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historical conditions such as customs. He emphasized the uniqueness and the accidental nature of the legal system of a given nation.

The differences of the systems of government are due to the peculiarity of the given nation.the republic = the subject has the right to governall the subjects = democracy

a portion of the subjects = aristocracythe monarchy = the government by one ruler based on the constitutionthe constitutional monarchythe despotism = the government by one ruler by his will

There are the basic passions which motivate each of these forms of government

the republic = virtue

the monarchy = honour

And the size of a country will affect the nature of the government. etc.

3.Radical Empiricism in France

Condillac (1715-1780)Condillac developed the Locke's empiricism to an extreme. While in England the common sense plays an important role and balances philosophical

ideas, once those ideas were transferred to the Continent, they took up very radical forms.While Locke denied the Cartesian innate ideas' existence and considered our mind to be "tabula rasa," he was influenced by Descartes anddistinguished experience into sensation (external) and reflection (internal) whereby sensation precedes reflection but the latter does not come fromthe former.On the other hand, Condillac held that everything including reflection comes from sensation, that is a radicalization of Locke's thought about theorigin of the internal perception. Sensualism.Condillac's major work is

Trait des sensations4. Encyclopaedists

In France the editing and publication of the Encyclopedia, a comprehensive book of all the books about wisdom of all humanity, was attempted forthe first time in the West. Many of the contemporary contributed to drafting the manuscripts. Voltaire, Rousseau and Helvetilus contributed.The basic motive of this edition was the denial of the past and the resistance against church's authority.The leading motives were 1) nature,

2) reason3) humanity.The encyclopedists were considered the representatives of the Enlightenment Movement.

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que je veux chercher o il est, ce qu'il est, quelle est sa substance, it m'chappe."(I perceive God everywhere in His works; I sense Him in me, Isee Him in everything other than myself; however, as soon as I want to contemplate Him in myself, as soon as I want to search where He is, whatHe is, What is His substance, He escapes me.)mile, Book IVThus, God, to Rousseau, is not rationally comprehensible, but He can only be intuitively grasped.He was chased by the orthodox Christians, was objected by atheistic materialists.

The French revolution was motivated by the philosophical ideas advanced by Rousseau. Robespierre made his system of Convention (NationalAssembly) on the basis of the principle of Rousseau's Contrat social. The Strum und Drang Movement in Germany (of Goethe and Schiller) wasalso influenced by Rousseau. Kant was also deeply moved by Rousseau's mile, too.

The German Enlightenment Movement

Thomasius (1655-1728)(Omitted)

Christian Wollf(1679-1754)Christian Wolff is the most important philosopher in the German Enlightenment Movement and was known for the systematization andvulgarization of Leibniz's philosophy and an important bridge to Kant's early dogmatic period (Kant was a Wolffean). Wolff did not accept Leibniz'notion of monad which Wolff interpreted as material atoms, as well as Leibniz' the principle of pre-established harmony which Wolff admitted onlyto the mind-body relationship,(Omitted)

Reimarus (1694-1768)Reimarus fought against both atheism and the theology of revelation at the same time.(Omitted)

Lessing (1729-1781)Lessing is considered as the most beautiful blossom of the German Enlightenment. Lessing's contribution in the philosophy of religion consists in1) interpret the trinity-unity more speculatively2) apply Leibniz' notion of development to the pre-established religion and theology.In this sense, Lessing anticipates Hegel's philosophy.(Omitted)

Moses Mendelssohn (1729-1786)is considered as one of the most beautiful intellectuals of Enlightenment. He was a grandfather of Felix Mendelssohn-Baltordi, the famousRomantic composer who revived Johann Sebastian Bach and his music. At that time, Moses Mendelssohn was better known and more highlyrespected than his contemporary, Immanuel Kant.

(Omitted)Tetens (1736-1805)

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Tetens established the division of Thinking, Senses and Will.(Omitted)

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