Phase 10 074 Science Report Final

8/14/2019 Phase 10 074 Science Report Final

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GVI Costa Rica

Coastal Rainforest and Wildlife Expedition

Phase Report 074

11th

October 20th

December 2007


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Executive Summary

The tenth 10-week phase, phase 074, of the Global Vision International (GVI) Costa

Rica Coastal Rainforest and Wildlife Expedition has now been completed. The

expedition, based at Estacin Biolgica Cao Palma (EBCP), has continued to worktowards the gathering of important environmental scientific data whilst working with local,

national and international partners and has maintained working relationships with local

communities through both English classes and local community events. The following

projects were conducted during phase 074:

Jaguar Predation on Marine Turtles. In collaboration with the Costa Rica Ministry of

Environment and Energy (MINAE).

Camera Trapping in Tortuguero National Park (TNP). In collaboration with MINAE. Marine Turtle Monitoring Programme. In collaboration with the Canadian

Organization for Tropical Education and Rainforest Conservation (COTERC), MINAE

and the Caribbean Conservation Corporation (CCC).

EBCP Resident Bird Project. In collaboration with Steven Furino, Waterloo

University, Canada.

Tourist Impact Assessment on Cao Palma canal.

Local Reforestation Project. In collaboration with COTERC.

EBCP Incidental species recording. English Language Lessons. In collaboration with the San Francisco community and

Tortuguero Canopy.


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6.2 Aim ................................................................................................................ 476.3 Methodology .................................................................................................. 47

6.3.1 Seed collection ....................................................................................... 476.3.2 Sapling collection ................................................................................... 476.3.3 Bagging seeds and saplings................................................................... 486.3.4 Nursery maintenance ............................................................................. 48

6.4 Results ........................................................................................................... 486.5 Discussion ..................................................................................................... 497 EBCP Incidentals ................................................................................................... 49

7.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 497.2 Aim ................................................................................................................ 507.3 Methodology .................................................................................................. 507.4 Results ........................................................................................................... 507.5 Discussion ..................................................................................................... 51

8 Mammal Monitoring Project ................................................................................... 528.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 528.2 Aims .............................................................................................................. 53

8.2.1 General objective ................................................................................... 538.2.2 Specific objectives .................................................................................. 538.3 Methodology .................................................................................................. 538.3.1 Transect set up ...................................................................................... 548.3.2 Main study .............................................................................................. 548.3.3 Data recorded ........................................................................................ 54

8.4 Results ........................................................................................................... 558.5 Discussion ..................................................................................................... 56

9 Teaching Community Report ................................................................................. 569.1 Introduction to English Teaching .................................................................... 569.2 Introduction to Environmental Education ........................................................ 579.3 Aims .............................................................................................................. 579.4 Methods ......................................................................................................... 57

9.4.1 Training .................................................................................................. 579.4.2 Teaching ................................................................................................ 589.4.3 Results ................................................................................................... 59

9.5 Discussion ..................................................................................................... 6010 References ............................................................................................................ 6411 Appendices ............................................................................................................ 69


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List of Figures

Figure 2-1 Spatial distribution of jaguar tracks, jaguar high activity areas, turtle

carcasses, and full green turtle tracks (x10) along the 14.5 miles of beach in Tortuguero

National Park, Costa Rica. ............................................................................................ 14Figure 2-2 Number of turtle carcasses, full green turtle tracks (x 50 for scale), jaguar

tracks and jaguar high activity zones per survey between 20 October and 8 December,

2007, Tortuguero National Park, Costa Rica. Survey number four ended early due to

adverse weather and was not included. ......................................................................... 16Figure 2-3 Number of turtle carcasses, full green turtle tracks (x50 for scale), jaguar

tracks and jaguar high activity areas recorded per week of the year between 20 October

and 8 December, 2007, Tortuguero National Park, Costa Rica. Turtle carcasses are

classified by estimated week of death. Complete surveys were conducted during weeks

42-44 and 47-49. The survey conducted suring week 46 ended early due to adverse

weather and was therefore omitted. .............................................................................. 17Figure 2-4 Proportion of turtle carcasses and the vertical position they were found in

(Open, Border or Vegetation) between 20 October and 8 December, 2007, Tortuguero

National Park, Costa Rica. ............................................................................................ 18Figure 4-1 Total number of species and surveys on the aquatic trails entrance, Cao

Chiquero, Cao Harold and Cao Palma, Costa Rica. .................................................. 36Figure 4-2 Key species recorded per survey on Cao Chiquero aquatic trail, Tortuguero

National Park, Costa Rica. ............................................................................................ 36Figure 4-3 Key species recorded per survey on Cao Harold aquatic trail, Tortuguero

National Park, Costa Rica. ............................................................................................ 37List of Tables

Table 5-1 Boat use restriction on Cano Palma, Tortuguero, Costa Rica. ....................... 41


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The impact of this human presence is becoming more obvious within ACTo. Lodges are

needing to expand and as a result they are consuming more forested areas; new homes

are being built for the workers of these hotels and associated industries; and an increase

in demand for building materials and general goods is resulting increased use of the

canals. Areas that had previously not been visited by tourist are now beginning to openup and although some limits are being put in place to control tourist numbers in certain

locations, many areas are uncontrolled and not monitored.

The projects currently being run by GVI in ACTo aim to help raise awareness of the

effect these changes are having on the environment. This is being done in numerous

ways some of which have a direct effect on the conservation of the area whilst others

have longer term educational benefits.

This report briefly looks at the work undertaken during Phase 074, the aim of this report

is to present an outline of the specific aims, methodologies and results gained during this

period. In some cases, such as the turtle monitoring programme, season reports are

produced and therefore no results have been included. In addition to this report, a year

report is produced annually presenting in more detail findings from the year and in some

cases comparing to previous years work.


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2 Jaguar Predation on Marine Turtles

2.1 Introduction

Tortuguero National Park (TNP), located along the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica, is the

most important nesting ground for the Atlantic population of green turtles (Chelonia

mydas) (Bass et al., 1998). In addition to the green turtle a significant number of

leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) as well as the occasional hawksbill

(Eretmochelys imbricata) and loggerhead (Caretta caretta) turtles nest in TNP (Haro &

Harrison 2006). The nesting turtle population has been monitored on the parks beach

since 1955 (Carr 1980, Carr & Carr 1972) and it continues to be monitored today by the

Caribbean Conservation Corporation (CCC).

The only animals that are known to kill adult marine turtles are sharks, killer whales, andjaguars (Hirth, 1997; Oritz et al., 1997 cited by Trong 2000). Because of this, any turtle

carcasses on the beach that showed no signs of being poached were presumed to have

been killed by a jaguar. Nevertheless, information on jaguar (Panthera onca) predation

of marine turtles is sparse, but has been recorded sporadically in many areas of the

world, although the first records appear to come from Suriname, where 82 green turtles

were identified as being predated by jaguars from 1963-1973 and Koford (1983)

mentions that jaguars prey on marine turtles in this country, although no specific species

are mentioned. On the same beach in 1980 one individual jaguar killed 13 turtles withinonly a few days (Autar, 1994).

On the Pacific coast of Costa Rica, jaguars have been recorded preying upon olive ridley

(Lepidochelys olivacea), black (Chelonia mydas agassizii), and hawksbill turtles (Carillo

et al., 1994, Chinchilla, 1997). Although much research has been carried out on turtles in

TNP, from 1956 to 1995 only two green turtles were recorded as killed by jaguars, one in

1981 and another in 1984 (J. Mortimer pers. comm. in Trong 2000).

Information on turtles predated by jaguars was included on the CCCs weekly track

census starting in 1997(Trong 1997, Trong et al. 1999). The CCC found four green

turtles killed by jaguars in their first year of data collection, counting every jaguar

predated turtle carcass encountered (Trong 1997). Turtles were considered killed by

jaguars if they were surrounded by jaguar tracks or had characteristic jaguar injuries as

described in Aranda-Snchez (1981). For the following two years only fresh kills, i.e.


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beach to the Jalova River mouth at the Southern end. The park is managed by ACTo

(Area de Conservacin Tortuguero) under MINAE the Costa Rican Ministry of

Environment and Energy.

The study area is marked as mile 3 at the south end of Tortuguero village and mile 18at the Jalova river mouth. The length of the beach is divided and marked with mile

markers from at every 1/8 of a mile (approximately 200 meters) until mile five, and is

marked at every mile thereafter. The mile markers run in ascending order from mile

zero at the Tortuguero River mouth to mile 18 at the Jalova river mouth.

As previously mentioned, the study site begins at the south end of Tortuguero village, a

growing touristic town of approximately 1,000 residents. During the leatherback and

green turtle nesting seasons, there is a high level of tourist activity at night, between mile

0 and mile five, and the CCC run nightly surveys covering this section of the beach as

well. At the South end of the study site is a large cattle and coconut farm, and a few local

residents live just South of the river mouth and National Park border.

2.3.2 Data Collection

Surveys were conducted over the 14.5 mile stretch of beach beginning at dawn,

alternating between a north start at mile 3 and a south start at mile 18 when feasible.

At least four researchers conducted the survey once per week during the survey period,when possible. General data, namely date, name of researchers, and start time, were

noted at the beginning of the survey. In addition to this, sand condition, general weather

data, and beach width were recorded every four miles (mile markers 4, 8, 12, and 16).

During the survey, researchers recorded the total number of fresh turtle tracks (from the

previous night) on the beach, including both half moons (i.e. not nested) and full tracks

(i.e. nested). It should be noted that during the peak of the green turtle season (late June

to September) these numbers may contain some error due to the high numbers of turtle

tracks present on the beach. During leatherback turtle season, the species of turtle is

distinguished, but during green turtle season all tracks are reorded as green turtles. The

other species (hawksbill and loggerhead) are so few in comparison to greens that the

statistical difference during analysis is not significant.


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When fresh jaguar tracks were encountered, the direction of the track (North or South)

and location (distance from Northern mile marker and GPS coordinates) were recorded.

It was also noted whether the track was a clear entrance or exit point or was

encountered in the middle of the beach. When the track was lost and no trace of the

track was seen within 200m the mile marker and GPS coordinates were noted. Theresearchers also noted whether the tracks were simply lost or if there was a clear

entrance or exit point to or from the beach. This information is used to help determine

common routes jaguars use to access the beach. Both daily and seasonal weather

conditions, such as intense and prolonged rain, sun exposure, high winds and tidal

movement influence the visibility of jaguar prints, therefore affecting the data collected.

Some areas with jaguar tracks are classified as high activity. These are defined as

sections of the beach with more than 4 tracks, over which it would be difficult to

distinguish between tracks.

The following data were collected on turtle carcasses that showed signs of jaguar

predation, i.e. bite marks, drag marks, or jaguar prints near the carcass:

Species Turtle ID number (assigned at time of encounter) Location (distance from Northern mile marker and GPS coordinates) Location of carcass relative to the vegetation Estimated point of attack (only for fresh kills) Parts of turtle eaten (only for fresh kills) Estimated number of nights since kill (determined by signs of decay) Curved carapace length (CCL) and curved carapace width (CCW), when possible Whether the turtle was resting on its plastron or carapace Any tag numbers if tags are present Any other comments/observations

A photograph was taken a few meters from each turtle, including any vegetation in the

background to distinguish its position. Photographs of anything else relevant to the

carcass and track data were also taken.

For further and more specific methodologies see the GVI Jaguar Predation on Marine

Turtles Protocol.


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Phase 074 Data per Survey

0

5

10

15

20

25

1 2 3 5 6 7

Survey

Jaguar Tracks Jaguar High Activity Full Turtle Tracks x50 Turtle Carcasses

Figure 2-2 shows data observed per survey. The average number of green turtle tracks

was 262.66 per survey, with the highest concentration of full turtle tracks during the first

three surveys. Turtle carcasses averaged 6.5 per survey, and were observed on three

surveys. The final turtle carcas was observed on 3 rd November. When only including

surveys in which turtle carcasses and turtle tracks were observed, the averages were

393.75 tracks per survey and 13 carcasses per survey. The highest number of jaguar

tracks was observed during survey seven, and the average number of tracks per survey

was 6.83. The average number of jaguar high activity areas per survey was 1.67, and

the greatest number of high activity areas was observed during survey seven.


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Phase 074 Data per Survey

0

5

10

15

20

25

1 2 3 5 6 7

Survey


Figure 2-2 Number of turtle carcasses, full green turtle tracks (x 50 for scale), jaguar tracks and

jaguar high activity zones per survey between 20 October and 8 December, 2007, Tortuguero

National Park, Costa Rica. Survey number four ended early due to adverse weather and was not

included.

Figure 2-3 shows the incidence of turtle carcasses, full turtle tracks, jaguar tracks and

jaguar high activity zones per week of the year. The turtle carcasses were classified

based upon estimated week of death. The highest jaguar activity (number of tracks and

high activity areas) was recorded during week 49 on 18th December. The greatest

number of turtle tracks were recorded during week 43 and turtle deaths peaked during

week 41.


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Phase 074 Data per Week of the Year

0

5

10

15

20

25

41 42 43 44 47 48 49

Week


Figure 2-3 Number of turtle carcasses, full green turtle tracks (x50 for scale), jaguar tracks and

jaguar high activity areas recorded per week of the year between 20 October and 8 December, 2007,

Tortuguero National Park, Costa Rica. Turtle carcasses are classified by estimated week of death.

Complete surveys were conducted during weeks 42-44 and 47-49. The survey conducted suring

week 46 ended early due to adverse weather and was therefore omitted.

36%

33%

31%

Open

Border

Vegetation


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Figure 2-4 Proportion of turtle carcasses and the vertical position they were found in (Open,

Border or Vegetation) between 20 October and 8 December, 2007, Tortuguero National Park, Costa

Rica.

Of the turtle carcasses found, the majority (36%) were recorded in the Open. 33% were

recorded in the Border and 31% were in the Vegetation.

2.5 Discussion

The total number of turtle carcasses observed during phase 074 was 39. Based upon

estimated time of death and photographic evidence, 22 turtles were predated upon by

jaguars during this phase. The tracks of 1,653 turtles, including 1,589.5 full tracks and 63

half-moons, were observed during the study period. Although the incidence of turtles

being killed by jaguars appears to be increasing, it still remains a small proportion of thetotal number of nesting turtles being affected.

33% of the turtle carcasses were recorded in the vegetation. It is likely that the

proportion of turtle carcasses recorded is higher as carcasses in the vegetation may

have been missed during heavy rain or simply have been hidden from the surveyors

view. For future reference it would be interesting to find out the proportion of dead turtles

that are being recorded in the vegetation in order to get a clearer picture of jaguar

predatory behavior.

During phase 074 there was evidence of jaguar activity extending almost the entire

length of the study site (mile 3.5 to mile 18). The highest number of jaguar tracks were

found between miles 9 and 9.5. There were many locations on the beach which had

several sets of tracks simultaneously present; this may have been due to either multiple

individuals or a single individual traversing the same area multiple times. The majority of

tracks were located in the middle of the beach, although a few entrances and exits

where jaguars presumably left the beach and returned to the forest were also observed.

The spatial pattern of jaguar tracks did not directly follow the spatial pattern of turtle

tracks. There was also no observable relationship between the number of turtle tracks

per half mile and turtle carcasses per half mile, suggesting that jaguars were not

preferentially using the areas of the beach with the highest level of turtle nesting activity.

Neither was there a relationship between the number of jaguar tracks and turtle


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carcasses per half mile. This suggests that jaguars may be using the beach as hunting

grounds for other prey and are not patrolling the beach specifically for marine turtles. Or,

it is possible that because green turtles are so abundant on Tortugero Beach, that

jaguars are not necessarily preying upon every nesting turtle encountered, this is

supported by findings in Trong, 2000.

Jaguars prey upon a wide variety of animals, more than 85 species have been reported

as forming part of its diet (Seymour 1989, Carrillo et al., 1994). Many of the prey species

were sighted during surveys both on the beach and in the bordering forest including the

white-nosed coati (Nasua narica), black river turtles (Rhinoclemmys funerea), spider

monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi), mantled howler monkeys (Aloutata palliatte), green iguanas

(Iguana iguana), great curassows (Crax rubra), ocelot (Leopardus pardalis), red brocket

deer (Mazama americana), tayra (Eira barbara), and white-lipped peccary (Tayassupecari). Therefore jaguars may be on the beach in search of any prey species and not

exclusively turtles.

The observable differences in frequency of jaguar tracks near to the Tortuguero and

Jalova ends of the beach could have been due to the survey methods used. The surveys

started from Tortuguero for the duration of the phase. Ideally, the surveys would have

started from the Tortuguero and Jalova ends of the beach an equal number of times

because tracks found later in the day may be faded, washed away, or difficult to observe

by the time they are.recorded. It is also possible that there is a difference in the level of

jaguar presence on the two ends of the survey site. This could be due to several factors

such as differences in the natural geography of the two ends of the beach, differences in

the amount of undisturbed habitat or due to the increasing amount of human presence

around miles 3 and 18.

Jaguar tracks were observed every week of the study period, as were green turtle tracks

and carcasses. Although the number of green turtle tracks and turtle carcasses

decreased throughout the study period, the number of jaguar tracks did not follow asimilar pattern (Figure 2.2). This suggests that jaguars are possible not nincreasing their

use of the beach as hunting grounds when a greater number of turtles were nesting as

has been observed in TNP by Trong (2000) in previous years of jaguar predation

studies (1997, 1998, and 1999). The peak of turtle tracks observed during survey two is

most likely due to an error in data collection during which older tracks were counted.


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Beach conditions affected the data collection during this phase. Some surveys were

completed during hot, dry conditions, which often caused both jaguar and turtle tracks to

fade in the sand before data could be collected. Such conditions could either erase the

tracks completely or make them appear too old to be recorded. Heavy rain recorded

during a few surveys could also have caused tracks to disintegrate. Rain may have alsomade it more difficult to detect by smell any dead turtles that were in the vegetation. No

survey was conducted during week 45 due to a flood evacuation, and the survey

conducted during week 46 (17th November) was ended early due to heavy rains (also

leading to a flood).

The only animals that are known to kill adult marine turtles are crocodiles, sharks, killer

whales and jaguars (Hirth, 1997; Oritz et al., 1997). Because of this, any turtle carcasses

on the beach that showed no signs of human impact were alleged to have beenpreadated upon by a jaguar. Previously collected data in TNP has shown that jaguars

consume only a small proportion of turtle flesh. In most cases of jaguar predation of

marine turtles previously observed in TNP, and consistent with the current data solely a

chunk of flesh from the neck was consumed (Trong, 2000).

All turtle carcasses observed during the study period showed evidence of the neck being

targeted and little flesh being consumed. There are several accounts of Jaguars preying

upon smaller chelonians where the plastron and carapace have been torn apart or the

flesh was scooped out between the plastron and the carapace (Emmons, 1989). Despite

sightings of river turtle tracks on the beach and other small chelonians in the bordering

vegetation no evidence of this kind of feeding pattern has been recorded in TNP.The

carapace and plastron of green turtles are extremely hard, although jaguars have an

unusually large head and powerful jaw (Emmons, 1989) and findings of skull penetration

have been recorded, it is unlikely jaguars would expend energy opening the hard shell

and risk damaging their canines (Emmons, 1989). This, however, does not explain why

such little exposed flesh is consumed. It is hypothesized that jaguars exert such a small

amount of energy killing turtles that little flesh is required to replace the total energy

expenditure of the kill (M. Castro Alvarez, pers. comm.; Carrillo, pers. comm.).

Unlike terrestrial or freshwater turtles, marine turtles lack the ability to retract their heads,

thus exposing a prime, stationary target for the opportunistic jaguar. Another hypothesis

suggests that turtles may be used as a training tool for jaguar cubs. (Schaller 1972,


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Carrillo, pers. comm.). Whether, this is the case in TNP it cannot be concluded. Juvenile

tracks have been sighted alongside adult tracks, but it is unclear how many there are in

TNP at present and whether they have predated upon any marine turtles or not.

Though the number of marine turtles being killed in TNP by jaguars is clearly increasing,more years of consistent data collection are needed in order to draw conclusions about

the reasons behind this trend. It is also important to note that according to the number of

nesting turtles recorded in Tortuguero, it is unlikely that jaguar predation is significantly

affecting its numbers (Trong, 2000).

There are several possible hypotheses concerning this trend, one being that the local

jaguar population size may be increasing (Trong, 2000). The factors responsible for

changes in any jaguar population will vary regionally due to differences in habitat, prey

availability, economic development, and cultural attitudes (Quigley & Crawshaw, 1990).

But a lees positive explanation could also be true, that human encroachment around

TNP is increasing in the form of deforestation for agriculture and that cattle farming may

be influencing jaguar populations. This, in addition to a possible hunting pressure in

Barra del Colorado Wildlife Refuge and the Indio-Maiz region of Nicaragua, may have

caused the jaguar population to become more concentrated in the TNP area, thus

causing an increase in observed turtle predation instances (Trong, 2000).

Another possibility is that changes in jaguar behaviour and habits are contributing to the

increased turtle predation, rather than a change in the jaguar population size or

concentration. The poaching of other jaguar prey may have caused a heavier reliance on

marine turtles as a source of food, considering their plentiful supply during the nesting

season. Although a possibility, this does not provide an explanation for the high number

of jaguar tracks on the beach when there were very few to no turtles coming ashore to

nest. It is clear that further observation on jaguar predation of marine turtles in TNP and

research is needed before any conclusions can be drawn.


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animals. In order to achieve this aim the objectives are 1) to determine the areas where

jaguars are present, 2) to record their hours of activity and other habits, 3) to compare

jaguar activity at different sites along the coastal forest.

2.8 Methodology2.8.1 Study site

TNP beach is described in detail in section 2.3.1. There is a trail parallel to the beach

running from mile zero to mile 15. Along the trail close to Tortuguero there are many

paths that lead to the beach, slowly becoming more dispersed the further South you

travel. Tourists use the trail between miles zero and six frequently during green turtle

season (June to November). During off-season tourists and local people use the trail

much less.

2.8.2 Location of cameras

Camera sites were selected in the forest along the edge of the TNP beach based upon

data collected by GVI on location and number of jaguar tracks and marine turtle

carcasses predated by jaguars. This data has been recorded for over a year during

Jaguar Predation on Marine Turtles surveys (See section 2. Jaguar Predation on Marine

Turtles for a description of the data collected and results from Phase 074 ). Many factors

were considered before selecting a camera site such as jaguar and human presence,vegetation cover, trail width, and indirect sunlight. Ideally, the cameras are placed no

more than two miles apart, minimizing the possibility of unmonitored area for a jaguar to

pass through. When possible, cameras were placed on trails that are not used often by

humans, in order to avoid theft and photos of humans.

2.8.3 Setting the cameras

The cameras used were motion-activated Stealth Cam Model MC2-GWMV. The

cameras were set up off the trail, in a location where a jaguar might be expected to pass.

Trapping stations of two cameras per site were used, one camera was set on the time

function and the other one on the date function. Since the purpose is to use the animals

flanks for identifications, both sides must be pictured (Silver et al., 2004, Karanth &

Nichols 2000). Cameras were secured to trees two to four meters apart, at a height of

30-60 cm above the ground (Silver et al, 2004).


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The Stealth Cams have a time-out function. This means they can be programmed to

pause from one to 60 minutes between motion detection. Determining an appropriate

amount of time depends on the level of activity in the given location. This function was

set for one minute, in order to capture as many animals as possible within a short

period of time.

The cameras also have a continuous capture feature. The cameras can be programmed

to take between one and nine pictures each time motion is detected. During this stage of

the study, most of the cameras were set to take three photos each time motion was

detected. As problems with the winding of film have been encountered, some cameras

were set to take one photo per activation instead of three.

Once a location was chosen, the camera was secured to a tree trunk using a strap. The

cameras were directed at each other and sticks were used to adjust the angle of the

camera sight to 30 to 60 cm from the ground. After setting the cameras, a tampon or

silica gel packet was placed inside the camera case to absorb moisture, and silicone

sealant used to close all seams and prevent water from entering. A few drops of feline

bait, Wildcat #2, was placed on a log between the cameras in an attempt to attract any

jaguars in the area to the exact camera location.

2.8.4 Checking the cameras

The cameras were checked at least once every two weeks to change the film and/or

batteries if necessary and ensure they were still functioning correctly. When several

photos had been taken (minimum of 9 non-test photos), or the cameras were non-

functional, they were removed and replaced. The film was then removed in a dark room

in order to prevent any overexposure when films did not completely rewind. All films

were labelled with the camera location, name and date.

2.8.5 Data entering and analysis

The following was recorded for each camera site: site number, nearest mile marker or

trail marker, GPS coordinates, date first installed.

The following information was recorded when a camera site was checked, installed or

removed: site number, date, team initials, camera numbers, number of photos on each


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camera, actions taken with each camera, problems encountered, and any other relevant

information (e.g. three photos were taken of team while checking site).

2.9 Results

During phase 074 cameras were set up at eight sites. All of these sites were new. The

sites were centered closer to Tortuguero and a trail at mile 15, as these two areas were

more easily accessible for checking the cameras. Not all camera sites were used for the

entirety of the survey period. All of the nine fuctioning cameras were used at least once.

Many problems arose with all of the cameras used in the study. Problems included the

film not winding on, the LCD screens functioning incorrectly, the LCD screens flashing

on and off, the camera taking the incorrect number of pictures, and the motion sensors

not activating. 7 rolls of film were developed, none of which contained jaguar photos.

2.10 Discussion

The photos from phase 074 did not include jaguars, although a great curassow (Crax

rubra) was photographed on one roll. The cameras were activated several other times,

but it is not clear why. Some possible reasons include that the cameras reacted to

changes in light filtering through the canopy or wind movement of vegetation, that the

time between activation and shutter release was too long, allowing an animal to pass

and not be photographed, or that the problems with film winding prohibited the camerafrom taking photos at all.

As more data has been collected, much has been learned about site selection and

camera operation. As such, methods continue to be revised and the project further

developed.

3 Marine Turtle Monitoring and Conservation Programme

3.1 Introduction

Tortuguero and the surrounding area have a long history with marine turtles. Archie Carr

began his studies of green turtles (Chelonia mydas) in Tortuguero in 1954 and since

1958 the Caribbean Conservation Corporation (CCC) has continued his work on this

species and others. Although Tortuguero and the Tortuguero National Park (TNP) are

best known for their populations of green turtles they also host populations of


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leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea), hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata)

and the occasional loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta).

Located about 7km North of Tortuguero, inside the Barra del Colorado Wildlife Refuge, is

the Estacion Biologica Cao Palma (EBCP) which is owned by the CanadianOrganization for Tropical Education and Rainforest Conservation (COTERC) and is the

base of the project. Since its creation in 1990 COTERC has been interested in

developing a marine turtle monitoring programme on Playa Norte (North Beach), located

on the North side of Laguna Tortuguero.

In 2004 and 2005, COTERC undertook a feasibility assessment in order to establish the

significance of the population of marine turtles nesting on Playa Norte and to determine

whether this number warranted a project and significant protection. The findings of the

assessment did indeed establish the importance of a long term marine turtle monitoring

programme, and a programme was initiated with the assistance of Global Vision

International (GVI).

Management of both TNP and the Barra del Colarado Wildlife Refuge is becoming

increasingly important because of the rise in tourism in the area. The number of tourists

visiting the national park has increased from 49,281 in 2000 to 103,121 in 2005.

Between 1988 and 2002, tourist numbers visiting the park grew at an annual average

rate of 16% (Tortuguero Conservation Area data published by Treng, 2004). This

increase in visitors to the TNP has had a trickle down effect on the reserve and North

Beach, development along North Beach has been steady over the past few years with

the creation of two hotels and several homes. It is likely that the population of the local

community of San Francisco will continue to grow as will the tourism industry in the area.

It is hoped that with a greater understanding of the dynamics of Playa Norte and its

associated marine turtle population, this project will contribute to an informed approach

to the management of North Beach, the reserve and the area surrounding the town ofTortuguero.

This report is a summary of the marine turtle activity from 12 th June to 14th September

2007 on Playa Norte, Tortuguero. A complete report on leatherback activity can be found

in the 2007 Leatherback Turlte Season Report while a complete report on green,


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hawksbill, and loggerhead turtle activity can be found in the 2007 Green Turtle Season

Report.

3.2 Aim

The overall aims of this project are to be a leader in the long term conservation of marine

turtles in the area of Playa Norte and to ethically gather valuable scientific data on the

nesting marine turtles.

The projects specific conservation aims are to 1) reduce poaching rates by being a

constant presence on the beach, by disguising nests of leatherback, hawksbill, and

loggerhead turtles, and by relocating nests as permitted and as necessary, 2) educate

the community and tourists about appropriate behaviour on a beach with nesting marine

turtles, and 3) educate the community and tourists about marine turtle conservation.

The projects specific scientific aims are to 1) gather selected biometric data on nesting

marine turtles, 2) record the spatial and seasonal distribution of nesting females, 3)

monitor the number of nesting emergences, 4) determine the level of illegal poaching on

turtles and their nests, 5) record survival of the nests and hatchling success rates, 6)

monitor for the apparent physical health of nesting females, 7) track re-emergences to

the nesting beach and or migration between beaches, and 8) register tourist and human

development around the nesting site.

3.3 Methodology

The methodology used for the marine turtle monitoring programme follows the COTERC

and GVI protocols. This methodology was used for all of phase 073 (12 th June to 14th

September) and will be used for all of 2007. For further, more specific methodologies

please refer to the 2007 Marine Turtle Monitoring Programme Night and Day Protocols.

3.3.1 Study site

Playa Norte, which contains the study area, is 3 1/8 miles long, (approximately 5 km),

and extends from the Tortuguero River mouth (103636,9N - 833152,1W) on the

Southern end of the beach to Laguna Cuatro (103756,3N 833225,7W) at the

Northern end. Although this beach is not located within the TNP boundaries, it is situated


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within the Barra del Colorado Wildlife Refuge, which, like the TNP, is managed by ACTo

(Area de Conservacin Tortuguero) under MINAE the Costa Rican Ministry of

Environment and Energy.

The study area is marked as mile 0 at the Tortuguero River mouth and mile 3 1/8 justNorth of Laguna Cuatro. The length of the beach is divided and marked with mile

markers at every 1/8 of a mile (approximately 200 m). The mile markers run in ascending

order from the South to the North to allow for the documentation of spatial distribution

and density of nests along the beach.

The nearest village to the study site is San Francisco, a constantly growing community of

about 275 residents, situated South of mile 0. Two hotels, Cabinas Vista al Mar and

Turtle Beach Lodge, and approximately eight houses are located along the study beach.

On the Southern side of the Tortuguero River mouth is Tortuguero beach, which the

CCC monitors from mile 0 to Jalova lagoon at mile 18.

The sand on Playa Norte is black and fine, typical of a high energy-beach. The width of

the nesting beach platform, or berm, varies from two to 38 meters, but the configuration

of its shape and size changes constantly in response to long shore drift and exposure

levels.

The dominant plants on the nesting beach are morning glory (Ipomoea pes-caprae), rea-purslane (Sesuvium portulacastrum) and rush grass (Sporobolus virginicus). The berm is

bordered by a hedgerow of cocoplum (Chrysobalanus icaco) and sea grapes (Coccoloba

uvifera) with a mixture of coconut palms (Cocos nucifera) and various tropical

hardwoods behind.

The beach is littered with a variety of debris including logs, coconut husks and a large

amount of plastics, trash and bottles.

3.3.2 Pre-season preparations

Before the season began, each mile-marker was repaired or replaced if necessary.

Many beach cleans were completed with the hope of creating better nesting sites. Each

volunteer and patrol leader was trained thoroughly both in the classroom and in the field

in order to ensure competent data collection and ethical behaviour on the beach.


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3.3.3 Daily track census and nest surveys

Morning census was conducted every day from 12 th June to 14th September. It started at

approximately 5:00 to 6:00 am and lasted for up to five hours depending on the volume

of data to collect. The survey involved walking the beach between mile 0 and 3 1/8,recording and monitoring tracks and nests from the night before. The day team identified

tracks as full tracks (turtle nested), half moons (non-nesting emergences), or a lifted

turtle (no tracks going back into the sea). The vertical position of the nest on the beach

was identified either as Open (O area of beach which receives 100% sunlight), Border

(B - area where nest is partially shaded by vegetation) or Vegetation (V - area where

nest is constantly shaded by vegetation). Nests were then identified as natural (if it

remained in its original state until hatchling emergence or excavation), poached (when

egg shells or a cavity were found), eroded or predated by an animal. It was marked asunknown if the nest had many signs of poaching, such as an accumulation of flies, stick

holes, and human and or dog prints, but no egg shells or cavity.

3.3.4 Night surveys

Night surveys were conducted every night from 12th June to 14th September. Each night

a minimum of one survey team walked the beach between mile 0 and mile 3 1/8 for a

minimum of four hours each. If one team was on the beach they patrolled around 21:30

to 01:30. When two teams patrolled the first team patrolled the beach from

approximately 20:00 to midnight whilst the second team patrolled from 23:00 to 03:00.

When a turtle track was found the Patrol Leader (PL) determined whether or not the

turtle was still on the beach. If not, then the PL determined if the track was a half moon,

nest, or lifted turtle. If it was deemed a half moon, the species, GPS coordinate, closest

Northern mile-marker, and time track was seen were all recorded. If deemed a nest, the

species, GPS coordinate, closest Northern mile-marker, time the track was seen, vertical

position, and nest status were recorded. If deemed a lifted turtle at the very least thespecies, GPS coordinate, closest Northern mile-marker, time the track was seen and

vertical position (if it had nested), were recorded.

When a turtle was encountered, all efforts were made not to disturb her before

oviposition. All patrol members who were to come in contact with the turtle put on gloves.


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3.3.7 Collection of human impact data

During each night survey, the number of red and white mobile lights, fires, locals and

tourists on the beach were recorded. It was noted when there were tour groups of more

than ten on the beach. Each month during the new moon the number of stationary whiteand red lights was recorded.

3.4 Results

The results of this study can be found in the season report.

4 EBCP Resident Bird Project

4.1 Introduction

Growing concerns about the status of birds in the rainforests of Central America has lead

to the establishment of long-term monitoring programmes. The Estacin Biolgica Cao

Palma (EBCP) resident bird project (RBP) aims to quantify diversity and abundance of

the species which live and breed in the area of Caribbean Lowland Rainforest around

EBCP, 7km North of Tortuguero National Park.

The nature of Costa Ricas bird life has meant that it has been a popular location to

study behaviour and diversity for many years. Much of this focus has been directed

towards migratory birds and the information on resident species is still in need of

considerable research.

The GVI protocol is modified from the original protocol created by Steven Furino of

Waterloo University Canada. The modifications have been made to the protocol so that

data collectors with minimal field experience are able to collect high quality data suitable

for the study. This has involved reducing the number of species and study areas as well

as limiting the amount of technical data collected on species. In all other aspects the

research follows the original protocol.

4.2 Aim

This research programme is intended to accumulate data that will help researchers

answer the following questions:


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How frequently do pelagic species visit the Caribbean Coast? Is there any pattern to

their visits?

When, exactly, do resident birds breed in coastal areas and swamp forests?

What can be learnt about the breeding and nesting behaviour of resident birds?

Are breeding activities and climate correlated?

4.3 Methodology

This project has adopted standard survey techniques so that suitable comparisons can

be made with data sets gathered by other researchers.

For each Resident Bird Project (RBP) survey the following general data were recorded:

Name of study site

Name of primary surveyor

Date of survey

Start time (using a 24 hour clock)

End time (using a 24 hour clock)

The study species targeted for data collection were as follows:

Agami Heron Agamia agamiAmazon Kingfisher Chloroceryle amazona

American Pygmy Kingfisher Chloroceryle aenea

Anhinga Anhinga anhinga

Bare-throated Tiger-Heron Tigrisoma mexicanum

Belted Kingfisher Ceryle alcyon

Boat-billed Heron Cochlearius cochlearius

Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis

Great Blue Heron Ardea herodiasGreat Egret Casmerodius albus

Green Heron Butorides s. virescens

Green Ibis Mesembrinibis cayennensis

Green Kingfisher Chloroceryle Americana


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Station code at which species was observed

Number seen or heard (S: seen only, H: heard only, SH: seen and heard)

Any notes on breeding plumage or behaviour

4.4 Results

4.4.1 Survey data

During phase 074 a total of 19 RBP surveys were undertaken. Of these seven were

undertaken on Cao Palma and 12 on the national park trails. Of the national park

surveys six were on Cao Chiquero and six on Cao Harold. With the exception of one

dusk Cao Palma survey, all were conducted at dawn.

Data collected on the aquatic trails entrance to Caos Chiquero and Harold has beenlisted separately as the habitat is very different from the Caos themselves, so attracts

different species. A total of 21 species were recorded on the four study sites. See figure

5-1 for a summary of the number of species seen and surveys conducted for each study

area.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1416

AQTs Cao Palma Cao Harold CaoChiquero

Total

Surveys

Species


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Figure 4-1 Total number of species and surveys on the aquatic trails entrance, Cao Chiquero, Cao

Harold and Cao Palma, Costa Rica.

The numbers of key species recorded during surveys on Cao Chiquero, Cao Harold,

the aquatic trails entrance and Cao Palma, Costa Rica are illustrated in figures 5-2, 5-3,

5-4 and 5-5 respectively.

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

Amazon

Kingfisher

Green Heron Sungrebe Anhinga Bare-throated

Tiger-Heron

Great Blue

Heron

Green Ibis Green-and-

rufous

Kingfisher

PercentageofSpeciesObserved

Figure 4-2 Key species recorded per survey on Cao Chiquero aquatic trail, Tortuguero National

Park, Costa Rica.

A total of eight different study species were identified on Cao Chiquero aquatic trailsurveys. The three most frequently observed species (identified on 50% of surveys),

were: Amazon Kingfisher, Green Kingfisher and the Sungrebe. The Green Ibis, Green-

and-rufous Kingfisher, Great Blue Heron, Anhinga and Bare-throated Tiger-Heron, were

equal fourth, identified on 16.67% of surveys.


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The Green Ibis was the only rare or uncommon species observed during the surveys on

Cao Chiquero. There were no species observed exclusively on this Cao.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Green-andrufous

Kingfisher

RingedKingfisher

AmericanPygmy

Kingfisher

Anhinga BeltedKingfisher

Boat-billedHeron

Great Egret GreenHeron

GreenKingfisher

SnowyEgret

White-throatedCrake

Yellow-crowned

NightHeron

PercentageofSurveysObserved

Figure 4-3 Key species recorded per survey on Cao Harold aquatic trail, Tortuguero National Park,

Costa Rica.

A total of 12 different study species were identified on Cao Harold aquatic trail surveys.

The most frequently observed species (identified on 66.67% of surveys), was the Green-

and-rufous Kingfisher. The Ringed Kingfisher was seen on 33.33% of surveys and all

other species were seen on a single survey only. These were: American Pygmy

Kingfisher, Boat.billed Heron, Belted Kingfisher, Great Egret, Green Heron, Green

Kingfisher, Snowy Egret, White-throated Crake, Yellow-crowned Night Heron, and

Anhinga.

No rare or uncommon species were observed during the surveys on Cao Harold, but

across all surveys, the White-throated Crake was observed exclusively on this Cao.

Across national park surveys, the Yellow-crowned Night Heron, Boat-billed Heron and

Belted Kingfisher were identified exclusively on Cao Harold.


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0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Little

Blue

Heron

Bare-thro

atedT

iger-H

eron

GreenH

eron

North

ernJacana

Anhin

ga

Gree

nIbis

Snow

yEgre

t

Sung

rebe

GreenK

ingfishe

r

Am

azon

King

fishe

r

GreatE

gret

Cattle

Egre

t

AmericanP

ygmy

King

fishe

r

G

reatB

lueHero

n

R

inged

King

fishe

r


Figure 4-4 Key species recorded per survey on the aquatic trails (AQT) entrance,

Tortuguero National Park, Costa Rica.

A total of 15 different study species were identified on the AQT entrance canal during

aquatic trail surveys. The Little Blue Heron was observed on 100% of surveys, with

Bare-throated Tiger-Heron and Green Heron observed on 91.67% of surveys, sharing

second place. At 83.33% and 75.0% respectively, the Northern Jacana and Anhinga

share fourth and fifth place. Other observed species were: the Amazon Kingfisher,

American Pygmy Kingfisher, Cattle Egret, Great Blue Heron, Great Egret, Green Ibis,

Green Kingfisher, Ringed Kingfisher, Snowy Egret and Sungrebe.

The Green Ibis was the only rare or uncommon species observed during the survey on

AQT entrance canal, but the Sungrebe was observed exclusively on this section.


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0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Anhin

ga

Yello

w-crown

edNigh

t-Heron

Ama

zonK

ingfishe

r

GreenK

ingfishe

r

GreenH

eron

GreenIbis

Boat-billed

Hero

n

American

Pygm

yKing

fishe

r

Bare-thro

atedT

iger-H

eron

Belte

dKing

fishe

r

Ring

edKing

fishe

r

Cattle

Egre

t

Gray-necke

dWood-R

ail

Gree

n-and-rufou

sKing

fishe

r

Snow

yEgre

t


Figure 4-5 Key species recorded per survey on Cao Palma, Tortuguero, Costa Rica.

A total of 15 different study species were identified on Cao Palma during aquatic trail

surveys. The Anhinga and Yellow-crowned Night Heron were observed on 100% of

surveys, with the Amazon Kingfisher and Green Kingfisher observed on 85.71% of

surveys, sharing second place. At 71.43%, the Green Heron and Green Ibis share fifth

place. Other observed species were: the American Pygmy Kingfisher, Bare-throated

Tiger-Heron, Belted Kingfisher, Boat-billed Heron, Cattle Egret, Green-and-rufous

Kingfisher, greynecked Wood-Rail, Ringed Kingfisher and Snowy Egret.

The Green Ibis was the only rare or uncommon species observed during the surveys on

Cao Palma. The Grey-necked Wood-Rail was seen exclusively on Cao Palma

surveys.

4.5 Discussion

The EBCP Resident Bird Project monitoring survey began in July of 2005 and is an

ongoing project. Further collection of data is important in order to establish reliable

population trends for local bird species.


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Determination of the extent to which ecological systems are experiencing anthropogenic

disturbance and change in structure and function is critical for the long-term conservation

of biotic diversity in the face of changing landscapes and land use (Canterbury et al.,

2000). The ongoing purpose of this study is to assess the level of impact tourism is

having on the animals within Tortuguero National Park, by identifying shifts in theirdistribution or abundance.

This baseline study focused on counts of individual species within the specific Caos of

the National Park and reserve in order to give an indication of the key species

compositions found there.

It has been argued that continuous or frequent high intensity activities such as the use of

motorized power boats constantly throughout the day cause more disturbance than

continuous low intensity disturbance. It has also been said that in general birds appear

to habituate to continual noises so long as there is no large amplitude startling

component (Hocken et al., 1992; cited in Hill 1997). Another suggestion by Hill et al,

states that most water based recreation generates medium intensity, continuous or high

intensity infrequent disturbance. It is thus believed that medium disturbance may cause a

site to become unattractive to the more susceptible species while the latter could result

in displacement of the birds for short periods.

Data collected on individual study sites will be used over time to assess how certain

populations are changing, if at all, and how they use the specific habitat over the course

of a year.

The findings from this phase do not highlight any unexpected or unusual patterns in the

local bird populations.

The EBCP Resident Bird Project surveys undertaken during phase 074 have assisted in

increasing the overall data set. They have also helped in identifying areas where

continued improvement to the methodology is required in order to gain the most useful

and accurate data.


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5 Tourist Impact Survey Cao Palma

5.1 Introduction

Although not an official part of the national park, Cao Palma is included in the

Management Plan for Visitors to Tortuguero National Park (TNP) as it provides asuitable alternative to the national park for wildlife viewing, thus helping to reduce the

demand on other canals within the parks boundaries (Bermdez and Hernndez, 2004).

Restrictions on the number of boats allowed into TNP per day were put into place on the

24th of April, 2006, See table 6.1 for a breakdown of allowed boat usage on Cano Palma.

Thus, this change is likely to have resulted in an increase in the number of tourist boats

using Cao Palma. Boat surveys were initiated in phase 061 (January16th - March 27th,

2006) before these changes took place. With tourist numbers rising (now approaching

90,000 visitor per year), (MINAE Tortuguero National Park Headquarters, 2007)continuing to monitor the number of boats associated with tourist activity utilizing Cao

Palma is imperative to gauge any changes in intensity of activity and potential impact

this may have on the wildlife in this area.

Time restriction Number ofboats allowed

05:30 08:00 1008:00 10:30 10

10:30 13:00 1013:00 15:30 1015:30 18:00 10

Table 5-1 Boat use restriction on Cano Palma, Tortuguero, Costa Rica.

5.2 Aims

The Tourist Impact survey conducted from Estacion Biologica Cao Palma (EBCP) aims

to monitor the number of boats frequenting Cao Palma in order to estimate the intensity

of tourist activity within the greater Tortuguero area. It is an ongoing study and aims to

collect consistent data throughout the entire phase of each expedition.


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5.3 Methodology

Boat dock surveys were conducted once a week by two expedition members. One

expedition member collected data from 06:00 until 12:00 and another from 12:00 until

18:00. Seven surveys were completed during phase 074 on the following dates: October21st , October 30th , November 1st , November 7th , November 25th , December 2nd and

December 6th. For each watercraft that passed Cao Palma Biological Stations boat

dock the following details were recorded:

Date

Time the boat originally passed and return time if it passed by again in the opposite

direction.

Direction of travel (N for North, S for South).

Boat name or number.

Name of Lodge the boat was owned by (Turtle Beach, Cabinas Vista El Mar,

Pachira, Evergreen, Samoa, Tortuga, Mawamba, Jungle or Laguna Lodge). Any

watercraft originating from the EBCP (Iriria, La Peregrina, Kinkajou, Luisa or the

kayaks) were recorded as Cao Palma in the Lodge category. All other personal

watercraft were categorized as Private orTaxifor any boats that were used for public

transportation.

Whether passengers were tourists or not (Y for Yes or N for No). Number of people onboard (including driver and guides).

Type of motor: 4S (four stroke), 2S (two stroke) or none (canoe or kayak).

Comments: Any additional information pertinent to the survey.

The total number of boats passing the station was analyzed as well as the number of

boats that were associated with tourism. A boat associated with tourism was classified

as any boat belonging to a tourist lodge as well as any private boat or taxi carrying

tourists. For analysis purposes a tourist was defined as a short term visitor to the area

(domestic or international). The number of boats from each tourist lodge was looked at to

determine which lodges frequent Cao Palma most often. The average number of

passengers per boat was calculated as well as the boat with the maximum and minimum

number of passengers. An average was calculated for the number of boats per day and

the survey with the most and least number of boats was noted.


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To determine the busiest time of day for watercraft activity, the survey was divided into

two hour time periods from 06:00 till 18:00 and the number of boats within each time

period calculated. Engine type was broken down into four stroke, two stroke or none

(canoe or kayak) and was looked at as a percentage of the total number of boats.

5.4 Results

The total number of watercraft passing EBCP during phase 072 was 223. Boats

associated with tourism accounted for 60% of these (see figure 1-1).

60%

11%

11%

2%

16%

Tourism

Cao Palma Non-Motorized Boats

Cao Palma Motorized Boats

Private Non-Tourism

Taxi Non-Tourism

Figure 5-1. Proportion of watercraft passing EBCP that were associated with tourism.

Of the 60% of boats passing the station associated with tourism, 74% of those boats

were from tourist lodges with the remainder being either taxis or private boats carrying

tourists (see figure 1-2).


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74%

5%

21%

Tourist Lodge

Taxi's Carrying Tourists

Private Boats Carrying Tourists

Figure 1-2. Proportion of boats associated with tourism

Eight tourist lodges were recorded using Cao Palma. Cabinas Vista al Mar (Don

Edgars) and Turtle Beach Lodge used the canal most often (see figure 1-3). These are

the only two lodges located along Cao Palma.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

CabinasVista al

Mar

TurtleBeachLodge

LagunaLodge

MawambaLodge

SamoaLodge

PachiraLodge

EvergreenLodge

TortugaLodge

Tourist Lodge

NumberofBoats

Figure 1-3. Number of boats from each Tourist Lodge using Cao Palma.


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For boats carrying passengers, the average number of people onboard was 12. The

boat with the most passengers was from Tortuga Lodge and was carrying 38 people.

There were 84 boats with no passengers.

The average number of boats per day was 32. The highest number of boats during onesurvey was 45 and was recorded on the 2nd of December,2007. The least number of

boats was recorded on the 7th of November, 2007 with 18 boats passing by.

The time period with the highest watercraft activity was 08:00 until 09:59. The time

period with the least watercraft activity was 10:00 until 11:59 (see figure 1-4).

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

6:00-7:59 8:00-9:59 10:00-11:59 12:00-13:59 14:00-15:59 16:00-17:59

Time of Day

NumberofBoats

Figure 1-4: Distribution of time of day and number of boats passing EBCP.

Of the 225 boats passing the station during phase 074, 79% had four-stroke engines,

3% had two stroke engines and 18% had no engines (were canoes or kayaks).

5.5 Discussion

For phase 074 seven boats dock surveys were carried out. Ideally at least eight days of

data per phase should be collected; however due to unforeseen circumstances this was

not possible. For example in week six, Expedition Members were evacuated due to

flooding. During phase 074, boat dock surveys were carried out on the following days;

Week two; Saturday, Week three; Tuesday, Week four; Thursday, Week five;

Wednesday, Week six; no survey, Week seven; Sunday, Week eight; Sunday and Week


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nine; Thursday. Ideally each survey should be scheduled on different days to ensure an

even coverage; however this is not always possible. For 2008, boat dock surveys will be

scheduled in advance and if possible on the same days as in 2007 to ensure a more

even coverage and to allow certain dates to be compared.

Discrepancies in the data collection methods have been revised and a protocol has been

put in place to ensure that all data collected is able to be objectively recorded and

analyzed efficiently. For example Lodge catergories are now clearly defined as the

Name of the Lodge, Private for any personal watercraft, Taxi, for any public

transportation and Cao Palma for any watercraft that is used by EBCP. As data

collection continues, trends will be revealed in regards to peak traffic times, the peak

periods of tourist activity throughout the year, the lodges most frequenting the canal and

any changes in number of boats that are affiliated with tourism.

With restrictions in place on how many boats per day can enter the National Park, it is

predicted that tourist boat activity will increase on Cao Palma. Increased tourist activity

on the canal may have a significant impact on the local flora and fauna and require

further attention and management Another one of Global Vision Internationals projects

is to carry out a weekly bird survey on Cao Palma to record the number of species

sighted. Still in its early stages, the current boat dock data can give no direct indication

of any effect on the wildlife present, but with standardized collection methods now in

place for both projects data can be compared with future phases and any potential

impact on the canal can then be assessed.

6 Reforestation

6.1 Introduction

The Reforestation Project was started in 2006 by Mario Quesada of the Canadian

Organisation for Tropical Education and Rainforest Conservation (COTERC). Seeds

from the area were collected, cultivated and then replanted in the San Francisco area.

The project was based around collecting seeds and saplings of key native species in the

area and replanting them on the biological station property as well as in the San

Francisco community.


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One species that was selected as a key species was the almendro de montaa (Dipteryx

panamensis). This tree was identified as a tree depended upon by great green macaws

( Ara ambigua) for nesting and feeding and is also a habitat for other endangered

species. It is the primary hard wood used for truck beds, wood flooring and other such

applications (Chassot & Arias, 2002). For this reason it has been heavily logged in theTortuguero area. Another important species is the Ojoche (Brosimun allicastrom) which

is desirable as it is a versatile hardwood.

The projects objective is to develop and maintain a production system that outputs key

plant species in an efficient manner so that a future partner can dictate desired growing

numbers for a reforestation programme. This means that the project aims to keep open

channels of communication with other reforestation programs regarding various growing

conditions and propagation types so as to maintain a continual cycle of plant production.

6.2 Aim

This project aims to collect seeds and saplings from key species of plants in the area,

harvest them, and then replant the species on the EBCP property and in the San

Francisco community, in order to increase the number of native fruiting and hardwood

trees used by local species of wildlife. It is the goal of GVI to develop a working

relationship with a partner so that we can develop a respected reforestation programme

that not only benefits the local community but the wildlife.

6.3 Methodology

6.3.1 Seed collection

When a seeding tree was found, as many seeds as possible were collected. Seeds were

put into a bag and bags were crated, with the species name written on a tag on the

outside of the crate. Seeds were planted as quickly as possible.

6.3.2 Sapling collection

Saplings were collected and put into large black plant bags immediately upon arrival at

the station.


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Much of the time during phase 074 was dedicated to the organization and preparation of

the reforestation project and nursery on base, which is found on the Northern edge of

the dormitory building. We have doubled the number of tables, and the new tables have

been organized in a manner that allows all saplings and seed trays to be managed in an

easily accessible manner at waist height. A new compost bin was built enabling us torest the original bin, and a regular schedule of compost maintenance was established.

Compost from the compost toilets was used for the first time this phase, mixed in with

the soil for planting seeds and saplings. Some time was also spent reviewing information

from other reforestation projects, an element of the project which should be ongoing, to

ensure that we learn from those with greater experience than ourselves.

6.5 Discussion

The project began this year and research is ongoing for species that are of local

importance and have been depleted in the area. The project is still being developed and

methodology will change as more research is done.

During the next phase we will be able to expand the nursery area further as materials

become available. Some of the future goals of the reforestation project are:

Create a nursery in San Francisco. This could involve fruiting trees, and give anopportunity to involve the community through the environmental educationclasses. This will need consistent and reliable input from our own staff to ensurethat it is not neglected over time and to help to maintain interest in the project.

Survey community to find useful, desired plants for the area Experiment with different plant species Find a reforestation partner, to give the project on base direction and purpose.

7 EBCP Incidentals

7.1 Introduction

The Estacion Biologica Cao Palma (EBCP) Incidental project was initiated during phase

071 in order to maintain a formal record of the different types of species found within the

stations property borders. The project has gone through various changes over the

phases in order to simplify the data collection methods and ensure each species is

positively identified and accurately recorded. By keeping a daily record of the occurrence

of species found around base, we can determine which species are seen most


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frequently and determine if there any changes in the frequency of sightings of certain

species over time. This is important to determine if the presence of people around base

for the majority of the year is having an effect on the wildlife present.

7.2 Aim

The aim of the Incidentals project is to maintain a formal, accurate record of the daily

occurrences of birds, mammals, reptiles and amphibians sighted around the Cao

Palma Biological Station.

7.3 Methodology

Laminated, picture cards of the different types of birds, amphibians, reptiles and

mammals commonly found around base were posted on the kitchen wall of the station.Each day of phase 074, all GVI Staff and Expedition Members marked off the

appropriate photo if they saw, and could accurately identify one or more of the species

listed. All other sightings (species not listed on the photo plates) were recorded by

writing the common name of the species down. Repeat sightings were not recorded nor

the number or location of individuals in order to simplify the data collection. For analysis

purposes the data collected between the 10th of October and 14th December (the final

day Expedition members were present) was used; totaling 66 days.

7.4 Results

The total number of records was 1688. One hundred and twenty one different species

were recorded, 103 of these were bird species. The five most frequently seen bird

species were the white-collared manakin (Manacus candei), recorded 58 days, the great

kiskadee (Pitangus sulphuratus), recorded 56 days, the long-billed hermit (Phaethornis

longirostris),recorded 54 days, the montezuma oropendola (Gymnostinops montezuma),

recorded 53 days and the rufous-tailed hummingbird ( Amazilia tzacatl), recorded 52

days. There were numerous birds (18), sighted only once. Some of these included the

common potoo (Nyctibius griseus), laughing falcon (Herpetotheres cachinnans), lesser

greenlet (Hylophilus decurtatus),masked tityra (Tityra semifasciata), common paraque

(Nyctidromus albicollis) and the plain wren (Thryothorus modestus).


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The most commonly recorded mammals were the Brazilian long-nosed bats

(Rhynchonycteris naso), recorded 45 days. The monkeys sighted included mantled

howler monkeys (Allouata palliate), (42 days), Central American spider monkeys (Ateles

geoffroyi), (18 days) and white faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) (11 days).

The most commonly recorded amphibian was the marine toad (Bufo marinus), recorded

31 times and the strawberry poison frog (Dendrobates pumilio), recorded 24 times.

The most commonly recorded reptile was the green iguana (Iguana Iguana), recorded

36 daysandthe festive jungle runner (Ameiva festiva), recorded 19 days.

7.5 Discussion

The photo record slides were implemented in phase 073 in order to simplify datacollection. Although showing improvements, the data was still not reflective of the

species known to be on base everyday. The protocol was further modified in phase 074

with the aim of increasing the number of recordings by reducing the number of species

recorded to include only birds, mammal, reptiles, and amphibians. Furthermore, only the

common name of the species was collected this phase, whereas location, sex and

activity were previously recorded. Although markedly better than previous phases, phase

074 data is still not error free. Common species that are known to be around base

almost every day were not always recorded. For example the lesser greenlet (Hylophilusdecurtatus) was only recorded once, yet it is a frequently sighted bird. Also the great

kiskadee (Pitangus sulphuratus), is seen every day, yet it was only recorded 56 out of 66

days. The Brazilian long-nosed bats (Rhynchonycteris naso) are commonly found under

the boat dock but occasionally migrate to the Upper Bodega where they are most likely

not going to be seen and therefore not recorded.

Ensuring sightings of species around base are recorded remains the main problem in

this project. However, with new, simpler protocols introduced this data has been more

accurate than ever. With ongoing training for the expedition members and more

awareness of what species are around base we will achieve our goal of having an

accurate record of what species are sighted around base each day.


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8 Mammal Monitoring Project

8.1 Introduction

The impact of human activities such as tourism and hunting on neotropical wildlife has

been studied in Costa Rica (Carrillo et al., 2000) and elsewhere in the region (e.g.Cuarn 2000, Naughton-Treves et al., 2003, Novaro et al., 2000, Redford 1992, Wright

et al., 2000). These studies have examined the relationship between these human

activities and patterns of animal abundance, distribution, and habitat use have been

studied in Costa Rica (Carrillo et al., 2000) and elsewhere in the region (e.g. Cuarn

2000, Naughton-Treves et al 2003, Novaro et al 2000, Redford 1992, Wright et al.,

2000).

The results of these studies have determined that there is a negative effect on wildlifedue to these human associated activities and also due to other variables such as

protection status. Scientific evidence also shows that many mammal species are

sensitive to certain pressures such as change in land cover, habitat reduction, and

poaching (e.g. Fonseca & Robinson 1990, Laurence 1990, Soul et al., 1992, Bodmer et

al., 1997, Chiarello 1999, 2000, Laidlaw 2000).

There is believed to be an abundant and important wildlife population in the Barra del

Colorado Wildlife Refuge, however little research has been undertaken in the area to

quantify this. Extensive, long term monitoring is essential for the conservation of wildlife

and the detection in changes and trends of wild populations is an important tool to

assess if the conservation goals of protected areas are being achieved (Carrillo et al.,

2000).

Some of the species known to be present in the study area fill important ecological roles

and are thought to include many endangered species (as legislated by Costa Rican law).

These endangered species include jaguars (Panthera onca) and other Neotropical

wildcats, tapirs (Tapirus bairdii), white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari), and Central

American spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi).

Extensive, long term monitoring is essential for the conservation of wildlife because it

enables one to determine changes and trends in animal populations. It is also an


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8.3.1 Transect set up

Set up of the mammal transect, located along the border of Cao Palmas property line

to the North of the station, took place in phase 074. The trail chosen is a 3050 metre

transect which runs east-west between Cao Penitencia and Cao Palma. The trail wasmeasured with a fifty meter rope and marked with flagging tape at every fifty meter point.

The tape was tied securely to natural landmarks, such as trees. The number of meters

from the start of the transect was written on each tape. The GPS position was taken at

each marked point. The markers were recorded as way points in a GPS. Trees were

also marked with plain tape in areas that were difficult to navigate.

8.3.2 Main study

During phase 074 two full surveys were conducted with one week between surveys. The

first survey took place on December 6th, 2007 and the second on December 13th, 2007.

The starting point from the westerly Cao Penitencia end of the transect. The survey

start time in each case was at first light and took between six and nine hours to

complete. The first survey was conducted with two staff members, and three EMs and

the second with two staff members and four EMs for training purposes.

8.3.3 Data recorded

General survey data recorded on survey was as follows:

Date (DD/MM/YYYY) Survey start and end time (24 hour clock) Name of transect Weather conditions Team members initials (beginning with the staff member)

The categories of recording were as follows:

Visual Tracks Vocalizations (here described as auditory records) Scat Plant damage from feeding mammals

Upon detection the following data was recorded:


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Encounter Time (24 hour clock) Last meter marker passed Record number Method of detection (i.e. visual, track, auditory) GPS location Species common name Species scientific name Track length and width, in millimetres (as well as initials of team member

measuring track) Whether or not a photograph of the track was taken (Y or N) Photo ID Initials of photographer Direction of travel and number of individuals identified Any other relevant information such as: activity, diet, elevation, stage of

development, sex, mixed species associations, vegetation

Surveyors remained on the transect line and any movement off the transect was limited

to a maximum of three metres to ensure data validity and minimize human impact.

Photographs were taken in the lower left corner of a setsquare with an ID card showing

the common name of the species and the record number. Photographs were then

numbered, and catalogued in the data folder specified for the project.

8.4 Results

Over the full course of phase 074 there were 22 records of 57 individuals from eight

different species documented. Of these, 17 of the records were discovered on the two

full surveys conducted, yielding 38 of the total individuals and five different species. 17

sets of tracks were recorded (12 coming from the full surveys), four auditory and visual

records (all from the full survey) and one record visual alone (also from the full surveys).

Of those recorded on the full surveys, seven sets of tracks were recorded as collared

peccary (Tayassu tajacu), two sets white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari), two sets of

red brocket deer were recorded, and one set of jaguar (Panthera onca). The mammals

detected by visual and auditory methods were three records of Central American spidermonkeys ( Ateles geoffroyi) totalling six individuals and one record of mantled howler

monkeys (Allouata palliate) totalling five individuals. The only data collected purely by

visual methods was of two Central American spider monkeys


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The total number of endangered species identified during full survey on the transect was

three; white-lipped peccary, jaguar, and Central American spider monkey.

8.5 Discussion

This phase, the survey was conducted with up to six people for training purposes,

however, in the future it will be conducted with no more than four people, as stated in

the original protocol, to minimize unnecessary impact along the transect.

The major difficulty faced this phase has been the condition of the transect. With the

Tortuguero region receiving record flood levels twice within one ten week phase, the

conditions on the low-lying trail have been less than ideal. During the surveys conducted

many other tracks were encountered that could not be positively identified due to the

poor ground conditions.

The data collected in phase 074 indicates the presence of a variety of large mammal

species within the study area, located in the Barra del Colorado Wildlife Refuge. In

addition to the data collected during the preliminary study last phase, the database now

comprises of 70 records and data on over ten large mammal species has been recorded,

including numerous endangered or critically endangered species; indicating the

necessity of the continuation of the monitoring project.

Long-term continuation of the study will allow for comparison and analysis of the data

collected in order to fulfil the stated aims. During this phase, in addition to the

establishment of the original transect, there has been interest from MINAE in

establishing similar transects and surveying under the newly establis

Documents

Phase 10 074 Science Report Final