs
Foundations $5,000
Road construction $5,000
Buildings $2,000
Other
Development/engineering $10,000
Consultancy and permits Variable
SCADA Variable
Monitoring systems $15,000
13
VARIABLE COSTS (Approximately
20% of total cost)
Operation and maintenance
Provisions for repair $1/KWh
Spare parts Variable
Electric installation maintenance $3,500
Rental
land $200,000/year
Sub-station $25,000
Submarine cable $2,000/year
Additional costs
Insurance and taxes $1.50/KWh
Management/administration 92cents/kWh
Commissioning/measurements $100,000
Cost of electricity 4.741 cents/KWh
3.0 CONSTRUCTION PHASE
3.1 MANUFACTURING AND SITE PREPARATION During this phase, yearly rent will be provided to landowners to enable the construction and
implementation of the Simcoe wind farm components, which include the following:
- Five MM92 wind turbines, manufactured by REpower Systems - Transformers - Cables and trenches for underground cables - Submarine cable - Access roads - Crane pads - Laydown areas - Crane assembly areas
3.3 COMMISSIONING Testing of the wind farm will be conducted. This includes a series of tests both mechanical and electrical. This will be completed after the installation of the wind farm and will be conducted to ensure proper functionality. Examples of tests that will be conducted on the wind farm are listed below [11]:
Type What is being Tested
Factory Acceptance Tests
Tower (foundation)
Electrical Parts (Generator, transformer, controller..etc)
Nacelle (Gear box, main shaft, yaw drives, blade pitch..etc)
Commissioning Tests
Test run with generator connected to the grid
Demonstration of WTG vibration below acceptable level
Test of over speed trip of each WTG
Tests of yaw drives
Test of Power Measurement System
Verification of settings for electrical protection relays
Performance Tests
Availability
Power curve
Electrical System
Acoustic Noise
Other tests SCADA test
14
4.0 OPERATION
Once the wind farm is in operation, it is
important to have operation and
maintenance services, as well as
monitoring and spare parts for possible
repairs. REpower Systems offers integrated
service packages (ISP) for wind farm
developers[12]. The below package is
available for wind farms with 5 or more
wind turbines. This service guarantees a
certain level of energy production based
on the potential yield from the wind farm
and would be beneficial for the Simcoe
Island wind farm.
5.0 CONCLUSION In conclusion, the Simcoe wind farm has proven to be a feasible project. Over 4,000 homes would profit
from the installation and operation of this wind farm!
Figure 12: Repower system ISP services
15
6.0 References
[1] WIND ATLAST
http://www.windatlas.ca/en/nav.php?field=EU&height=80&season=ANU&no=17&lignes=1&cities=1
Accessed February 2
[2]HYDRO ONE http://www.hydroone.com/Generators/Pages/AvailableCapacity.aspx Accessed
February 2
[3] REpower Systems MM92 http://www.repower.de/fileadmin/download/produkte/PP_MM92_uk.pdf
Accessed February 2
[4]LABVOLT http://www.labvolt.com/downloads/download/86376_F0.pdf Accessed February 4
[5] Environment Canada http://www.ec.gc.ca/foudre-lightning/default.asp?lang=En&n=4871AAE6-1#
Ontario Accessed February3
[6] Turbine Specifications Report Sumac Ridge Wind Project Accessed February 4
[7] http://www.siteselection.com/features/2007/may/greatlakes/ Accessed February 2
[8] Ontario Power Authority (OPA) http://www.powerauthority.on.ca/wind-power/wolfe-island-wind-
project-1978-mw-wolfe-island Accessed February 2
[9]http://www.site.uottawa.ca/~rhabash/ELG4125WindCableLayout.pdf Accessed February 10
[10] http://windenergy.org.nz/documents/conference10/wqureshi.pdf Accessed February 11
[11] VATTENFALL http://www.vattenfall.se/sv/file/10_Testing_and_Commissioning.pdf_16611584.pdf
Accessed February 13
[12] REpower Systems http://www.repower.de/fileadmin/download/produkte/RE_PP_ISP_uk.pdf
Accessed February 13