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Phellinus noxius: Brown root rot of
Hoop pine & Avocado
Forestry Pathology
Geoff Pegg
Fruit Pathology Team
Elizabeth Dann, Luke Smith, Ken
Pegg
© The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2009
Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries
Hoop Pine
• Araucaria cunninghamii (Ait. Ex D. Don)
• Native rainforest species.
• Produces high grade plywood, sawn wood for
export and domestic markets
• 45, 000 hectares
• 40 – 60 year rotation length
© The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2009
Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries
Impact
• Additional plantings - $100, 000 pa
• Productivity losses - $500, 000 pa
• Processor costs (staining) - $675, 000 pa
• Total annual economic loss approx. $1, 275, 000
© The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2009
Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries
Phellinus noxius disease cycle Young plants come into contact with an
infected hoop pine stump from the previous
rotation. Basidiospores can also play a role
in initiating new disease foci.
Old infected stump
material is the original
infection source – can
remain in the soil for up
to 60 years.
Thinnings also provide a
new infection source.
© The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2009
Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries
• Generally consists of multiple
infection foci spreading from a
central point
• Higher incidence of disease in
plantations in north
Queensland
© The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2009
Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries
• Tree death is initiated within 18 months of planting and continues throughout the
rotation period
• Death rapid in young trees
• Centred around an infection/focal point
© The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2009
Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries
Fruiting bodies are
more common in north
Queensland
© The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2009
Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries
Management of Phellinus noxius
• Removal of inoculum source
• Removal of all stump and root material
•Accelerated decay
• Resistance
• Not present in hoop pine
• Use of Pinus species – apparently higher levels of
resistance
• Chemical
• Efficacy testing on a range of products
• Barriers
• Not practical in a hoop pine plantation
© The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2009
Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries
Biological control – accelerated stump decay
• Tyromyces sp. – clearfell sites/Trametes versicolor – thinning sites
• Application must be within ½ hour of harvest
• Spore production difficult in vitro
• Gel bead production/slurry
• application and storage issues
• high cost
• Registration
– Trametes versicolor listed as a pathogen
© The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2009
Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries
Figure 1. Invitro testing of Propiconazole on controlling P. noxius isolates
(wp4 -81) from Mary Cairncross Reserve.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 ppm 0.01 ppm 0.1 ppm 1 ppm 10 ppm
Chemical concentration (ppm)
Culture
dia
mete
r at
2 w
eeks (
cm
)
WP23
WP31
WP24
WP81
WP4
WP28
WP48
Propiconazole
effective at 1ppm
in preventing
growth of
Phellinus noxius
in culture.
Chemical control
© The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2009
Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries
• Plant defence promoter
• Potassium silicate
• Delivery systems
• Stem injection
• Trunk spray - surfactant
Chemical control
© The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2009
Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries
Potassium
silicate
Untreated
control
March April May June
© The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2009
Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries
Avocado
• Recent disease issue
– Rapid tree decline and death
• Impact
– Loss of trees of productive age
• 4-6yrs old before fruit production
– Loss of replants
© The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2009
Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries
Scoping Study – incidence of
Phellinus noxius
• Approximately 30 avocado orchards surveyed
– Atherton Tablelands – 17
– Childers/Bundaberg – 5
– Sunshine Coast - 1
– northern New South Wales – 2
• Severity ranged from minor (a few trees
affected) to severe (80% of trees in a block)
© The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2009
Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries
© The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2009
Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries
© The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2009
Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries
© The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2009
Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries
© The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2009
Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries
© The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2009
Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries
© The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2009
Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries
© The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2009
Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries
Control
• Removal of infected trees
– Excavation of stump and roots
• Installation of root barriers to prevent spread
– Cost effective when low disease incidence
• No current chemical control measures
registered
– Implement along with Pc control programs
• Root stock resistance
© The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2009
Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries
Acknowledgements
• Forest Plantations Queensland
• HAL
• Avocados Australia