Phase angle as a new independent Phase angle as a new independent condition index for fish?condition index for fish?

M. Keith Cox M. Keith Cox Sitka Sound Science CenterSitka Sound Science Center

Ron HeintzRon HeintzAlaska NOAA FisheriesAlaska NOAA Fisheries

OutlineOutline

Background BIA and phase angle Background BIA and phase angle ObjectiveObjective Experiments measuring fish condition with Experiments measuring fish condition with

phase anglephase angle Temporal, spatial and proximate composition Temporal, spatial and proximate composition

datadata SummarySummary

Bioelectrical impedance analysis = used for 60 years in Bioelectrical impedance analysis = used for 60 years in human health nutrition studies, when applied to fish…human health nutrition studies, when applied to fish…

TBW

r = 0.9993

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r = 0.9983

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Total Body Total Body WaterWater

Total Body Total Body ProteinProtein

Small, portable and easy to use

Take two measurements

1.Resistance (R)

2.Reactance (Xc)

What is Resistance (R)?What is Resistance (R)?

Resistance (R) (ohms) Resistance (R) (ohms) Definition - dissipation of energy in a conductive medium Definition - dissipation of energy in a conductive medium Physical property of extracellular materialPhysical property of extracellular material Sensitive to extra-cellular water (ECW)Sensitive to extra-cellular water (ECW)

AA

ll

VV

R = ρ (L/A)

What is Reactance (Xc)?What is Reactance (Xc)?

Reactance (Xc) (ohms) Reactance (Xc) (ohms) Definition - circuit element's opposition to an alternating Definition - circuit element's opposition to an alternating

currentcurrent Reflective of cell membrane surface areaReflective of cell membrane surface area

academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu

What is phase angle?

Phase angle – degrees Phase angle – degrees Definition - time delay between a stimulating current and Definition - time delay between a stimulating current and

the voltage generated by an alternating current in a the voltage generated by an alternating current in a conductive medium.conductive medium.

Reflective of conditionReflective of condition Cell membrane / ECWCell membrane / ECW

What is phase angle?What is phase angle?

1.1. Lower phase angles appear to be consistent Lower phase angles appear to be consistent with low reactance and either cell death or a with low reactance and either cell death or a breakdown in the selective permeability of breakdown in the selective permeability of the cell membrane (Schwenk et al., 2000a; the cell membrane (Schwenk et al., 2000a; Schwenk et al., 2000b). Schwenk et al., 2000b).

2.2. Higher phase angles are consistent with high Higher phase angles are consistent with high reactance and large quantities of intact cell reactance and large quantities of intact cell membranes and body cell mass (Abu Khaled membranes and body cell mass (Abu Khaled et al., 1988; Foster and Lukaski, 1996). et al., 1988; Foster and Lukaski, 1996).

Phase angle in human medicinePhase angle in human medicineHIV – (Schwenk et al. 2000b; Paton et al. 1998)HIV – (Schwenk et al. 2000b; Paton et al. 1998)

High phase angle better health and prognosisHigh phase angle better health and prognosis Low phase angle, decreasing progression and survival Low phase angle, decreasing progression and survival

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) – (Nagano et al. 2000; Maggiore et al. 1996)Chronic kidney disease (CKD) – (Nagano et al. 2000; Maggiore et al. 1996) Lower phase angle, lower nutritional status and higher stage CKDLower phase angle, lower nutritional status and higher stage CKD

Anorexia nervosa – (Mika et al. 2004; Nagano et al. 2000)Anorexia nervosa – (Mika et al. 2004; Nagano et al. 2000) Phase angle increased and decreased with the nutritional status of Phase angle increased and decreased with the nutritional status of

patientpatient Phase angle did not increase due to edema influenced weight gainsPhase angle did not increase due to edema influenced weight gains

Age and sex – (Barbosa-Silva et al. 2005)Age and sex – (Barbosa-Silva et al. 2005) Compared healthy persons, phase angles changed with age and sex, Compared healthy persons, phase angles changed with age and sex,

global conditional indexglobal conditional index

Objective: Is phase angle reflective of fish condition?

Looked at BIA data we had:Looked at BIA data we had:

1.1. Brook and rainbow trout – starved and fedBrook and rainbow trout – starved and fed

2.2. Juvenile Chinook salmon – starved and fedJuvenile Chinook salmon – starved and fed

3.3. Pacific herring – over wintering Pacific herring – over wintering

Then apply data to…Then apply data to…

Took NPRB data on forage fish, compared phase Took NPRB data on forage fish, compared phase angles spatially, temporally and with angles spatially, temporally and with proximate composition proximate composition

Fed and starved brook and rainbow trout

Fed and starved brook and rainbow trout

Fed and starved chinook and spring herring in Sitka Sound

TimeTime

Fed and starved chinook and spring herring in Sitka Sound

TimeTime

Is phase angle reflective of fish condition?

Looked at BIA data we had:Looked at BIA data we had:

1.1. Brook and rainbow trout – starved and fedBrook and rainbow trout – starved and fed

2.2. Juvenile Chinook salmon – starved and fedJuvenile Chinook salmon – starved and fed

3.3. Pacific herring – over-winteringPacific herring – over-wintering

Phase anglePhase angle Better conditionBetter condition

Is phase angle reflective of fish condition?

Looked at BIA data we had:Looked at BIA data we had:

1.1. Brook and rainbow trout – starved and fedBrook and rainbow trout – starved and fed

2.2. Juvenile Chinook salmon – starved and fedJuvenile Chinook salmon – starved and fed

3.3. Pacific herring – over-winteringPacific herring – over-wintering

Phase anglePhase angle Worse conditionWorse condition

Is phase angle reflective of fish condition?

Looked at BIA data we had:Looked at BIA data we had:

1.1. Brook and rainbow trout – starved and fedBrook and rainbow trout – starved and fed

2.2. Juvenile Chinook salmon – starved and fedJuvenile Chinook salmon – starved and fed

3.3. Pacific herring – over-winteringPacific herring – over-wintering

Common value of 15 Common value of 15 degreesdegrees

NPRB Gulf of Alaska forage fishNPRB Gulf of Alaska forage fish

Methods:Methods:Forage fish collected (n=481) with a beach seine Forage fish collected (n=481) with a beach seine

in in bedrockbedrock, , eelgrasseelgrass, and , and kelpkelp habitats in habitats in JulyJuly and and SeptemberSeptember in PWS. in PWS.

Crescent gunnels (Pholis laeta), Saffron cod Crescent gunnels (Pholis laeta), Saffron cod (Eliginus gracilis), Pacific herring (Clupea (Eliginus gracilis), Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii), Walleye pollock (Theragra pallasii), Walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma)chalcogramma)

Temporal differencesTemporal differences

Pacific herring (n=130)

Crescent gunnel (n=112)

Saffron cod Saffron cod (n=145)(n=145)

Walleye pollock (n=94)Walleye pollock (n=94)

Pacific herring (n=130)

Crescent gunnel (n=112)

Saffron cod Saffron cod (n=145)(n=145)

Walleye pollock (n=94)Walleye pollock (n=94)

Spatial DifferencesSpatial Differences

Pacific herring (n=130)

Crescent gunnel (n=112)

Saffron cod Saffron cod (n=145)(n=145)

Walleye pollock (n=94)Walleye pollock (n=94)

Pacific herring – proximate compositionPacific herring – proximate composition

Walleye Pollock – proximate compositionWalleye Pollock – proximate composition

SummarySummary

Phase angle has been used in human medicine with lower Phase angle has been used in human medicine with lower phase angles = decreased conditionphase angles = decreased condition Global health indexGlobal health index

We found like results with fish in various conditionsWe found like results with fish in various conditions Found a 15 degree common valueFound a 15 degree common value

Were able to use phase angle to both temporally and spatially Were able to use phase angle to both temporally and spatially to see differences in conditionto see differences in condition

Comparing proximate analysis, encountered the same problem Comparing proximate analysis, encountered the same problem as human medicine in determining what exactly phase angle is as human medicine in determining what exactly phase angle is measuring other than overall condition increasesmeasuring other than overall condition increases

Acknowledgements

Rudy Liedtke, RJL SystemsRudy Liedtke, RJL Systems JJ JJ Vollenweider, NOAA Fisheries Vollenweider, NOAA Fisheries Kyle Hartman, WVUKyle Hartman, WVU Scott JohnsonScott Johnson Heather Woody, Sitka Tribe of AlaskaHeather Woody, Sitka Tribe of Alaska Joe Margraf, University of Alaska, FairbanksJoe Margraf, University of Alaska, Fairbanks NOAA Fisheries, Auke Bay LabNOAA Fisheries, Auke Bay Lab North Pacific Research BoardNorth Pacific Research Board Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council

Questions?