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DIRECTIVE 10.7 - 1
PHILADELPHIA POLICE DEPARTMENT DIRECTIVE 10.7
SUBJECT: CRISIS RESPONSE / CRITICAL INCIDENT NEGOTIATIONS
1. PURPOSE
A. To help identify a “barricaded person,” hostage taker, or Severely Mentally Disabled
Person (SMDP) and to instruct police personnel in the proper tactics and procedures in
order to remove such an individual and safeguard the personal well-being of all
concerned.
2. POLICY
A. Time is of no importance in removing barricaded persons, hostage takers, or SMDPs,
unless there is immediate danger to life.
B. Crisis Negotiation Teams of the Criminal Intelligence Unit are the Philadelphia Police
Department’s experts and thus responsible for the complicated task of negotiating with
barricaded persons, hostage situations, and SMDPs. They will be available 24 hours a
day.
C. A patrol supervisor and a minimum of two (2) police officers will respond to all radio
calls relating to a barricaded person, hostage taker, or SMDPs.
D. The highest-ranking patrol supervisor/commander or Command Inspections Bureau
(CIB) Commander will be the overall commander on a barricaded person/hostage
scene.
E. No aggressive action is to be taken by police personnel without the permission of the
highest-ranking patrol supervisor/commander or CIB commander on the scene (overall
commander), unless there is an immediate danger to life or exigent circumstances
warrant such action.
1. All activities as well as the use of force will be under the control and direction of
the overall commander.
2. Police personnel will deactivate their emergency equipment (light & sirens) upon
arrival to any crisis response/critical incident.
Issued Date: 07-03-01 Effective Date: 07-03-01 Updated Date:
DIRECTIVE 10.7 - 2
F. When dealing with a barricaded person, all police personnel will exercise safe and
reasonable means of control and containment and shall be guided by the training
techniques in the “Force Continuum” listed below:
1. The mere presence of a police officer/officers
2. Verbal persuasion/warnings
3. Hands-on techniques/control holds
4. Non-lethal force (e. g., OC spray, batons/ASPs, Taser)
5. Deadly force
G. The responsibility of conducting barricaded person/crisis negotiations will be a joint
effort shared by specially trained personnel from OCI, the detective division of
occurrence, and the patrol division under the direction of the overall commander.
H. Police personnel on the scene will maintain firearms control and not discharge a
firearm until directed to do so by the overall commander, unless there is an immediate
danger of death or serious bodily injury.
3. DEFINITIONS
A. Severely Mentally Disabled Person (SMDP): A person is severely mentally
disabled when, as a result of mental illness, his/her capacity to exercise self-control,
judgment, and discretion in the conduct of his/her affairs and social relations or to care
for his/her own personal needs is so lessened that he/she poses a clear and present
danger of harm to others or to himself/herself.
B. Barricaded Person is usually, but not always, one or a combination of several types
of individuals:
1. A person who has taken a position, inside, outside, or in a vehicle and has indicated
by action or implication that he/she may have a weapon and refuses to cooperate
with police commands or intends to harm himself/herself.
2. A severely mentally disabled person who has taken a position, inside/outside a
dwelling or in a vehicle, and has indicated by action or implication that he/she
intends to harm himself/herself or others.
C. Hostage Taker is usually, but not always, one or a combination of two basic types of
individuals:
1. A suspect who has taken a position at or near a crime scene with or without a
weapon AND hostages, or a suspect who may be mobile, in which the hostage
taker is not confined to a specific area, (i.e., in a vehicle).
DIRECTIVE 10.7 - 3
2. A severely mentally disabled person who has taken a position, inside or outside,
with hostages and has indicated by action or implication that he/she intends to harm
himself/herself and/or the hostages.
D. Psychosis: A mental disorder in which the personality of an individual is seriously
disorganized and contact with reality is usually impaired. It may cause paranoia, visual
or auditory hallucinations, (e. g., bugs crawling under the skin, hearing voices), or
seizures. This disease may be caused by illness and/or the use of drugs or alcohol.
E. Crisis Negotiators (Centralized and Decentralized) – The Department’s experts in the
handling of barricaded persons/hostage negotiations, and in particular SMDPs.
F. Centralized and Decentralized Concept – refers to those Departmental units that are
responsible for handling all barricade/hostage and SMDP situations.
1. Organized Crime/Intelligence (centralized) and crisis trained detective division
personnel (decentralized).
G. Outer Perimeter: Area designated by the overall commander for the safe evacuation
of all spectators. This area is also selected to encompass a command post,
communication center, staging area, crowd/traffic control, and staffing.
H. Inner Perimeter: The actual hostage incident location designated by the overall
commander. No one will be permitted to enter this area without permission of the
overall commander or his designee, except the following personnel:
1. Members of the Special Weapons and Tactics Team (SWAT).
2. Centralized/Decentralized Hostage Negotiators.
3. Initial supervisors and police personnel on the scene.
I. Zone of Protection: The secure distance to be maintained between responding
police personnel and the inner perimeter of a crisis or critical incident. This distance
will vary, depending on each situation and the range of any weapon that may be
involved, (particularly a firearm). Every effort will be made to maintain this “zone of
protection” should a barricaded person, hostage taker, or SMDP fail to remain
stationary.
4. GENERAL PROCEDURES
A. It is important for the first responding officers to use caution, evaluate the situation,
attempt to de-escalate the situation through communication, contain the individual, wait
for a back-up, and await the arrival of a patrol supervisor before taking any action,
barring a threat to life.
DIRECTIVE 10.7 - 4
B. Retreating or re-positioning is not a sign of weakness or cowardice by an officer; it is
often a tactically superior police procedure rather than the immediate use of force.
C. Crisis Negotiators (centralized and decentralized) will respond to all crisis or critical
incidents.
1. The initial responsibility for negotiations rests with the Crisis Negotiators from the
divisional detectives, until the arrival of the OCI Negotiators.
2. The primary responsibility for negotiations rests with the Crisis Negotiators from
the OCI Unit.
NOTE: Police personnel, vehicles, and equipment will be kept out of view of the
barricaded person, hostage taker, or SMDP and in a secure area when
possible.
D. Two (2) crisis trained divisional detectives will always be used on the scene of all
barricaded person, hostage taker or SMDP incidents.
1. If two (2) crisis trained divisional detectives are not available from the detective
division of occurrence, Police Radio will contact additional trained detective
divisions until two detectives are assembled.
E. SWAT personnel are the only personnel authorized to utilize special weapons or
equipment.
F. The coordination of communications between specialized units, patrol personnel, and
Crisis Negotiators that are on the scene will be the responsibility of the overall
commander.
5. SPECIFIC PROCEDURES
A. The first Police Officer on the scene will:
1. Evaluate the situation and ascertain if the incident is actually a barricaded person,
hostage taker, or SMDP.
2. Immediately notify Police Radio with conditions and request a supervisor and
additional personnel if necessary at the scene.
3. Determine whether the incident is taking place inside or outside.
4. Act as the communications car and will record the arrival of all personnel, vehicles,
and special apparatus as well as all pertinent information on a Crime Scene
Information Log (75-616).
DIRECTIVE 10.7 - 5
5. Take defensive measures and attempt to maintain an appropriate “zone of
protection”.
6. Avoid placing themselves in a position that requires taking unnecessary or overly
aggressive actions.
7. Secure, isolate, and contain the area/building where the barricaded person/hostage
taker or SMDP is located.
8. Advise Police Radio of the safest route to be taken by other police vehicles and
request the necessary back up needed to secure and contain the person.
9. Inform Police Radio of the designated staging area for responding police personnel.
10. Maintain and record on the 75-616 all available information to include:
a. All information about the barricaded person, hostage taker, SMDP.
b. Any weapons (i. e., firearms, how many, type, caliber, amount of ammunition,
knives, or explosives).
NOTE: Regardless of any weapons surrendered by the barricaded person,
hostage taker, or SMDP, the assumption will be that additional
weapons are in his/her possession.
c. Hostage(s): how many, identity, and relationship to hostage taker if any.
d. Names and phone numbers of friends and family members if possible. If any
are present, detain for interview by supervisor, assigned investigator, and Crisis
Negotiation personnel.
e. The phone number if any, where the barricaded person, hostage taker, or SMDP
is located.
f. All information and its source received by police personnel will be noted on the
75-616 and made available to the overall commander, all supervisors, Crisis
Negotiation personnel and the assigned investigator.
11. The Crime Scene Information Log will be given to the assigned detective along
with a copy of the Complaint or Incident Report (75-48), upon resolution of the
incident.
B. The first supervisor on the scene in addition to utilizing the Lieutenant’s and Sergeants
Emergency Check List will:
1. Immediately respond to all barricaded person, hostage taker, and SMDP incidents.
DIRECTIVE 10.7 - 6
2. Review the circumstances with the first officers on the scene or the complainant
initiating the call to confirm the type of incident and decide the appropriate back up
necessary to secure, isolate, and contain the area, building, and person.
3. Temporarily assume command of the situation until the arrival of higher ranking
police personnel. Ensure defensive measures are taken, a “zone of protection”
has been established and all police personnel on the scene maintain firearms
control.
4. Ensure a staging area has been designated for responding police personnel.
5. Relay all information concerning the incident to the overall commander and Crisis
Negotiation Team member(s).
6. Designate the first patrol car on the scene as the communications car (to be located
at a safe, but accessible location) and inform Police Radio of the exact location of
this vehicle. Instruct this officer to chronologically log all actions taken or
information received by any personnel on the scene, using the 75-616.
7. Establish an outer perimeter, out of sight of the incident and deploy personnel to
contain crowds, divert traffic, and to prevent the escape of the barricaded person,
hostage taker, or SMDP.
8. Advise Police Radio of the conditions and request the notification of the Deputy
Commissioner, Field Operations or highest-ranking CIB commander, the Crisis
Negotiators, divisional detectives, SWAT, and if necessary, a member from the
Mental Health Delegate’s office.
C. Police Radio will:
1. Dispatch a patrol supervisor and a minimum of two officers to the scene of any
barricaded person, hostage taker, or SMDP incident, regardless of the source.
2. When the incident is confirmed by a supervisor, notify the following, who will
respond immediately:
a. Highest ranking patrol supervisor/commander or CIB Commander (overall
Commander)
b. Criminal Intelligence Crisis Negotiations Team
c. Commanding officer, district of occurrence
d. SWAT Unit
e. Detective Division of occurrence
f. Fire Rescue EMT
g. Public Affairs Unit (standby)
h. Crime Scene Unit (standby)
DIRECTIVE 10.7 - 7
i. Audio-Visual Unit (standby)
j. Mobile Communications Unit (standby)
k. Aviation Unit (standby)
l. Mental Health Delegate (standby)
3. Ascertain the phone number of the subject, if available, and relay it to the overall
commander and Crisis Negotiation Team via telephone, if possible.
4. Make any additional notifications as requested by the overall commander.
D. The highest ranking patrol supervisor, commander or CIB commander, will upon
arrival, assume command of the operation from the on-scene supervisor. The overall
commander in addition to utilizing the Commander’s Emergency Check List will:
1. Ensure that uniform and/or detective personnel have been assigned for any
necessary evacuation and provide security for the area.
2. Gather all pertinent information from the patrol supervisor and attempt to obtain
floor plans (if possible) of the building being occupied by any barricaded persons
or hostage takers.
3. Ensure that an outer perimeter has been established out of sight of the barricaded
person/hostage taker.
4. Decide the method of operation and the need for additional equipment/personnel,
professional help, or family members.
5. Decide whether to utilize special police equipment or contact outside agencies
(water, gas, or electric) to interrupt services. (Telephone service should not be
interrupted).
6. Along with the SWAT Unit commander, be responsible for the tactical resolution
and or hostage rescue.
7. Ensure that Fire Department equipment is on the scene prior to use of smoke, gas
canisters, or diversionary devices.
8. Ensure that an inner perimeter has been established and only members of the
SWAT Unit, Crisis Negotiation Team(s) and necessary equipment and personnel
are within this area.
9. Ensure that specific individuals have been assigned for the following:
a. Security for the inner/outer perimeters of the barricaded area, including the
building occupied by the hostage taker.
DIRECTIVE 10.7 - 8
b. Communications between the scene, Police Radio, and the Mobile
Communications Unit, if needed.
c. A liaison with other police units, Fire Department, other City departments, and
utility companies.
d. Collection of the 75-616.
10. Return any unnecessary personnel and equipment to routine patrol.
11. Ensure Internal Affairs is notified of any injuries sustained by: hostages, hostage
takers, or SMDPs, which were the result of police actions.
E. The Crisis Negotiation Team(s) will:
1. Report directly to the highest-ranking patrol supervisor/overall commander.
2. Upon arrival take control and monitor all verbal contacts with the barricaded
person, hostage taker, or SMDP.
F. The SWAT Unit Supervisor will:
1. Report to the overall commander at the scene and advise him/her of the capabilities
and limitations of available special weapons and equipment.
a. Relieve non-tactical personnel from the inner perimeter as soon as possible.
2. Ascertain the physical layout of the building and area to determine how to resolve
the incident.
3. Be responsible for the tactical resolution and/or hostage rescue operation.
G. The Detective Supervisor will:
1. Report to the overall commander and provide all initial and supplemental
information gathered by the assigned investigators.
2. Assign detective personnel to help in establishing the identity of the subject and
hostages, determine if the subject has any registered weapons, and acquire any
photographs/record checks of the subject.
3. Ensure there is an in-depth interview of the subject’s family and friends and
determine actions of subject immediately prior to the present situation.
4. Work up a background of the subject to include characteristics and tendencies,
when possible.
DIRECTIVE 10.7 - 9
5. Consult with Crime Scene Unit personnel in processing the scene.
6. Ensure the assigned divisional detective submits the preparation of a concise and
thorough report of the entire incident, regardless of the level of response required at
the scene. This report will include the 75-616 and a background of the subject.
H. The Crime Scene Unit will:
1. Respond to the scene upon request of the ranking detective supervisor on duty at
the incident.
2. Prepare a sketch of the physical layout of the building/area inside and outside, if
one is not available. As much information as possible will be included on the
sketch to help resolve the situation e. g., (doors, windows, stairwells, skylights,
entrances, and exits).
I. The Audio-Visual Unit will:
1. Respond to the scene on orders of the overall commander.
2. Be responsible for making a videotape record of the incident as directed by the
overall commander to be used as possible training material at a later date.
J. Police Public Affairs Unit will:
1. Respond to the scene of barricaded person, hostage taker, or SMDP situations when
requested by the overall commander.
2. Act as a liaison between the Police Department and the news media.
NOTE: When Public Affairs is not on the scene, the highest ranking patrol supervisor
will act as the liaison.
K. The Aviation Unit will:
1. Respond to the scene on orders of the Overall Commander.
2. Be used for surveillance and reconnaissance during any founded crisis
response/critical incident.
3. Transmit all pertinent information directly to the overall commander.
6. CRISIS NEGOTIATION PROGRAM COORDINATOR
A. The Commanding Officer, OCI, is the appointed Negotiation Program Coordinator of
the Police Department and will:
DIRECTIVE 10.7 - 10
1. Administer all aspects of the Crisis Negotiation Program, including training.
2. Define responsibilities of the individual team members.
RELATED PROCEDURES: Directive 4.1, Responsibilities at Crime Scenes
Directive 4.6, Fires, Disasters, Catastrophes and Other
Emergencies Involving Joint Action of
Service Dept’s
Directive 4.13, Prisoners in Hospitals
Directive 5.24, Crime Scene Unit
Directive 10.1, Use of Force – Involving the Discharge of
Firearms
Directive 10.2, Use of Moderate/Limited Force
Directive 10.9, Severely Mentally Disabled Persons
BY COMMAND OF THE POLICE COMMISSIONER
__________________________________________________________________
DIRECTIVE 10.7 - 1 APPENDIX “A”
PHILADELPHIA POLICE DEPARTMENT DIRECTIVE 10.7
APPENDIX “A”
SUBJECT: IMMEDIATE ACTION / RAPID RESPONSE TO ACTIVE SHOOTER
1. POLICY A. It is the policy of the Philadelphia Police Department, based on training, to allow
initial responding officers the authority and responsibility to take immediate action
to contain and if necessary, neutralize active shooter incidents. Because of the
urgency of an active shooter situation, the first responding officer must assume the
responsibilities of the scene until relieved by someone of higher authority. A
Special Weapons And Tactics (SWAT) supervisor after being briefed will, take over
Tactical Command.
2. DEFINITIONS:
A. Active Shooter: An active shooter situation is one in which an armed person has
used deadly physical force on other persons and continues to do so while having
unrestricted access to additional victims.
B. Contact Team: An initial team of uniformed officers, working together, that moves
through a building for the sole mission of identifying and neutralizing the active
shooter(s).
C. Rescue Team: A second team of uniformed officers, working together, that moves
through a building to locate and rescue victims.
3. PROCEDURES
A. The first officer(s) on the scene will:
Issued Date: 06-10-09 Effective Date: 06-10-09 Updated Date:
REDACTED - LAW ENFORCEMENT SENSITIVE
DIRECTIVE 10.7 - 2 APPENDIX “A”
2. Make the decision to rapidly deploy (18 Ps. C.S. Section 508 “IDOL” Immediate
Defense of Life); and establish and brief a Contact Team and a Rescue Team.
a. There must be at least one (1) sworn member remaining outside of the incident
location to control the scene and keep Police Radio informed.
b. The Contact Team will:
1. Make contact with the suspect(s).
2. Stop deadly behavior.
3. Limit suspect(s) movements.
4. Prevent escape.
5. Relay information to the Command Post.
6. Notify police radio of the location of any victim(s) they discover.
c. After the suspect(s) have been controlled or it has been determined that
they are no longer an immediate threat, the Contact Team will secure the
area so the Medical Support can be provided to the injured.
4. Rescue Team mission is to rescue and/or evacuate victims to a safe area by:
b. Communicate to the Contact Team before entry and update the Command Post
c. Strong Communication is necessary between the Contact Team, Rescue Team,
Incident Commander and Supervisor.
REDACTED - LAW ENFORCEMENT SENSITIVE
REDACTED - LAW ENFORCEMENT SENSITIVE
REDACTED - LAW ENFORCEMENT SENSITIVE
DIRECTIVE 10.7 - 3 APPENDIX “A”
NOTE: The shooter or conspirators may be among the victims. The Rescue
Team will remember all safe practices when encountering any victims
at the scene. If possible, the “victims” will be patted down for
weapons and officer safety.
B. Responding Police Personnel should use extreme caution and be aware of primary and
possibly secondary explosive devices intended to injure first responders as they arrive
to an active shooter incident.
C. Establish Incident Command
1. The first officer on the scene will assume the responsibilities of the scene until
relieved by a person of higher authority.
2. The Incident Commander, regardless of rank, shall:
a. Assess and verify conditions and keep Police Radio informed.
b. Establish a communications vehicle and command post.
c. Notify Police Radio of the safest ingress / egress routes and designate a radio
officer.
d. Request necessary resources (i.e. SWAT, Bomb Squad, Aviation, Detectives,
Philadelphia Fire Department and Fire Medical Units) through Police Radio
and give a staging location.
e. Gather intelligence from persons on the scene.
f. Establish inner and outer perimeters.
g. Determine access points.
h. Attempt to obtain blue prints.
i. Ensure all responding members are wearing body armor.
j. Evacuate, secure and contain the incident site.
k. Ensure interviews with the evacuated people are conducted in an attempt to
gain information about the suspect(s), injured victims and trapped people.
REDACTED - LAW ENFORCEMENT SENSITIVE
DIRECTIVE 10.7 - 4 APPENDIX “A”
l. Stabilize and coordinate the crime scene with investigative supervisor.
m. Ensure constant contact and coordination with the Contact team, Rescue Team
and SWAT.
n. Not declare the scene under control until a complete search of the building,
including roof or substructure has been completed by the SWAT Unit and is
declared safe.
D. Change in Incident Commander:
1. Command personnel in route to the incident will monitor Police Radio to gain
information, but shall not obstruct ongoing intervention.
2. Command personnel must be on scene and fully briefed before assuming Incident
Command.
3. SWAT supervisor will assume Tactical Command upon arrival.
4. Police Radio will be immediately notified of a change in Incident Commander.
BY COMMAND OF THE POLICE COMMISSIONER