Philosophy

Module I. The history of Philosophy

І. Text test tasks :

1. What does the Greek word “onto” mean?A. dialecticsB. consciousnessC. cognitionD. *beingE. knowledge

2. What does the Greek “episteme” means?A. dialecticsB. consciousnessC. cognitionD. beingE. *knowledge or science

3. What does the Greek word “logia” mean?A. scientistB. scientificC. researchD. *scienceE. subject

4.… is the study of being or existenceA. EpistemologyB. *OntologyC. NeoplatonismD. MetaphysicsE. Dualism

5.… describes or posits the basic categories and relationships of being or existence to define entities and types of entities within its framework.

A. *OntologyB. EpistemologyC. NeoplatonismD. MetaphysicsE. Dualism

6.… studies conceptions of realityA. EpistemologyB. *OntologyC. NeoplatonismD. MetaphysicsE. Dualism

7. … gives an account of which words refer to entities, which do not, why, and what categories result.

A. *ontologyB. epistemologyC. neoplatonismD. metaphysicsE. dualism

8. What do the philosophers of Platonic school contend?A. All nouns belong to collectionsB. All nouns belong to classes

C. All nouns belong to modelsD. *All nouns belong to entitiesE. All nouns belong to construction

9. What do the philosophers of Non-Platonic school contend?A. All nouns refer to collectionsB. All nouns refer to classesC. All nouns refer to modelsD. *All nouns refer to collectionsE. All nouns refer to construction

10. Which ontological category refers to “collection of mental events experienced by a person”?A. *mindB. geometryC. societyD. knowledgeE. being

11. Which ontological category refers to “collection of persons with some shared interactions”?A. mindB. geometryC. *societyD. knowledgeE. being

12.Which ontological category refers to “collection of a specific kind of intellectual activity”?A. mindB. *geometryC. societyD. knowledgeE. being

13. What is the basic question of ontology?A. *What is there?B. What is knowledge?C. Where does knowledge come from?D. Who creates knowledge?E. Is there UFO?

14. What is the common approach in ontology?A. to divide the nouns into groupsB. to divide the world into certain partsC. *to divide the extant entities into groups called "categories"D. to create one world religionE. to find out what happiness is

15. The question ‘What is existence?’ refers to …A. epistemologyB. *ontologyC. neoplatonismD. metaphysicsE. dualism

16. The question “Is existence a property?” refers to …A. epistemologyB. dualismC. neoplatonismD. metaphysicsE. *ontology

17. The question “What is a physical object?” refers to …A. *ontology

B. dualismC. neoplatonismD. metaphysicsE. epistemology

18. “What constitutes the identity of an object?” refers to …A. *ontologyB. dualismC. neoplatonismD. metaphysicsE. epistemology

19.The question “Why are we here? Why does anything exist, rather than nothing?” refers to …A. neoplatonismB. dualismC. metaphysicsD. *ontologyE. epistemology

20.What do quintessential ontological concepts include?A. subject and objectB. *universals and substanceC. time and spaceD. society and individualE. declarative sentences and propositions

21.Whose words: "He who possesses the highest knowledge with respect to one or another genus must be able to express the most certain principles of the relevant subject, so that he, who treats about Beings in so far as they are Beings, should be able to express the most certain principles of all things. This is the philosopher"?

A. PlatoB. KantC. MarxD. SocratesE. *Aristotle

22.… is something that can be said to beA. *BeingB. KnowledgeC. CategoryD. NotionE. Space

23.… also called bodies, or physical particulars, or concrete things, or matter, or maybe substances

A. TimeB. SpaceC. PropositionsD. *Physical objectsE. Events

24.… - those "parts" of us that think and perceiveA. TimeB. SpaceC. PropositionsD. Physical objectsE. *Minds

25.Whose words “mind as distinct from the body”?A. *Rene DescartesB. Kant

C. FichtD. HegelE. Plato

26.“Concepts of the mental can be reduced to physical concepts” is the view of …A. *materialismB .dualismC. materialism and dualismD. constructivismE. pragmatics

27.… is often regarded as equivalent, or nearly equivalent, in meaning to 'set'A. TimeB. SpaceC. *ClassD. PropositionE. Property

28.Denying that classes and sets exist is the contemporary meaning of...?A. *nominalismB. dualismC. materialismD. physicalismE. constructivism

29.… is called the quality or attribute of an object.A. TimeB. SpaceC. *PropertyD. PropositionE. Mind

30.The size, color, weight, composition, and so forth, of an object are called … of that object.A. eventsB. mindsC. propositionsD. relationsE. *properties

31. Universals existonce is the scholastic variant of …?A. *nominalismB. dualismC. materialismD. physicalismE. constructivism

32.… are what physical objects are extended into.A. propertiesB. mindsC. *time and spaceD. propositionsE. events

33. Many contemporary thinkers actually suggest that … is the fourth dimension.A. spaceB. *timeC. mindD. eventE. property

34. There is debate as to whether … exists only in presentA. space

B. *timeC. mindD. eventE. property

35. There is debate as to whether … is curved.A. *spaceB. timeC. mindD. eventE. property

36.… are units of meaning.A. PropertiesB. MindsC. Time and spaceD. *PropositionsE. Events

37.… are just sets of words in languages that refer to propositions.A. PropertiesB. MindsC. *Declarative sentencesD. PropositionsE. Events

38.… are thus ideas, a property of substances (minds), rather than a distinct ontological category.A. PropertiesB. MindsC. *Declarative sentencesD. PropositionsE. Events

39. One declarative sentence can refer to many …A. propertiesB. mindsC. time and spaceD. *propositionsE. events

40.… are that which can be said to occur.A. PropertiesB. MindsC. Time and spaceD. PropositionsE. *Events

41. Properties, relations, and classes are supposed to be …, rather than concrete.A. differentB. physicalC. psychologicalD. historicalE. *abstract

42. Who regarded Space and Time as nothing more than psychological facts about human beings?

A. *David HumeB. KantC. WebberD. MarxE. Socrates

43. Who argues over the existence of properties and relations?A. dualistsB. materialistsC. constructivistsD. *realistsE. pragmatists

44.… is the branch of philosophy that studies the nature and scope of knowledge and belief.A. *EpistemologyB. OntologyC. NeoplatonismD. MetaphysicsE. Dualism

45. Who introduced the term epistemology in English?A. *James Frederick FerrierB. FichtC. KantD. David HumeE. Max Webber

46.… focuses on analyzing the nature of knowledge and how it relates to similar notions such as truth, belief, and justification.

A. *EpistemologyB. OntologyC. NeoplatonismD. MetaphysicsE. Dualism

47.…deals with the means of production of knowledge, as well as skepticism about different knowledge claims.

A. metaphysicsB. ontologyC. neoplatonismD. *epistemologyE. dualism

48. The question ‘What is knowledge?’ refers to …A. *epistemologyB. ontologyC. neoplatonismD. metaphysicsE. dualism

49. The question ‘How is knowledge acquired?’ refers to …A. neoplatonismB. ontologyC. *epistemologyD. metaphysicsE. dualism

50. The question ‘What do people know?’ refers to …A.*epistemologyB.ontologyC.neoplatonismD.metaphysicsE.dualism

51. The first theories of knowledge stressed its … characterA. *absolute, permanentB. universal

C. temporaryD. concreteE. changing

52. The later theories of knowledge put the emphasis on its … or situation-dependenceA. *relativityB. permanenceC. universal characterD. stabilityE. independence

53. Who said that “knowledge is merely an awareness of absolute, universal Ideas or Forms”?A. AristotleB. SocratesC. *PlatoD. KantE. Marx

54. Who accepted that “knowledge is an apprehension of necessary and universal principles”?A. *AristotleB. SocratesC. PlatoD. KantE. Marx

55. Which main epistemological positions dominated in the philosophy of the Renaissance?A. empiricismB. rationalismC. *empiricism and rationalismD. materialismE. dualism

56. What sees knowledge as the product of sensory perception?A. *empiricismB. rationalismC. empiricism and rationalismD. materialismE. dualism

57. What sees knowledge as the product of rational reflection?A. empiricismB. *rationalismC. empiricism and rationalismD. materialismE. dualism

58. According to … knowledge results from a kind of mapping or reflection of external objects, through our sensory organs.

A. *empiricismB. rationalismC. empiricism and rationalismD. materialismE. dualism

59. Who said that “knowledge results from the organization of perceptual data on the basis of inborn cognitive structures, which he calls "categories"”?

A. AristotleB. SocratesC. PlatoD. *KantE. Marx

60.… epistemology does accept the subjectivity of basic concepts, like space and time, and the impossibility to reach purely objective representations of things-in-themselves.

A. *KantianB. HegelianC. SocraticD. MarxianE. Fichtean

61. According to…, knowledge consists of models that attempt to represent the environment in such a way as to maximally simplify problem-solving.

A. evolutionary epistemologyB. memeticsC. proper epistemologyD. constructivismE. *pragmatic epistemology

62.… does not give a clear answer to the question where knowledge or models come from.A. *Pragmatic epistemologyB. MemeticsC. Proper epistemologyD. ConstructivismE. Evolutionary epistemology

63.… assumes that all knowledge is built up from scratch by the subject of knowledge.A. Pragmatic epistemologyB. MemeticsC. Proper epistemologyD. *ConstructivismE. Evolutionary epistemology

64. In … there is an implicit assumption that models are built from parts of other models and empirical data on the basis of trial-and-error complemented with some heuristics or intuition.

A. *pragmatic epistemologyB. memeticsC. proper epistemologyD. constructivismE. evolutionary epistemology

65. Which two approaches can be distinguished in constructivism?A. proper and distinctB. abstract and concreteC. *individual and socialD. permanent and recurrentE. dependent and independent

66.… assumes that an individual attempts to reach coherence among the different pieces of knowledge.

A. Pragmatic epistemologyB. *Individual constructivismC. Proper epistemologyD. Social constructivismE. Evolutionary epistemology

67.… sees consensus between different subjects as the ultimate criterion to judge knowledge.A. Pragmatic epistemologyB. Individual constructivismC. Proper epistemologyD. *Social constructivismE. Evolutionary epistemology

68. According to …, 'truth' or 'reality' will be accorded only to those constructions on which

most people of a social group agree.A. pragmatic epistemologyB. individual constructivismC. proper epistemologyD. *social constructivismE. evolutionary epistemology

69. According to …, knowledge is seen as largely independent of a hypothetical 'external reality' or environment.

A. pragmatic epistemologyB. memeticsC. proper epistemologyD. *constructivismE. evolutionary epistemology

70. Who argues that the nervous system of organism cannot in any absolute way distinguish between a perception and a hallucination?

A. John FerrierB. HegelC. KantD. MarxE. *Maturana and Varela

71.… is caused by an external phenomenon.A .HallucinationB. ImaginationC. AttentionD. EventE. *Perception

72.… is caused by a purely internal event.A. *HallucinationB. ImaginationC. AttentionD. EventE. Perception

73.… puts much emphasis on the changing and relative character of knowledge, but it is still absolute in the primacy it gives to either social consensus or internal coherence.

A. Pragmatic epistemologyB. MemeticsC. Proper epistemologyD. *ConstructivismE. Evolutionary epistemology

74. According to …, knowledge is constructed by the subject or group of subjects in order to adapt to their environment in the broad sense.

A. pragmatic epistemologyB. memeticsC. proper epistemologyD. constructivismE. *evolutionary epistemology

75. According to …, knowledge contributes most to the survival and reproduction of the subject(s) within their given environment.

A. pragmatic epistemologyB. memeticsC. proper epistemologyD. constructivismE. *evolutionary epistemology

76. According to …, knowledge is basically still a passive instrument developed by organisms in order to help them in their quest for survival.

A. pragmatic epistemologyB. memeticsC. Kantian epistemologyD. constructivismE. *evolutionary epistemology

77. A proper epistemology may be called …A. pragmatic epistemologyB. *memeticsC. proper epistemologyD. constructivismE. evolutionary epistemology

78.… notes that knowledge can be transmitted from one subject to another, and thereby loses its dependence on any single individual.

A. pragmatic epistemologyB. *memeticsC. Kantian epistemologyD. constructivismE. evolutionary epistemology

79. A piece of knowledge that can be transmitted or replicated is called …A. eventB. mindC. *memeD. constructionE. evolution

80. According to …, the death of an individual carrying a certain meme now no longer implies the elimination of that piece of knowledge.

A. pragmatic epistemologyB. *proper epistemologyC. Kantian epistemologyD. constructivismE. evolutionary epistemology

81. According to …, the subject of knowledge has lost his primacy, and knowledge becomes a force of its own with proper goals and ways of developing itself.

A. *proper epistemologyB. pragmatic epistemologyC. Kantian epistemologyD. constructivismE. evolutionary epistemology

82. From … approach, knowledge is constructed by individuals or society.A. memeticB. evolutionaryC. pragmaticD. *constructivistE. Kantian

83. … approach sees society and even individuality as byproducts constructed by an ongoing evolution of independent fragments of knowledge competing for domination.

A.* MemeticB. EvolutionaryC. PragmaticD. ConstructivistE. Kantian

84. According to … theory, knowledge is merely an image of external objects and their relations.A. naturalismB. dualismC. evolutionaryD. *reflection-correspondenceE. pragmatic

85. Who said that “psychology should restrict itself to examining the relation between observable stimuli and observable behavioural responses”?

A. Wilhelm WundtB. *J. B. WatsonC. George MillerD. Herbert SimonE. Noam Chomsky

86. Who proposed that memory limitations can be overcome by recoding information into chunks, mental representations that require mental procedures for encoding and decoding the information?

A. Wilhelm WundtB. J. B. WatsonC. *George MillerD. Herbert SimonE. Noam Chomsky

87. Who rejected behaviourist assumptions about language as a learned habit and proposed instead to explain language comprehension in terms of mental grammars consisting of rules?

A. Wilhelm WundtB. J. B. WatsonC. George MillerD. Herbert SimonE. *Noam Chomsky

88. Who introduced the term “ontology”?A. KantB. SkovorodaC. *HokliniusD. HegelE. Ficht

89.When was the term “ontology” introduced?A. *in 17th centuryB. in 18th centuryC. in 16th centuryD. in 20th centuryE. in 21th century

90. Which form of being does “being of things and processes, produced by a man” belong to?A. *being of things and processesB. being of a manC. being of GodD. social beingE. spiritual being

91. Which form of being does “being of a man in the world of objects” belong to?A. being of things and processesB. *being of a manC. being of GodD. social beingE. spiritual being

92. Which form of being does “individual, spiritual” belong to?

A. being of things and processesB. being of a manC. being of GodD. social beingE. *spiritual being

93. Which form of being does “being of a man in the society” belong to?A. being of things and processesB. being of a manC. being of GodD. *social beingE. spiritual being

94. Which form of being does mythology belong to?A. being of things and processesB. being of a manC. being of GodD. social beingE. *spiritual being

95. Which types of consciousness do you know?A. individual and spiritualB. theoretical and estheticC. *individual, group and socialD. locomotive and sensoryE. intellectual and moral

96. Whose words are: “Cogito ergo sunt” (I think means I live)?A. *Rene DescartesB. HegelC .KantD. SocratesE. Plato

97. How did the representatives of ancient Greek philosophy treat “substance”?A. *as corpuscles (atoms) bodies are made fromB. as a philosophical categoryC. as everything that can be rationally explainedD. as everything that can be perceivedE. as an absolute category

98. Who was the first in the history of philosophy who studied the ratio of consciousness and unconsciousness?

A. *FreudB. Rene DescartesC. HegelD. FichtE. Kant

99. The ability to create mental images or pictures is called …A. perceptionB. *imaginationC. reflectionD. consciousnessE. genetics

100. The reflection of separate properties of the objects of real world with the help of our sense organs is …

A. affectB. willC. *sense

D .imaginationE. perception

101. Mental power by which one can direct one’s thoughts and actions or influence those of others is …

A. affectB. *willC. senseD. imaginationE. perception

102. The ability to see, hear or understand things is …A. affectB. willC. senseD. imaginationE. *perception

103. A strong feeling of any kind is …A. affectB. *emotionC. senseD. imaginationE. perception

104. Where did dialectics originate from?A. *ancient Greek philosophyB. the Middle AgesC. the RenaissanceD. the EnlightmentE. German classic philosophy

105. Who represented dialectics as theoretical system?A. MarxB. FichtC. DescartesD. *HegelE. Plato

106. What is the objective dialectics?A. *one that lives in the very objectsB. one that lives in the person’s thinkingC. one that is unchangeableD. one that was developed by HegelE. there is no correct answer

107. What is the subjective dialectics?A. one that lives in the very objectsB. *one that lives in the person’s thinkingC. one that is unchangeableD. one that was developed by HegelE. there is no correct answer

108. Which dialectic law explains the appearance of new species of animals and plants?A. *the law of transformation quantity into qualityB. the law of interpenetration of oppositesC. the law of the negation of the negationD. all the answers are correctE. there is no correct answer

109. Which dialectic law explains the development of a man and his language?A. *the law of transformation quantity into quality

B. the law of interpenetration of oppositesC. the law of the negation of the negationD. all the answers are correctE. there is no correct answer

110. Which dialectic law explains the political changes in the society?A. *the law of transformation quantity into qualityB. the law of interpenetration of oppositesC. the law of the negation of the negationD. all the answers are correctE. there is no correct answer

111. A special quality or characteristic that something has is …A. quantityB. qualityC. *propertyD. measureE. space

112. The measurement of something by stating how much there is of it, an amount or number of something is …

A. *quantityB. qualityC. propertyD. measureE. space

113. The standard of something when compared to other things like it, how good or bad something is …

A. quantityB. *qualityC. propertyD. measureE. space

114. Who is the creator of the law of the negation of the negation?A. FreudB. MarxC. FichtD. *HegelE. Kant

115. Who introduced the term “metaphysics” in philosophy?A. SocratesB. PlatoC. *AristotleD. LeninE. Skovoroda

116. Quintessential ideas about knowledge in dialectics called…A. categoriesB. *principlesC. formsD. lawsE. ration

117. What is the philosophical study of determination of phenomena by other phenomena?A. dialecticsB. metaphysicsC. *determinismD. dualism

E. nominalism118. According to …, all phenomena in the world are planned in advance and the possibility of chance is rejected.

A. determinismB. *fatalismC. formalismD. indeterminismE. providencialism

119. According to …, the world is complete chaos and all phenomena in the world are accidental and chaotic.

A. determinismB. *fatalismC. formalismD. indeterminismE. providencialism

120. What was dialectics in antique philosophy?A. *the art of debateB. alternative style of thinkingC. the development of the “absolute idea”D. the study of the objective worldE. the theory of scientific cognition

121. What is the main antipode of dialectics?A. *metaphysicsB. pantheismC. cosmocentrismD. anthropocentrismE. infantilism

122. Who was the first to use the term “metaphysics” as an antipode of dialecticsA. MarxB. FichtC. KantD. PlatoE.* Hegel

123. Which philosophical conception rejects everything old, completely destroying it and changes it into something new?

A. *metaphysicsB. pantheismC. cosmocentrismD. anthropocentrismE. infantilism

124. Who is the author of “Negative dialectics”?A. HegelB. MarxC. SartreD. *AdornoE. Plato

125. Who is the author of “Critique of dialectic mind”?A. HegelB. MarxC. *SartreD. AdornoE. Plato

126. Who were the representatives of “negative dialectics”?

A. Lenin, PlekhanovB. Marx, EngelsC. *Adorno, SartreD. Hegel, FichtE. Socrates, Plato

127. Who introduced the classic definition of truth?A. HegelB. MarxC. SartreD. *AristotleE. Plato

128. What are two levels in cognition?A. inductive and deductiveB. *empirical and theoreticalC. rational and theoreticalD. empirical and rationalE. inductive and empirical

129. What does Latin word scire stand for?A. to perceiveB. to understandC. to existD. to liveE. *to know

130. What do empirists determine as the quintessential source of knowledge?A. mindB. practiceC. *sensesD. truthE. God

131. What do rationalists determine as the quintessential source of knowledge?A. *mindB. practiceC. sensesD. truthE. God

132. Who are the representatives of empirism?A. Descartes, LeibnitzB. Lenin, PlatoC. *Bacon, DidroD. Sartre, KantE. Hegel, Freud

133. Who are the representatives of rationalism?A. *Descartes, LeibnitzB. Lenin, PlatoC. Bacon, DidroD. Sartre, KantE. Hegel, Freud

134. Who introduced the first philosophical conception of being?A. AristotleB. *Pre-socraticsC. HegelD. LeibnitzE. Medieval philosophy

135. Who contradicted empirical being to “pure ideas” in the antique philosophy?A. *PlatoB. AristotleC. SocratesD. BaconE. Dante

136. Who created the study of different levels of being - from empirical to spiritual in the antique philosophy?

A. PlatoB. *AristotleC. SocratesD. BaconE. Dante

137. Which philosophical category has “the law of transformation quantity into quality”?A. *dialecticsB. consciousnessC. cognitionD. energyE. negation

138. What does the Greek word “dialektik” mean?A. dialecticsB. *art of debateC. thesisD. antithesisE. quality

139. The way to show that a given hypothesis leads to a contradiction; thus, forcing the withdrawal of the hypothesis as a candidate for truth is called …

A. the Plato’s methodB. the Hegelian methodC. the Aristotle’s methodD. the Marxian methodE. *the Socratic method

140. Who wrote the book “Logic”?A. MarxB. *HegelC. BaconD. AristotleE. Socrates

141. What are Being and Nothing united as? (according to Hegel)A. thesisB. antithesisC. cognitionD. *becomingE. consciousness

142. How many laws of dialectics are there?A. 1B. 2C. *3D. 5E. 12

143. Which philosophical category is originally derived from the Latin con (with) and scire (to know)?

A. *consciousness

B. dialecticsC. thesisD. antithesisE. synthesis

144. Which branch of philosophy is concerned with the ultimate nature of realityA. physicsB. *metaphysicsC. dialecticsD. antique philosophyE. medieval philosophy

145. Which metaphysical view states that the mind is the brain, or, more accurately, that conscious mental activity is identical with neural activity?

A. dualismB. *materialismC. MarxismD. metaphysicsE. Leninism

146. Who brought about the near universal acceptance of the existence of unconscious mental states and processes?

A. MarxB. HegelC. BaconD. *FreudE. Socrates

147.Which philosophical category has “the law of interpenetration of opposites”?A. *dialecticsB. consciousnessC. cognitionD. energyE. negation

148. What are two broad traditional and competing metaphysical views concerning the nature of mind and conscious mental states?

A. thesis and antithesisB. *dualism and materialismC. being and nothingD. consciousness and unconsciousnessE. vice and virtue

149. Which philosophical category has “the law of negation of negation”?A. negationB. consciousnessC. cognitionD. energyE. *dialectics

150. Who wrote “The Euthyphro”?A. MarxB. HegelC. BaconD. AristotleE. *Socrates

151. Who does “the idea of contradiction, with class struggle playing the central role in social and political life” belong to?

A. *MarxB. Hegel

C. BaconD. AristotleE. Socrates

152. One’s ability to know and perceive is…A. dialecticsB. *consciousnessC. cognitionD. energyE. negation

153. Who argued that “the mind is a non-physical substance distinct from the body”?A. MarxB. HegelC. LeibnitzD. *DescartesE. Socrates

154. Who does the dialectic method of cross-examination belong to?A. MarxB. HegelC. LeibnitzD. DescartesE. *Socrates

155. Which metaphysical view states that the conscious mind or a conscious mental state is non-physical?

A. *dualismB. materialismC. MarxismD. metaphysicsE. Leninism

156. Who recognized the existence of basically unconscious perceptions and also importantly distinguished between perception and apperception?

A. MarxB. HegelC. *LeibnitzD.DescartesE. Socrates

157. In which religion can “the idea of the three phases of creation, maintenance of order and destruction or disorder” be found?

A. ChristianityB. BuddhismC. *HinduismD. IslamE. Judaism

158. The exchange of propositions (theses) and counter-propositions (antitheses) resulting in a synthesis of the opposing assertions is …

A. negationB. consciousnessC. cognitionD. energyE. *dialectics

159. Whose dialectic was presented in a threefold manner comprising three dialectical stages of development: a thesis, an antithesis and a synthesis

A. *HegelianB. Marxian

C. FichteanD. Plato’sE. Socrates’

160. Who has attacked the notion of dialectic?A. *Karl PopperB. MarxC. HegelD. AristotleE. Socrates

161. Dialectic is an exchange of propositions and counter-propositions resulting in …of the opposing assertions

A. artB. dialogueC. disagreementD. discussionE. *synthesi

162. What is the aim of the dialectical method?A. *to try to resolve the disagreement through discussionB. to try to resolve the disagreement through scientficC. to try to resolve the disagreement through linguisticD. to try to resolve the disagreement through philoslphicalE. to try to resolve the disagreement through logical

163. The idea of the three phases of creation can be found in …A. religionB. Chaos theoryC. VishnuD. *HinduismE. Socratic dialectic

164. Complete the model “thesis - … - synthesis”A. *antithesisB. dialecticsC. dialectics methodD. existenceE. coexistence

165. What is at the heart of Marxist dialectics?A. the idea of developmentB. the idea of consciousnessC. the idea of coexistenceD. the idea of existenceE. *the idea of contradiction

166. Who attacked the dialectical method?A. MarxB. *Karl PopperC. HegelD. PlatoE. Socrates

167. Is the work … Hegel describes a dialectic of existenceA. EuthyphroB. Critique of pure mindC. critique of negative dialecticsD. What is Dialectic?E. *Logic

168. Who is the author of “Logic”?

A. PlatoB. PoperC. MarxD. EngelsE. *Hegel

169.… dialectic was presented in three dialectic stages of development?A. MarxianB. SocraticC. Plato’sD. Engels’E. *Hegelian

170. What representatives of Hindu dialectic do you know?A. *Engels, StewartB. Marx, StewartC. Hegel, MarxD. Hegel, Engels, StewartE. Sociates, Engels

171. The term “dialectic” owes much to its role in the … of Socrates and PlatoA. *philosophyB. sociologyC. politologyD. cultureE. history

172. Who wrote a paper entitled “What is Dialectic”?A. PlatoB. SocratesC. HegelD. Karl MarxE. *Karl Popper

173. What is a method of presentation of ideas or conclusion?A. antithesesB. synthesisC. dialecticsD. alternativeE. *thesis

174. In the Logic Hegel describes a dialectic of …A. *existenceB. coexistenceC. relationshipD. philosophyE. harmony

175. What religious writings were the oldest philosophical literature in the world?A. writings of Ancient RomeB. writings of Ancient GreeceC. writings of Ancient EgyptD. *writings of Ancient IndiaE. writings of Ancient Mesopotamia

176. In the mid-nineteenth century, the concept of “dialectic” was appropriated by Marx and …A. PopperB. HegelC. SocratesD. PlatoE. *Engels

177. Where can certain dialectical elements be found in Hinduism?A. existenceB. *embryoC. coexistenceD. perceptionE. conclusion

178. Who was the author of Chaos Theory?A. PlatoB. PopperC. SocratesD. *an StewartE. Marx

179. Antithesis contradicts or negates the …A. mannerB. stageC. *thesisD. synthesisE. tension

180.… view dialectics as a frame work for development in which contradiction plays the central role as the source of development.

A. PlatoB. HinduC. *MarxistsD. HegelianE. Socrates

181. What does dialectic mean from Greek?A. *art of debateB. discussionC. dialecticsD. communicationE. existence

182. Who described dialectics of existence?A. SocratesB. PlatoC. *HegelD. MarxE. Engels

183. What does the word consciousness mean from Latin?A. human beingB. to perceiveC. cognitive theoryD. consciousE. *con (with) and scire (to know)

184. Aristotle was a student of …A. *PlatoB. MarxC. SocrateD. LeibnizE. Freud

185. What is the branch of philosophy concerned with the ultimate nature of reality?A. naturalismB. dualismC. *materialism

D. rationalismE. metaphysics

186. John Locke held a similar position regarding the connection between mentality and ..A. *consciousnessB. conscienceC. dualismD. realityE. nature

187. How many metaphysical views do you know?A. 42B. 32C. 12D. 20E. *2

188. G.W.Leibniz distinguished between … and apperception.A. coexistenceB. existenceC. self-consciousnessD. consciousnessE. *perception

189. Rene Descartes did not believe in the existence of unconscious mental ...A. *statesB. existenceC. perceptionD. self-consciousnessE. views

190. Who was the representative of the theory of mind?A. PlatoB. Rene DescartesC. John LockeD. LeibnitzE. *Immanuel Kant

191. Dualism and materialism are notions of …A. perceptionB. consciousnessC. politologyD. philosophyE. *metaphysics

192. What is the central issue in philosophy of mind?A. problem of sensesB. problem of propertiesC. problem of mental stateD. problem of cognitionE. *problem of consciousness

193. Who was the author of elaborate theory?A. PlatoB. AristotleC. *Immanuel KantD. LeibnitzE. Freud

194. According to …, conscious mental activity is identical with neural activityA. dualismB. *materialism

C. naturalismD. realismE. relativism

195. According to …, conscious mind is not physical, it seems more plausible to believe in the possibility of life after bodily death.

A. *dualismB. materialismC. naturalismD. realismE. relativism

196.… comes from minimal bodily self-awareness to the ability to reason and reflect on one’s own mental states, such as one’s beliefs and desires.

A. *Self-consciousnessB. Social consciousnessC. CognitionD. KnowledgeE. Consciousness

197. Who defined “thinking” very broadly to include virtually every kind of mental state and urged that consciousness is essential to thought?

A. *Rene DescartesB. PlatoC. KantD. HegelE. Leibnitz

198. Who roughly distinguished the difference between outer-directed consciousness and self-consciousness?

A. Rene DescartesB. PlatoC. KantD. HegelE. *Leibnitz

199. According to …, the wholeness of history is one dialectic, major stages of which chart a progression from self-alienation to self-unification.

A. Rene DescartesB. PlatoC. KantD. *HegelE. Leibnitz

200. What definition of philosophy seems to you the most appropriate?A. *Philosophy is love of wisdomB. Philosophy is a state of soulC. Philosophy is a science of sciencesD. Philosophy is a study about a manE. Philosophy is wisdom of love

201. What are two kinds of reason?A. Practical and empiricalB. Theoretical and empiricalC. Historical and theoreticalD. *Practical and theoreticalE. Spiritual and material

202. Gnoseology (epistemology) is …A. the study of beingB. *a theory of knowledge, study of the essence, forms and principles of cognition and

thinkingC. the study of sources, essence and laws of developmentD. the study of manE. the study of values, including Aesthetics, Ethics and political philosophy

203. Metaphysics is …A. the study of beingB. *it is concerned with such issues as the nature of the ultimate reality, philosophy of religion, philosophy of mind, personal identity, freedom of will and immortalityC. the study of values, including Aesthetics, Ethics and political philosophyD. the study of sources, essence and laws of developmentE. a theory of knowledge, study of the essence, forms and principles of cognition and thinking

204. Ontology is …A. *the study of beingB. the study of sources, essence and laws of developmentC. the study of the laws of thought and forms of argumentD. a theory of knowledge, study of the essence, forms and principles of cognition and thinkingE. the study of values, including Aesthetics, Ethics and political philosophy

205. Philosophical anthropology is …A. the study of beingB. the study of sources, essence and laws of developmentC. a theory of knowledge, study of the essence, forms and principles of cognition and thinkingD. *the study of manE. the study of values, including Aesthetics, Ethics and political philosophy

206. Axiology is …A. *the study of values, including Aesthetics, Ethics and political philosophyB. a theory of knowledge, study of the essence, forms and principles of cognition and thinkingC .the study of sources, essence and laws of developmentD. the study of beingE. the study of the laws of thought and forms of argument

207. Logic is …A. *the study of the laws of thought and forms of argumentB. the study of beingC. the study of sources, essence and laws of developmentD. the study of values, including Aesthetics, Ethics and political philosophyE. a theory of knowledge, study of the essence, forms and principles of cognition and thinking

208. It is a vision of the world from an only-center position of a man.A. ScienceB. SocietyC. ThoughtD. *OutlookE. Nation

209. What are the constituent elements of outlook?A. Basic components and basics levels of outlookB. *Basic components of outlook, basic levels and forms and historical types of outlookC. Basic levels and forms and historical types of outlookD. Basic forms and historical types of outlookE. Main components of outlook and basic levels of outlook

210.… is the self-consciousness of a tribe, where development of the individual self-

consciousness is not observed. What is this?A. SyncretismB. *MythologyC. AnimismD. OutlookE. Fetishism

211. Perception of the world where reality and illusion, natural and supernatural, objective and subjective are based, is one of the essential features of the mythological outlook. What does it mean?

A. *SyncretismB. MythologyC. AnimismD. OutlookE. Fetishism

212. What is dualism?A. *Understanding of a man from 2 viewpointsB. Understanding of a man from 3 viewpointsC. Understanding of a man from 4 viewpointsD. Understanding of a man from 5 viewpointsE. There is no correct answer

213. Who was the first that mentioned the term “philosophy”?A. AristotleB. SocratesC. *PythagorasD. PlatoE. Epicures

214. What is a function of philosophy that is directed at comprehension of integrity of the world, at cognition of the background and preconditions of interconnection between man and the world, at systemic-theoretical, logical-consequent and argumentative solution of outlook problems?

A. Practical B. *CognitiveC. MethodologicalD. CriticalE. Mythological

215. The main … task of philosophy is to ground and prove truth in the scientific cognition. A. *methodologicalB. cognitiveC. criticalD. practicalE. mythological

216.… function proves philosophy to be able to influence the formation both of mass outlook and outlook position of an individual.

A. CognitiveB. CriticalC. MethodologicalD. *Vital-practicalE. Mythological

217.… outlook appeared in the period of decay of the tribal system society.A. *ReligiousB. MythologyC. MethodologicalD. PhilosophicalE. Methodical

218. A person’s attitude to life; a view; what is likely to happen in future is …A. criticismB. practiceC. *outlookD. consciousnessE. theory

219. What are three historical types of outlook?A. *Mythological, religious, philosophicalB. Methodological, religious, philosophicalC. Religious, practical, mythologicalD. Empirical, methodological, theoreticalE. There is no correct answer

220. Who distinguished 4 main philosophical questions: 1) What can I know? 2) What should I do? 3) What can I expect? 4) What is man?

A. F. BaconB. *I. KantC. F. EngelsD. K. MarxE. A. Comte

221. Who is one of the founders of the Marxism?A. I. KantB. F. BaconC. *F. EngelsD. VoltaireE. A. Comte

222. Etymologically from the Greek philos means …A. wisdomB. friendshipC. respectD. *loverE. sympathy

223. Etymologically from the Greek sophia means …A. *wisdomB. friendshipC. respectD. loverE. sympathy

224. History plays … role with regard to philosophy, for not only do philosophers do philosophy while teaching the history of philosophy, but they also involve themselves in the critical examination of the principles that underlie historical investigation itself, creating a philosophy of history.

A. *dialecticalB. practicalC. theoreticalD. empiricalE. methodological

225. "… Rules of Philosophy".A. EightB. NineC. *TenD. FiveE. Twelve

226. "Man" and "the world" are the key notions of …

A. LoveB. PhilosophyC. ScienceD. NationE. *Outlook

227. Basic components of outlook are …A. vital-practical and theoretical constituent elementsB. *cognitive, value and motivating-active constituent elementsC. mythological, religious and philosophical constituent elementsD. methodological, religious and philosophical constituent elementsE. there is no correct answer

228. Basic levels of outlook are … A. *vital-practical and theoretical constituent elementsB. cognitive, value and motivating-active constituent elementsC. mythological, religious and philosophical constituent elementsD. methodological, religious and philosophical constituent elementsE. there is no correct answer

229. Forms and historical types of outlook are …A. vital-practical and theoretical constituent elementsB. cognitive, value and motivating-active constituent elementsC. *mythological, religious and philosophical constituent elementsD. methodological, religious and philosophical constituent elementsE. there is no correct answer

230 .… is represented as a sum of ideas and knowledge about the world in general and the place of man in it.

A. Value componentB. Motivating-active componentC. Philosophical componentD. Component of outlookE. *Component of cognition

231. … of outlook proves the one to be not only a sum of knowledge but also the reference of a man to the world, others and oneself.

A. *Value componentB. Motivating-active componentC. Philosophical componentD. Component of cognitionE. Component of outlook

232.… is directed at realization of the man's own position in life. It consists of the program of behavior, life projects and orders.

A. Value componentB. *Motivating-active componentC. Philosophical componentD. Component of cognitionE. Component of outlook

233. The specific feature of the … is fixed in the very etymology of the word "religion" that in Latin means "object to worship" or the service and worship of God or the supernatural.

A. mythological outlookB. philosophical outlookC. general outlookD. scientific outlookE. *religious outlook

234. Who described Philosophy as “nothing but the true knowledge of things”?A. *J. Locke

B. I. KantC. H. SpencerD. G. HegelE. T. Shevchenko

235. As used originally by the ancient Greeks, the term … meant the pursuit of knowledge for its own sake.

A. cultureB. ontologyC. axiologyD. *philosophyE. epistemology

236. Discipline that attempts to express the content of a religious faith as a coherent body of propositions is …

A. *theologyB. ethicsC. axiologyD. cultureE. philosophy

237. Idea about personal God-creation. What’s definition?A. *Impersonal AbsoluteB.I llusionC. MythologyD. AnimismE. Animalism

238. The first Christians appeared in …A. 2 – 3 c. ADB. 4 – 5 c. ADC. 2 – 1 c. BCD. 3– 4 c. ADE. *1 – 2 c. AD

239. Teaching about God is …A. *TheologyB. MythologyC. MetaphysicsD. HistoryE. Dialectics

240. The idea of a single God is …A. CreationismB. AnthropocentrismC. *TheocentrismD. SpiritualityE. Faith

241. Christian world outlook stands for the idea of creation of the world out of nothing.A. TheocentrismB. FaithC. *CreationismD. SpiritualityE. Symbolism

242. World outlook considered man not only as a natural and physical creature but also as a spiritual personality. Antique philosophy came to conclusion about existence of body and soul in the human nature.

A. AnthropocentrismB. *Spirituality

C. FaithD. CreationismE. Symbolism

243. Christianity defines it as a special state of human soul.A. *FaithB. SpiritualityC. CreationismD. TheocentrismE. Anthropocentrism

244. Christian scholar, who translated the Bible from Hebrew into Latin (the version known as the Vulgate).

A. *St. JeromeB. St. AmbroseC. St. AnselmD. St. BasilE.There is no correct answer

245. The study of God and religious belief; a system of religious beliefs and theory is …A. MetaphysicsB. DialecticsC. *TheologyD. HistoryE. There is no correct answer

246. The belief that nothing has any values, especially religious and moral principles …A. *NihilismB. ExistentialismC. EmpirismD. RomanticismE. There is no correct answer

247. A philosophical theory, which emphasizes the existence of the individual person as free agents, responsible for their own development, is …

A. EmpirismB. NihilismC. *ExistentialismD. RomanticismE. There is no correct answer

248. A system of philosophy that recognize only things that can be scientifically or logically proved is …

A. ExistentialismB. *PositivismC. NihilismD. RomanticismE. There is no correct answer

249. The art of investigating or debating the truth of options is …A. *DialecticB. CommunicationC. VerificationD. MetaphysicsE. There is no correct answer

250. According to Marquit philosophy of Hegel, Engels and Lenin is the idealist form of …A. MetaphysicsB. *DialecticC. PracticeD. Idealism

E. There is no correct answer251. In Hinduism, certain … elements can be found in embrio, such as idea of the three phases of creation (Brahma), maintence of order (Vishnu) and destruction or disorder (Shiva).

A. *DialecticalB. MetaphysicalC. GeneralD. NaturalE. There is no correct answer

252. In the Logic Hegel describes a dialectic of … .A. ConsciousnessB. PracticeC. *ExistenceD. PhilosophyE. There is no correct answer

253. Whose is this model: “thesis – antithesis – synthesis”?A. *HegelB. KantC. MarxD. EngelsE. Fichte

254. In philosophy, method of investigating the nature of truth by critical analysis of concepts and hypotheses.

A. *DialecticB. LogicC. OntologyD. AnthropologyE. Axiology

255. At the heart of … dialectics is the idea of contradiction, with class struggle playing the central role in social and political life.

A. *MarxistB. FichteanC. HegelianD. BuddhistE. There is no correct answer

256.… means the study of God (or the gods) and questions about the divine.A. OntologyB. *TheologyC. Universal scienceD. PhysicsE. There is no correct answer

257.… is a philosopher who views the world in terms of completely opposites and the interactions thereof.

A. MetaphysicianB. *DialecticianC. SociologistD. EmpiricistE. There is no correct answer

258. Historically, dialecticians and dialectical thought have been primarily associated with …A. *MarxismB. DarwinismC. EmpirismD. PositivismE. There is no correct answer

259. One of the earliest examples of the dialectical method was the Dialogues of Greek philosopher …, in which the author sought to study truth through discussion in the form of questions and answers.

A. SocratesB. *PlatoC. EpicuresD. PlotinusE. Aristotle

260. Who divided philosophy into dialectics, ethics and physics?A. PlotinusB. AristotleC. SocratesD. *PlatoE. There is no correct answer

261. Philosophical theory of cognition, epistemology is …A. *GnoseologyB. OntologyC. AnthropologyD. AnthropocentrismE. There is no correct answer

262. The ability of the mind to be creative or solve problems; the ability to form ideas or images in the mind is …

A. CreativityB. *ImaginationC. FaithD. CognitionE. There is no correct answer

263. This science studies problems of the nature of cognitive activity and possibilities, relation of knowledge to reality, defines conditions of liability is …

A. DialecticB. *GnoseologyC. OntologyD. AxiologyE. There is no correct answer

264. A part of objective reality, only the fragment that is included into human activity and cognition is …

A. TaskB. AimC. *ObjectD. SubjectE. Goal

265. A synthetic complex of feeling of different kind that enables to create integral image of the subject, perceive information about the object in its integrity is …

A. *PerceptionB. SensoryC. ImaginationD. FeelingE. There is no correct answer

266. The power of reasoning and understanding objectively; a person’s mental power is …A. WorkB. *IntellectC. MisunderstandingD. Knowledge

E. There is no correct answer267. The quality or character of a person or thing that makes them different from others is …

A. PersonalityB. *IndividualityC. CommunicationD. StereotypeE. There is no correct answer

268. The qualities that form a person’s character, qualities that make someone interesting or popular is …

A. *PersonalityB. IndividualityC. ManD. StereotypeE. There is no correct answer

269. The ability to grow, breathe, reproduce, etc. that distinguishes animals and planets from objects; the existence of an individual human being or animal is …

A. DeathB. CognitionC. *LifeD. BeingE. There is no correct answer

270. The action or fact of dying; an instance of a person or an animal dying; the end of something is …

A. LifeB. BeingC. CognitionD. *DeathE.There is no correct answer

271. The power or right to act, speak, or think; the state of not being subject to or affected by (something undesirable) is …

A. *FreedomB. WillC. DespotismD. TerrorismE. There is no correct answer

272. Who is one of the founders of the Marxism?A. There is no correct answerB. VoltaireC. F. BaconD. KantE. *F. Engels

273. What definition of philosophy seems to you the most appropriate?A. Philosophy is a state of soulB. Philosophy is a science of sciencesC. Philosophy is a study about a manD. Philosophy is wisdom of loveE. *Philosophy is love of wisdom

274. What are two kinds of reason?F. Practical and empiricalG. Theoretical and empiricalH. Historical and theoreticalI. Spiritual and materialJ. *Practical and theoretical

275. Gnoseology (epistemology) is …A. the study of beingB. the study of sources, essence and laws of developmentC. the study of manD. the study of values, including Aesthetics, Ethics and political philosophyE. * theory of knowledge, study of the essence, forms and principles of cognition and thinking276.Metaphysics is …A. the study of beingB. the study of values, including Aesthetics, Ethics and political philosophyC. the study of sources, essence and laws of developmentD. theory of knowledge, study of the essence, forms and principles of cognition and thinkingE. *concerned with such issues as the nature of the ultimate reality, philosophy of religion, philosophy of mind, personal identity, freedom of will and immortality277.Ontology is …A. the study of sources, essence and laws of developmentB. the study of the laws of thought and forms of argumentC. theory of knowledge, study of the essence, forms and principles of cognition and thinkingD. the study of values, including Aesthetics, Ethics and political philosophyE. *the study of being278.Philosophical anthropology is …A. the study of beingB. the study of sources, essence and laws of developmentC. theory of knowledge, study of the essence, forms and principles of cognition and thinkingD. the study of values, including Aesthetics, Ethics and political philosophyE. *the study of man279. What definition of philosophy seems to you the most appropriate?A. Philosophy is a state of soulB. Philosophy is a science of sciencesC. Philosophy is a study about a manD. Philosophy is wisdom of loveE. *Philosophy is love of wisdom280. What are two kinds of reason?A. Practical and empiricalB. Theoretical and empiricalC. Historical and theoreticalD. Spiritual and materialE. *Practical and theoretical281. Gnoseology (epistemology) is …A. the study of beingB. the study of sources, essence and laws of developmentC. the study of manD. the study of values, including Aesthetics, Ethics and political philosophyE. *theory of knowledge, study of the essence, forms and principles of cognition and thinking282. Metaphysics is …A. the study of beingB. the study of values, including Aesthetics, Ethics and political philosophyC. the study of sources, essence and laws of developmentD. theory of knowledge, study of the essence, forms and principles of cognition and thinkingE. *concerned with such issues as the nature of the ultimate reality, philosophy of religion, philosophy of mind, personal identity, freedom of will and immortality283. Ontology is …A. the study of sources, essence and laws of development

B. the study of the laws of thought and forms of argumentC. theory of knowledge, study of the essence, forms and principles of cognition and thinkingD. the study of values, including Aesthetics, Ethics and political philosophyE. *the study of being284. Philosophical anthropology is …A. the study of beingB. the study of sources, essence and laws of developmentC. theory of knowledge, study of the essence, forms and principles of cognition and thinkingD. the study of values, including Aesthetics, Ethics and political philosophyE. *the study of man285. Axiology is …A. theory of knowledge, study of the essence, forms and principles of cognition and thinkingB. the study of sources, essence and laws of developmentC. the study of beingD. the study of the laws of thought and forms of argumentE. *the study of values, including Aesthetics, Ethics and political philosophy286. Logic is …A. the study of beingB. the study of sources, essence and laws of developmentC. the study of values, including Aesthetics, Ethics and political philosophyD. theory of knowledge, study of the essence, forms and principles of cognition and thinkingE. *the study of the laws of thought and forms of argument287. It is a vision of the world from the only-center position of a man. What is the

definition?A. ScienceB. SocietyC. ThoughtD. NationE. *Outlook288. What are the constituent elements of outlook?A. Basic components and basics levels of outlookB. Basic levels and forms and historical types of outlookC. Basic forms and historical types of outlookD. Main components of outlook and basic levels of outlookE. *Basic components of outlook, basic levels and forms and historical types of outlook289. … is the self-consciousness of a tribe, where development of the individual self-

consciousness is not observed. A. SyncretismB. AnimismC. OutlookD. FetishismE. *Mythology290. Perception of the world where reality and illusion, natural and supernatural,

objective and subjective are based, is one of the essential features of the mythological outlook. What does it mean?

A. MythologyB. AnimismC. OutlookD. Fetishism E. *Syncretism291. What is dualism?A. Understanding of a man from 3 viewpointsB. Understanding of a man from 4 viewpoints

C. Understanding of a man from 5 viewpointsD. There is no correct answerE. *Understanding of a man from 2 viewpoints292. According to outlook philosophy is...A. One of its componentsB. One of its basic principlesC. One of its causesD. Its basisE. *One of its types293. Who was the first that mentioned the term ”philosophy”?A. AristotleB. SocratesC. PlatoD. EpicuresE. *Pythagoras294. What is a function of philosophy that is directed at comprehension of integrity of

the world, at cognition of the background and preconditions of interconnection between man and the world, at systemic-theoretical, logical-consequent and argumentative solution of the outlook problems?

A. Practical B. MethodologicalC. CriticalD. MythologicalE. *Cognitive295. The main … task of philosophy is to ground and prove truth in the scientific

cognition. A. CognitiveB. CriticalC. PracticalD. MythologicalE. *Methodological296. .… function proves philosophy to be able to influence the formation both of mass

outlook and outlook position of an individual.A. CognitiveB. CriticalC. MethodologicalD. MythologicalE. *Vital-practical297. … outlook appeared in the period of decay of the tribal system society.A. MythologyB. MethodologicalC. PhilosophicalD. MethodicalE. *Religious298. A person’s attitude to life; a view; what is likely to happen in future is …A. CriticismB. PracticeC. ConsciousnessD. TheoryE. *Outlook299. What are three historical types of outlook?A. Methodological, religious, philosophicalB. Religious, practical, mythological

C. Empirical, methodological, theoreticalD. There is no correct answerE. *Mythological, religious, philosophical300. Who is one of the founders of the Marxism?A. I. KantB. F. BaconC. VoltaireD. A. ComteE. *F. Engels301. Etymologically from the Greek philos means …A. wisdomB. friendshipC. respectD. sympathy E. *love302. Etymologically from the Greek sophia means …A. FriendshipB. RespectC. LoverD. Sympathy E. *Wisdom303. "… Rules of Philosophy".A. EightB. NineC. FiveD. TwelveE. *Ten304. "Man" and "the world" are the key notions of …A. LoveB. PhilosophyC. ScienceD. NationE. *Outlook305. … is represented as a sum of ideas and knowledge about the world in general and

the place of man in it.A. Value componentB. Motivating-active componentC. Philosophical componentD. Component of outlookE. *Component of cognition306. … of outlook proves the one to be not only a sum of knowledge but also the

reference of a man to the world, others and oneself. A. Motivating-active componentB. Philosophical componentC. Component of cognitionD. Component of outlookE. *Value component307. … is directed at realization of the man's own position in life. It consists of the

program of behavior, life projects and orders.A. Value componentB. Philosophical componentC. Component of cognitionD. Component of outlook

E. *Motivating-active component308. The specific feature of the … is fixed in the very etymology of the word "religion"

that in Latin means "object to worship" or the service and worship of God or the supernatural.

A. Mythological outlookB. Philosophical outlookC. General outlookD. Scientific outlookE. *Religious outlook309. Philosophy is destined to be in opposition to the empirical reality, to the every day

world, to see imperfection of society, to destroy habitual stereotypes and superstitions, to search for possibilities to make the world more human.

A. Methodological functionB. Cognitive functionC. Vital-practical functionD. Mythological functionE. *Critical function310. Who described Philosophy as “… nothing but the true knowledge of things”?A. I. KantB. H. SpencerC. G. HegelD. T. ShevchenkoE. *J. Locke311. Such point of view that after the death the human beings live again in other forms.

What is this?A. SyncretismB. ReligionC. AnimismD. FetishismE. *Reincarnation312. What is maya from Sanskrit?A. ManB. WomanC. ReligionD. IntuitionE. *Illusion313. How many casts does the caste division of society in India include?A. 2B. 3C. 5D. 8E. *4314. The highest caste, comprising the priests.A. Kshatriya casteB. Vaisya casteC. Shudra casteD. There is no correct answerE. *Brahmin caste315. Caste, comprising warriors and rulers.A. Vaisya casteB. Shudra casteC. Brahmin casteD. There is no correct answer

E. *Kshatriya caste316. Caste, comprising farmers and merchants.A. Kshatriya casteB. Shudra casteC. Brahmin casteD. There is no correct answerE. *Vaisya caste317. Caste, comprising manual workers.A. Kshatriya casteB. Vaisya casteC. Brahmin casteD. There is no correct answerE. *Shudra caste318. What does Buddha from Sanskrit mean?A. DarkB. SmartC. UniversalD. DelicateE. *Awakened319. Concentration, contemplation and ecstasy. What does it mean?A. Physical disciplinesB. Moral disciplinesC. Material scienceD. Animal sacrificeE. *Stages of meditation320. Symbol of shadow or the passive, feminine principle of life. Choose the right

answer.A. YangB. DaoC. DeoD. MonismE. *Yin321. Symbol of Sun or the active, masculine principle of life. Give right answer.A. DaoB. YinC. MonismD. DeoE. *Yang322. Way or universal force harmonizing nature.A. YangB. YinC. MonismD. DeoE. *Dao323. What is the main notion of Daoism?A. YangB. YinC. MonismD. DeoE. *Dao324. What is a book of Ancient Indian school, which contains the expressions about

philosophical understanding of the world?A. Brahmins

B. AtmansC. EmpiristsD. UpanishadsE. *Vedas325. “Four noble truths” – one of the features of...A. IslamB. StoicismC. Neo-PlatonismD. DaoismE. *Buddhism326. In Chinese philosophy two beginnings: light and dark, active and passive, male

and female are ...A. Dao and YangB. Daoism and ConfucianismC. Yin and DaoD. Deo and DaoE. *Yang and Yin327. Chinese philosopher. His ideas about the importance of practical moral values

formed the basis of the philosophy of Confucianism.A. BuddhaB. SocratesC. PlatoD. AristotleE. *Confucius328. Siddartha Gautama. Born an Indian prince, he renounced wealth and family and

after achieving enlightenment while meditating, taught all who came to learn from him.A. ConfuciusB. SocratesC. PlatoD. Prophet MohammadE. *Buddha329. A Chinese philosophy based on Dao, or fundamental principle underlying the

universe, incorporating the principles of Yin and Yang and emphasizing humility and religious piety.

A. BuddhismB. ConfucianismC. MonismD. FetishismE.*Daoism330. According to the Chinese philosophy, what are 5 elements of making the

universe?A. Tree, fire, powder, earth, waterB. Tree, earth, water, air, fireC. Earth, water, air, fire, powderD. There is no correct answerE. *Tree, fire, earth, metal, water331. Reincarnation is …A. Simply life after lifeB. Rebirth as to fulfill certain obligations yet to be performed in the previous birthC. Changing of one life form into anotherD. All answers are correctE. *Transmigration of the soul332. “Tartarus” …

A. Is just a beliefB. Has no existenceC. Is a place where soul gets purifiesD. There is no correct answerE. *Is a place of eternal damnation333. The first Christians appeared in…A. 2 – 3 c. ADB. 4 _– 5 c. ADC. 2 – 1 c. BCD. 3 _– 4 c. ADE. *1 – 2 c. AD334. Teaching about God is …A. MythologyB. MetaphysicsC. HistoryD. DialecticsE. *Theology335. The idea of a single God is …A. CreationismB. AnthropocentrismC. SpiritualityD. FaithE. *Theocentrism336. The idea about man as the center and master of the created world, the highest aim

of God's creation.A. CreationismB. TheocentrismC. FaithD. SymbolismE. *Anthropocentrism337. Christian world outlook stands for the idea of creation of the world out of nothing.A. TheocentrismB. FaithC. SpiritualityD. Symbolism E. *Creationism338. Christianity discovers it as a special state of human soul.A. SpiritualityB. CreationismC. TheocentrismD. Anthropocentrism E. *Faith339. Who distinguished 2 types of the world cognition: revelation and natural

cognition?A. St. AugustinB. OrigenC. Justin MartyrD. M. LutherE. *Quintus Tertullianus340. “Cognize God through soul and soul through God”, who told this?A. Clement of AlexandriaB. OrigenC. Justin Martyr

D. There is no correct answerE. *St. Augustin341. “Believe to understand”, who told this?A .Clement of AlexandriaB. Quintus TertullianusC. OrigenD. There is no correct answerE. *St. Augustin342. The last and the highest stage of the development of the West religious philosophy

of Middle Ages, which is characterized by connection of theological-dogmatic ideas and rational methodology is called ...

A. DeismB. OntologyC. GnoseologyD. There is no correct answerE. *Scholastic343. Christian scholar, who translated the Bible from Hebrew into Latin (the version

known as the Vulgate).A. St. AmbroseB. St. AnselmC. St. BasilD. There is no correct answerE. *St. Jerome344. The study of God and religious belief; a system of religious beliefs and theory is

…A. MetaphysicsB. DialecticsC. HistoryD. There is no correct answerE. *Theology345. The term “Renaissance” was given currency in the 19U century by the Swiss

historian …A. Martin LutherB. John CalvinC. Nicolaus CopernicusD. There is no correct answerE. *Jacob Burkhardt346. To the 16th century European, the most momentous revolution of the time was not

the growth of royal power, the rise of prices or the discovery of new lands overseas, but the movement that destroyed the West's religious unity: …

A. RenaissanceB. SecularizationC. EnlightenmentD. There is no correct answerE. *Reformation347. What accident changed Luther’s life?A. Falling in loveB. Father’s deathC. He liked monasteriesD. There is no correct answerE. *Bolt of the lightning348. The system of speculative ideas about nature, which was worked out in different

philosophical doctrines is …

A. MetaphysicsB. DialecticsC. OutlookD. Consciousness E. *Natural philosophy349. Italian writer, poet, humanist and philosopher, famous for the collection of stories

known as the Decameron.A. F. PetrarchB. N. CopernicusC. L. VallaD. There is no correct answerE. *G. Boccaccio350. Italian poet and philosopher, known for Canzoniere, a sonnet sequence in praise

of a woman called Laura.A. L. VallaB. G. BoccaccioC. N. CopernicusD. There is no correct answerE. *F. Petrarch351. Polish astronomer and philosopher, who proposed that the sun is the center of the

solar system, with the planets orbit the sun, rejecting the established view that the Earth was the center of the universe.

A. M. LutherB. J. CalvinC. F. PetrarchD. There is no correct answerE. *N. Copernicus352. … is a revival of art and literature under the influence of classical styles in the

14th – 16th centuries.A. ReformationB. EnlightenmentC. SecularizationD. There is no correct answerE. *Renaissance353. … is 16th century movement for the reform of the Roman Catholic Church, that

ended in the establishment of the Protestant Churches.A. RenaissanceB. SecularizationC. EnlightenmentD. There is no correct answerE. *Reformation354. The belief that God is present in all things; belief in many or all gods is …A. SyncretismB. AnimismC. TheologyD. There is no correct answerE. *Pantheism355. Who is a founder of Empirism in philosophy?A. Rene DescartesB. Gottfried LeibnizC. John LockeD. There is no correct answerE. *Francis Bacon

356. Who distinguished 3 levels of cognition: sensual, logical and intuition?A. G. LeibnizB. VoltaireC. D. DiderotD. J.-J. RousseauE. *Spinoza357. What epoch was named “Dark Ages”?A. New AgesB. Antique timeC. Ancient timeD. There is no correct answerE. *Middle Ages358. Leibniz doctrine about world building was called...A. AtomismB. EmpirismC. MethodologyD. There is no correct answerE. *Monadology359. “To be means to be apprehended”, who told this?A. F. BaconB. VoltaireC. D. HumeD. There is no correct answerE. *R. Descartes360. English statesman, philosopher, and scientist. His emphasis on the observation

and classification of the natural world laid the basis of the inductive method of scientific research.

A. G. LeibnizB. VoltaireC. D. DiderotD. There is no correct answerE. *F. Bacon361. French philosopher, writer, and critic. A leading figure of the Enlightenment, he

was chief editor of the Encyclopedie, through which he spread and popularized philosophy and scientific knowledge.

A. R. DescartesB. F. BaconC. VoltaireD. There is no correct answerE. *D. Diderot362. French philosopher and writer, born in Switzerland. He believed that civilization

warps the fundamental goodness of human nature, but that the ill effects can be moderated by active participation in democratic politics.

A. Spinoza BaruchB. VoltaireC. D. HumeD. There is no correct answerE. *J.-J. Rousseau363. Who is a founder of critical idealism?A. G. HegelB. L. FeuerbachC. J. FichteD. There is no correct answer

E. *I. Kant364. How many periods of Kant’s philosophical work we can distinguish?A. 3B. 4C. 5D. There is no correct answerE. *2365. “Every event must have a reason”.A. L. FeuerbachB. G. HegelC. K. MarxD. F. EngelsE. *I. Kant366. One of the main features of the Marxist philosophy is...A. man is a natureB. man is a part of natureC. man is a center of natureD. there is no correct answerE. *nature is a part of man367. German philosopher. He believed that each stage of history is composed of a

thesis, which is contradicted by an antithesis, out of whose conflict there emerges a new thesis, which is opposed by a new antithesis, and so on.

A. KantB. J. FichteC. L. FeuerbachD. There is no correct answerE. *G. Hegel368. German political philosopher and economist, resident in England from 1849. The

founder of modern communism with Friedrich Engels, he collaborated with him in the writing of the Communist Manifesto, and enlarged it in Das Kapital.

A. I. KantB. G. HegelC. J. FichteD. There is no correct answerE. *K. Marx369. Who is “a prophet of the XXth c.” in modern philosophy?A. K. MarxB. K. YungC. Z. FreudD. There is no correct answerE. *F. Nietzsche370. Who compared human psyche with iceberg?A. K. MarxB. K. YungC. F. NietzscheD. F. EngelsE. *Z. Freud371. “Push the falling one”, who told this?A. Z. FreudB. K. YungC. K. MarxD. There is no correct answerE. *F. Nietzsche

372. Austrian neurologist and psychotherapist, founder of psychoanalysis and pioneer in the study of the influence that the unconscious element of the mind has on consciousness. Who is this?

A. F. NietzscheB. I. KantC. L. FeuerbachD. There is no correct answerE. * Z. Freud373. German philosopher. He rejected Christianity’s compassion for the weak, and

formulated the idea of the Ubermensch (superman), who can rise above the restrictions of ordinary morality.

A. I. KantB. L. FeuerbachC. J. FichteD. There is no correct answerE. *F. Nietzsche374. The belief that nothing has any values, especially religious and moral principles

is…A. ExistentialismB. EmpirismC. RomanticismD. There is no correct answerE. *Nihilism375. French philosopher, novelist, dramatist, and essayist. His works include the novels

The Outsider and The Plague, which give expression to his view that the universe and life are meaningless.

A. K. MarxB. J. FichteC. J.-P. SartreD. F. EngelsE. *A. Camus376. French philosopher, novelist, and dramatist. A leading existentialist, he dealt in

his work with the nature of human life and the structure of consciousness. His works include the novel Nausee and the treatise Being and Nothingness.

A. A. CamusB. J. FichteC. K. MarxD. There is no correct answerE. *J.-P. Sartre377. A system of philosophy that recognize only things that can be scientifically or

logically proved is …A. ExistentialismB. NihilismC. RomanticismD. There is no correct answerE. *Positivism378. “World was catching me but has not caught”.A. T. ShevchenkoB. I. FrankoC. P. KulishD. There is no correct answerE. *H. Skovoroda379. Professional philosophy appeared in Ukraine in...A. Monasteries

B. UniversitiesC. SchoolsD. There is no correct answerE. *Kiev-Mohyla academy380. Where is Kiev-Mohyla academy situated?A. In LvivB. In TernopilC. In LondonD. In ParisE. *In Kiev381. Art of communication, art of argumentation, science of logic – in philosophy is …A. VerificationB. MetaphysicsC. A prioriD. There is no correct answerE. *Dialectic382. Philosophy concerned with abstract ideas such as the nature of existence, truth,

and knowledge. Origin from Greek, referring to the Sequence of Aristotle’s work is …A. VerificationB. DialecticC. A prioriD. There is no correct answerE. *Metaphysics383. The art of investigating or debating the truth of options is …A. CommunicationB. VerificationC. MetaphysicsD. There is no correct answerE. *Dialectic384. In the Logic Hegel describes a dialectic of … .A. ConsciousnessB. PracticeC. PhilosophyD. There is no correct answerE. *Existence385. Whose is this model: “thesis – antithesis – synthesis”?A. FichteB. KantC. MarxD. EngelsE. *Hegel386. In philosophy, method of investigating the nature of truth by critical analysis of

concepts and hypotheses. A. LogicB. OntologyC. AnthropologyD. AxiologyE. *Dialectic387. At the heart of … dialectics is the idea of contradiction, with class struggle

playing the central role in social and political life.A. FichteanB. HegelianC. Buddhist

D. There is no correct answerE. *Marxist388. The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle produced a number of works, which

together were called …A. DialecticB. LogicC. MetaphysicsD. There is no correct answerE. *Physics389. The metaphysics was divided into … parts, now regarded as the traditional

branches of Western metaphysics.A. 2B. 4C. 5D. There is no correct answerE. *3390. … is the study of existence; it has been traditionally defined as “the science of

being qua being”, where the Latin word qua is usually translated “as”.A. TheologyB. MetaphysicsC. Universal scienceD. There is no correct answerE. *Ontology391. … is supposed to be the study of so-called first principles, which underline all

other inquiries. The example of such a principle is the law of non-contradiction: A = A, A not = B, Not both A and B. in other words, the elementary laws of logic as Aristotle knew them.

A. OntologyB. PhysicsC. TheologyD. There is no correct answerE. *Universal science392. In classical philosophy, … is an exchange of proposition and counter-propositions

resulting in a synthesis of the opposing assertions, or at least a qualitative transformation in the direction of the dialogue.

A. MetaphysicsB. LogicC. PhysicsD. There is no correct answerE. *Dialectic393. … is a philosopher who views the world in terms of completely opposites and the

interactions thereof.A. MetaphysicianB. SociologistC. EmpiricistD. There is no correct answerE. *Dialectician394. Historically, dialecticians and dialectical thought have been primarily associated

with …A. DarwinismB. EmpirismC. PositivismD. There is no correct answerE. *Marxism

395. Greek philosopher, …, thought of dialectic as the search for the philosophic basis of science, and he frequently used the term as a synonym for the science of logic.

A. PlatoB. PlotinusC. SocratesD. Zeno E. *Aristotle396. Who divided philosophy into dialectics, ethics and physics?A. PlotinusB. AristotleC. SocratesD. There is no correct answerE. *Plato397. Branch of philosophy concerned with the nature of ultimate reality. It is …A. DialecticB. LogicC. AxiologyD. EpistemologyE. *Metaphysics398. In the work of the German philosopher …, the universe is held to consist of an

infinite number of distinct substances, or monads.A. I. KantB. F. EngelsC. H. SpencerD. K. MarxE. *G. Leibniz399. He developed a distinctive critical philosophy called transcendentalism.A. G. LeibnizB. H. SpencerC. G. HegelD. A. ComteE. *I. Kant400. Truth can be...A. Relative, religiousB. Objective and non-objective.C. Individual and publicD. There is no correct answerE. *Absolute, relative, objective401. Empirical methods of cognition include …A. Axioms and theories.B. Analysis and synthesisC. Physical and chemicalD. There is no correct answerE. *Observation, experiment and modeling402. The ability of the mind to be creative or solve problems; the ability to form ideas

or images in the mind is …A. CreativityB. FaithC. CognitionD. There is no correct answerE. *Imagination403. This science studies problems of the nature of cognitive activity and possibilities,

relation of knowledge to reality, defines conditions of liability is …

A. DialecticB. OntologyC. AxiologyD. There is no correct answerE. *Gnoseology404. Basic forms of cognition are: …A. Theoretical and practicalB. Empiric and theoreticalC. Empiric and practicalD. There is no correct answerE. *Sensory and traditional405. Basic levels of cognition are: …A. Sensory and traditionalB. Theoretical and practicalC. Empiric and practicalD. There is no correct answerE. *Empiric and theoretical406. Who distinguished three main ways of cognition: “way of spider”, “way of ant”

and “way of bee”?A. AristotleB. ConfuciusC. H. SkovorodaD. There is no correct answerE. *F. Bacon407. According to the form, very close to empirism is a notion of … .A. RealityB. SecularismC. LogicD. There is no correct answerE. *Sensualism408. Who divided logic into general (formal) and transcendental?A. A. ComteB. F. BaconC. AristotleD. There is no correct answerE. *I. Kant409. Who inserted practice to contextual gnoseological problems, made it the central

category of logic?A. F. BaconB. I. KantC. K. MarxD. There is no correct answerE. *G. Hegel410. Who introduced dialectic-material gnoseology?A. G. HegelB. K. PopperC. F. BaconD. There is no correct answerE. *K. Marx and F. Engels411. A purposed explanation based on limited evidence, used as a starting point for

further investigation is …A. PracticeB. Law

C. ProblemD. There is no correct answerE. *Hypothesis412. An objective, essential, necessary, stable connection or relations between

phenomena is …A. PracticeB. ProblemC. TheoryD. There is no correct answerE. *Law413. Plato, following his illustrious teacher …, tried to answer the Sophists by

postulating the existence of a world of unchanging and invisible forms, or ideas, about which it is possible to have exact and certain knowledge.

A. AristotleB. PlotinusC. PythagorasD. ZenoE. *Socrates414. In the 5th century BC, the Greek … questioned the possibility of reliable and

objective knowledge. A. RealistsB. EmpiricistsC. RoyalistsD. There is no correct answerE. *Sophists415. Aristotle followed … in regarding abstract knowledge as superior to any other,

but disagreed with him as to the proper method of achieving it. A. SocratesB. PlotinusC. Sophists D. PythagorasE. *Plato416. … maintained that almost all knowledge is derived from experience. A. PlatoB. SocratesC. PlotinusD. Pythagoras E. *Aristotle417. For the …, beginning with the English philosophers Francis Bacon and John

Locke, the main source and final test of knowledge was sense perception.A. SophistsB. LegalistsC. RealistsD. There is no correct answerE. *Empiricists418. The American school of …, founded by the philosophers Charles Sanders Peirce,

William James, and John Dewey at the turn of this century, carried empiricism further by maintaining that knowledge is an instrument of action and that all beliefs should be judged by their usefulness as rules for predicting experiences.

A. EmpirismB. SophismC. LegalismD. PlatonismE. *Pragmatism

419. The … argued that one has direct perceptions of physical objects or parts of physical objects, rather than of one's own mental states.

A. RealistsB. PhenomenalistsC. Critical realistsD. Empiricists E. *Neorealists420. The study of human origins, societies, and cultures is …A. OntologyB. AxiologyC. AnthropocentrismD. There is no correct answerE. *Anthropology421. The quality or character of a person or thing that makes them different from others

is …A .PersonalityB. CommunicationC. StereotypeD. There is no correct answerE. *Individuality422. The ability to grow, breathe, reproduce, etc. that distinguishes animals and planets

from objects; the existence of an individual human being or animal is …A. DeathB. CognitionC. BeingD. There is no correct answerE. *Life423. The action or fact of dying; an instance of a person or an animal dying; the end of

something is …A. LifeB. BeingC .CognitionD.There is no correct answerE. *Death424. The power or right to act, speak, or think; the state of not being subject to or

affected by (something undesirable) is …A. WillB. DespotismC. TerrorismD. There is no correct answerE. *Freedom425. Philosophical anthropology is …A. the study of beingB. the study of sources, essence and laws of developmentC. theory of knowledge, study of the essence, forms and principles of cognition and thinkingD. there is no correct answerE. *the study of man426. Anthropology is a science about …A. flowersB. animalsC. treesD. there is no correct answerE. *human being

427. .… can be characterized as the naturalistic description and interpretation of the diverse peoples of the world.

A. PhilosophyB. SociologyC. MetaphysicsD. There is no correct answerE. *Anthropology428. … anthropology deals with the study of human culture in all aspects.A. PhysicalB. NaturalC. UsualD. There is no correct answerE. *Cultural429. … anthropology is the study of human physical character. A. Natural B. CulturalC. UsualD. There is no correct answerE. *Physical430. … anthropology includes Archaeology, Ethnology, Social Anthropology and

Linguistics.A. PhilosophicalB. PhysicalC. Critical D. There is no correct answerE. *Cultural431. … anthropology is the discipline that seeks to unify the several empirical

investigations of human nature in an effort to understand individuals as both creatures of their environment and creators of their own values.

A. CulturalB. PhysicalC. Social D. Theoretical E. *Philosophical432. … anthropological studies often focus on one particularly important ritual or

symbol within a society. A. CognitiveB. MethodologicalC. PracticalD. Critical E. *Symbolic433. … wrote on the moral qualities of “primitive” societies and about human

inequality.A. A. ComteB. I. KantC. D. HumeD. J. LockeE. *J.-J. Rousseau434. Some physical anthropologists specialize in …, the study of disease and health

among large groups of people. A. OrthographyB. GenealogiesC. Gnoseology

D. EpistemologyE. *Epidemiology435. … relativism, helps anthropologists to understand why people in different cultures

live as they do. A. PhysicalB. TheoreticalC.PracticalD. Empirical E. *Cultural436. As a person every human being has some positions in the social system. Each of

these positions, foreseeing the rights and obligations, is called …A. StereotypeB. ValueC. ClassD. There is no correct answerE. *Status437. Physical anthropologists work from the belief that humans are ... A. ParrotsB. DonkeysC. SoulsD. Spirits E. *Primates438. The study of the behavior and physiology of nonhuman primates, is a specialized

area of interest within physical anthropology is …A. SociologyB. BiologyC. PhysicsD. AnthropologyE. *Primatology439. Some physical anthropologists specialize in … science, the study of scientific

evidence for legal cases.A. socialB. physicalC. naturalD. there is no correct answerE. *forensic440. The remains of items made by past humans, such as tools, pottery, and buildings

are …A. fossilsB. booksC. tablesD. there is no correct answerE. *artifacts441. … is a set of cultural objects.A. ImaginationB. PracticeC. MetaphysicsD. Dialectic E. *Culture442. … comprise ideas about what in life seems important.A. NormsB. ArtifactsC. Philosophy

D. TheoryE. *Values443. The word “civilization” comes from the … word for townsman or citizen.A. GreekB. FrenchC. RomanD. UkrainianE. *Latin444. The best-known opponents of civilization are … who have voluntarily chosen to

live outside it.A. TreesB. FlowersC. AnimalsD. FishE. *People445. .… is a modern philosophy totally opposed to civilization.A. PositivismB. EmpirismC. AnthropocentrismD. RealismE. *Primitivism446. Who argued that the beginning of civilization was the beginning of oppression

and exploitation?A. G. HegelB. H. SpencerC. VoltaireD. F.BaconE. *K. Marx447. The … civilization of the Nile Valley began at around 3200 BC, and ended at

around 80 BC when Augustus conquered the Nile Valley.A. Indus ValleyB. ChineseC. MesopotamianD. There is no correct answerE. *Egyptian448. Sumer, which was Mesopotamia’s first civilization in what is now …, is

recognized as the world’s earliest civilization.A. IranB. IndiaC. ChinaD. There is no correct answerE. *Iraq449. A community of people living in a country or region, and having shared customs,

laws, and organizations is …A. RaceB. NationC. ConsciousnessD. GroupE. *Society450. Actions within the limits of the fixed rules or free. What is a feature of social

roles?A. EmotionalB. Scale

C. MotivationD. There is no correct answerE. *Formalization451. This status foresees essential and relatively stable man characteristics (man,

woman, childhood, youth, oldness, etc.).A. ProfessionalB. SocialC. InternalD. ExternalE. *Natural452. Group of people who are related to one another by bonds of blood, marriage, or

adoption and who live to_gether, form an economic unit, and bear and raise children is …

A. MarriageB. DivorceC. KinshipD. There is no correct answerE. *Family453. The main social function of the family, which related with the reproduction of

population of the country, is …A. UpbringingB. ProcreativeC. PublicD. There is no correct answerE. *Reproductive454. Who divided people into three classes: rich (do not want to give), poor (have

nothing to give) and middle class (“rescuers of the state”).A. AristotleB. PlatoC. SocratesD. There is no correct answerE. *Euripides455. According to the criteria of social direction there are … mobilities.A. Practical and theoreticalB. Empirical and practicalC. Social and publicD. There is no correct answerE. *Horizontal and vertical456. A collection of people distinguished, by others or by themselves, primarily on the

basis of cultural or nationality characteristics is …A. RaceB. NationC. SocietyD. There is no correct answerE. *Ethnic group457. A category of people who have been singled out as inferior or superior, often on

the basis of physical characteristics such as skin color, hair texture, and eye shape is … A. NationB. SocietyC. Ethnic groupD. GroupE. *Race458. The ability to see the relationship between individual experiences and the larger

society is …A. Social consciousnessB. Social levelC. Social policyD. There is no correct answer E. *Social imagination459. Overgeneralization about the appearance, behav_ior, or other characteristics of all

members of a group is …A. RacismB. DiscriminationC. PrejudiceD. There is no correct answerE. *Stereotype460. The belief that some racial or ethnic groups are superior whereas others are

inferior is …A. DiscriminationB. StereotypeC. PrejudiceD. There is no correct answerE. *Racism461. A negative attitude based on faulty generalizations about members of selected

racial and ethnic groups is …A. StereotypeB. RacismC. DiscriminationD. There is no correct answerE. *Prejudice462. Who inserted practice to contextual gnoseological problems, made it the central

category of logic?A. F. BaconB. I. KantC. K. MarxD. There is no correct answerE. *G. Hegel463. One’s awareness of something is …A. WillB. FreedomC. ThinkingD. AbilityE. *Consciousness464. Who understood philosophy as cosmos?A. Ancient RomeB. Ancient IndiaC. Ancient ChinaD. There is no correct answerE. *Ancient Greek465. The other notion of the universe is …A. PlanetB. StarC. SkyD. There is no correct answerE. *Methagalaxy466. What does it mean paradeigma from Greek?

A. World, universeB. CosmosC. ExistenceD. AbilityE. *Example, sample467. Who told that the world is an objective intellect and according to logic is very

close to subjective man’s intellect?A. BaconB. KantC. SkovorodaD. There is no correct answerE. *Hegel468. What do the philosophers of Platonic school contend?A. All nouns belong to collections.B. All nouns belong to classesC. All nouns belong to modelsD. All nouns belong to constructionE. *All nouns belong to entities469. What do the philosophers of Non-Platonic school contend?A. All nouns refer to collections.B. All nouns refer to classesC. All nouns refer to modelsD. All nouns refer to constructionE. *All nouns refer to collections470. Which ontological category refers to “a collection of mental events experienced

by a person”?A. geometryB. societyC. knowledgeD. beingE. *mind471. Which ontological category refers to “a collection of persons with some shared

interactions”?A. mind B. geometryC. knowledgeD. beingE. *society472. Which ontological category refers to “a collection of a specific kind of intellectual

activity”?A. mind B. society C. knowledgeD. beingE. *geometry473. What is the basic question of ontology?A. What is knowledge?B. Where does knowledge come from?C. Who creates knowledge?D. Is there UFO?E. *What is there?474. What is the one common approach in ontology?A. to divide the nouns into groups

B. to divide the world into certain partsC. to create one world religionD. to find out what happiness isE. *to divide the extant entities into groups called "categories"475. The question ‘What is existence?’ refers to …A. epistemologyB. neoplatonismC. metaphysicsD. dualismE. *ontology476. The question “Is existence a property?” refers to …A. epistemologyB. dualismC. neoplatonismD. metaphysicsE. *ontology477. The question “What is a physical object??” refers to …A. dualismB. neoplatonismC. metaphysicsD. epistemologyE. *ontology478. The question “What is a physical object?” refers to …A. dualismB. neoplatonismC. metaphysicsD. epistemologyE. *ontology479. How many periods are there in the Greek philosophy?A. 2B. 4C. 1D. 5E. *3480. Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes, Heraclitus, Pythagoras, Parmenides, Zeno of

Elea are the representatives of …A. the classic periodB. the Roman periodC. the Christian periodD. the Greek periodE. *the pre-Socratic period 481. Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Democritus are the representatives of …A. the pre-Socratic period B. the Roman periodC. the Christian periodD. the Greek periodE. *the classic period 482. Pyrrho, Epicurus, Cicero, Seneca are the representatives of …A. the classic periodB. the early Greek period C. the Christian periodD. the Greek periodE. *the Roman period

483. The philosophers of which period are called PRE-SOCRATICS?A. the classic periodB. the Roman period C. the Christian periodD. the Greek periodE. *the early Greek period 484. The philosophy changes the sphere of its interests from the cosmogonic problems

to the study of the man and the problems of his existence during …A. the pre-Socratic period B. the Roman periodC. the Christian periodD. the Greek periodE. *the classic period 485. The sphere of philosophical studies lies in finding the original principle during …A. the classic periodB. the Roman period C. the Christian periodD. the Greek periodE. *the early Greek period 486. Epicurean, Sceptic and Stoic philosophical schools appeared during … A. the classic periodB. the early Greek period C. the Christian periodD. the Greek periodE. *the Roman period 487. … states that the original principle of all things is water, from which everything

proceeds and into which everything is again resolved. A. AnaximanderB. AnaximenesC. HeraclitusD. PythagorasE. *Thales 488. Before …, explanations of the universe were mythological, and his concentration

on the basic physical substance of the world marks the birth of scientific thought. A. AnaximanderB. AnaximenesC. HeraclitusD. PythagorasE. *Thales 489. … conceived the universe as a number of concentric cylinders, of which the

outermost is the sun, the middle is moon, and the innermost are stars. A. Thales B. AnaximenesC. HeraclitusD. PythagorasE. *Anaximander 490. … stated that the origin of the universe as the result of the separation of opposites

from the primordial material. A. Thales B. AnaximenesC. HeraclitusD. PythagorasE. *Anaximander

491. … held that air is the primary element to which everything else can be reduced.A. Thales B. Anaximander C. HeraclitusD. PythagorasE. *Anaximenes 492. To explain how solid objects are formed from air, … introduced the notions of

condensation and rarefaction.A. Thales B. Anaximander C. HeraclitusD. PythagorasE. *Anaximenes 493. … thought that air becomes warmer and turns to fire when it is rarefied and that it

becomes colder and turns solid when it is condensed. A. Thales B. Anaximander C. HeraclitusD. PythagorasE. *Anaximenes 494. … believed that fire is the primordial source of matter and that the entire world is

in a constant state of change. A. Thales B. Anaximander C. Anaximenes D. PythagorasE. *Heraclitus 495. … added to the “being” of his predecessors the concept of “becoming,” or flux,

which he took to be a basic reality underlying all things, even the most apparently stable.A. Thales B. Anaximander C. Anaximenes D. PythagorasE. *Heraclitus 496. … introduced a new social emphasis, holding virtue to consist in a subordination

of the individual to the laws of a universal, reasonable harmony. A. Thales B. Anaximander C. Anaximenes D. PythagorasE. *Heraclitus 497. … believed in immortality and in the transmigration of souls.A. ThalesB. Anaximander C. Anaximenes D. Heraclitus E. *Pythagoras 498. … cultivated the concept of number, which became for him the ultimate principle

of all proportion, order, and harmony in universe. A. Thales B. Anaximander C. Anaximenes D. Heraclitus

E. *Pythagoras 499. Who is one of the founders of the Marxism?A. There is no correct answerB. VoltaireC. *F. EngelsD. F. BaconE. I. Kant500. Who told that the world is an objective intellect and according to logic is very

close to subjective man’s intellect?A. There is no correct answerB. SkovorodaC. KantD. BaconE. *Hegel501. Who distinguished 4 main philosophical questions: 1) What can I know? 2) What

should I do? 3) What can I expect? 4) What is man? A. There is no correct answerB. K. MarxC. F. EngelsD. *I. KantE. F. Bacon502. One of the main features of the Marxist philosophy is...A. There is no correct answerB. Man is a center of natureC. Man is a part of natureD. *Nature is a part of manE. Man is a nature503. German philosopher was one of the first to criticize Hegel and his doctrine. He

defected from Hegelian idealism to a materialistic view of man and history, where the main accent is put on a human being, his essence, estrangement and freedom in terms of society. Thus, moral-ethical and anthropological questions constituted the problems field of his philosophy. He revaluated the notion of the subject (man) in philosophy.

A. There is no correct answerB. J. FichteC. *L. FeuerbachD. G. HegelE. Kant504. Famous representative of the German classical philosophy. His philosophy is a

great intellectual monument that greatly influenced development of the European thought of the time. He is considered to be the father of Dialectic as a definite way of the world comprehension and a philosophical method of cognition. He methodologically constructed a comprehensive system of thought about the world that is objective idealism. It believes that reality is idealistic or spiritual in nature, but that it exists independently of us.

A. There is no correct answerB. J. FichteC. L. FeuerbachD. *G. Hegel

E. I. Kant505. “Every event must have a cause”.A. I. KantB. F. EngelsC. K. MarxD. *G. HegelE. L. Feuerbach506. How many periods of Kant’s work we can distinguish?A. There is no correct answerB. 5C. 4D. 3 E. *2507. Who is a founder of critical idealism?A. There is no correct answerB. J. FichteC. *I. KantD. L. FeuerbachE. G. Hegel508. French mathematician, physicist, and philosopher. He showed that air has weight,

that air pressure is lower to high altitudes, and that the pressure of a fluid is transmitted equally in all directions. He also made a mechanical calculator and a syringe, and founded the theory of probability.

A. There is no correct answerB. G. LeibnizC. *B. PascalD. VoltaireE. D. Hume509. Scottish philosopher, economist, and historian. He rejected the possibility of

certainty in knowledge and claimed that the sole origin of knowledge is in experience.A. E. There is no correct answerB. D. F. BaconC. C. J.-J. RousseauD. B. VoltaireE. *A. D. Hume510. French philosopher and writer, born in Switzerland. He believed that civilization

warps the fundamental goodness of human nature, but that the ill effects can be moderated by active participation in democratic politics.

A. There is no correct answerB. D. HumeC. *J.-J. RousseauD. VoltaireE. Spinoza Baruch511. Dutch philosopher. He believed in the absolute unity of the universe and God

(pantheism). A. There is no correct answerB. D. HumeC. F. Bacon

D. VoltaireE. *Spinoza Baruch512. French philosopher, mathematician and scientist. He believed that that everything

was open to doubt except his own conscious experience and his existence as a necessary condition of this: “Cogito, ergo sum” (I think, therefore I am).

A. There is no correct answerB. J. LockeC. F. BaconD. *R. DescartesE. Voltaire513. English philosopher. He was an empiricist, arguing in An Essay concerning

Human Understanding that all knowledge is based on human experience. A political liberal, he believed that the authority of rulers is limited.

A. There is no correct answerB. D. HumeC. VoltaireD. R. DescartesE. *J. Locke514. French philosopher, writer, and critic. A leading figure of the Enlightenment, he

was chief editor of the Encyclopйdie, through which he spread and popularized philosophy and scientific knowledge.

A. There is no correct answerB. VoltaireC. F. BaconD. *D. DiderotE. R. Descartes515. French writer, dramatist, and poet. He frequently came into conflict with the

Establishment as a result of his radical views. His works include Lettres philosophiques and the satire Candide.

A. There is no correct answerB. R. DescartesC. *VoltaireD. F. BaconE. J.-J. Rousseau516. German philosopher and mathematician, who devised a method of calculus

independently of Newton. In philosophy he proposed that the world is composed of single units (monads), all acting in harmony together.

A. There is no correct answerB. *G. LeibnizC. VoltaireD. B. SpinozaE. F. Bacon517. English statesman, philosopher, and scientist. His emphasis on the observation

and classification of the natural world laid the basis of the inductive method of scientific research.

A. There is no correct answerB. D. DiderotC. *F. Bacon

D. VoltaireE. G. Leibniz518. English statesman, philosopher, and scientist. His emphasis on the observation

and classification of the natural world laid the basis of the inductive method of scientific research.

A. There is no correct answerB. D. DiderotC. *F. BaconD. VoltaireE. G. Leibniz519. “To be means to be apprehended”, who told this?A. There is no correct answerB. D. HumeC. VoltaireD. F. BaconE. *R. Descartes520. During the period of New Age a lot of scientists and philosophers were trying to

explain all deep processes in the world using …A. There is no correct answerB. GeneticsC. ChemistryD. *MechanicsE. Biology521. Leibniz doctrine about world building was called...A. There is no correct answerB. MethodologyC. *MonadologyD. EmpirismE. Atomism522. What epoch was named “Dark Ages”?A. There is no correct answerB. Ancient timeC. *Middle AgesD. Antique timeE. New Ages523. Whose pen name was Francois Marie Arouet?A. There is no correct answerB. SpinozaC. BaconD. *VoltaireE. Leibniz524. German philosopher and mathematician and one of the most famous people of the

time. Following English and French models, king Frederic I created Academy of Sciences in Berlin and persuaded him to become its first president. In line with his philosophical optimism, he supposed that the world to be formed from self-existent substances-monads, themselves in mutual harmony and animated by a force emanating ultimately from the divine will.

A. There is no correct answer

B. SpinozaC. BaconD. VoltaireE. *Leibniz525. Who distinguished 3 levels of cognition: sensual, logical and intuition?A. *SpinozaB. J.-J. RousseauC. D. DiderotD. VoltaireE. G. Leibniz526. English statesman, philosopher and essayist, was the greatest of those

propagandists and the founder of Empirism in philosophy. He was the first philosopher in the New Age period to "look for a new methodology of the scientific cognition. His main task was to find the way to more efficiently apply reason to the cognition of nature. He anticipated the decisive role of science in the human life. In the book "Novum Organum" (1620) he presented his "doctrine about purification of reason".

A. There is no correct answerB. Rene DescartesC. VoltaireD. David HumeE. *Francis Bacon527. He distinguished 3 rights of an individual life: life, liberty and property.A. There is no correct answerB. VoltaireC. *John LockeD. David HumeE. Jacques Rousseau528. Who is a founder of Empirism in philosophy?A. There is no correct answerB. John LockeC. Gottfried LeibnizD. *Francis BaconE. Rene Descartes529. Who wrote "Institutes of the Christian Religion"?A. There is no correct answerB. Jacob BurkhardtC. F. PetrarchD. G. BoccaccioE. *J. Calvin530. Who wrote "The Babylonian Captivity"?A. There is no correct answerB. G. BoccaccioC. F. PetrarchD. *M. LutherE. Jacob Burkhardt531. Who wrote "Book of the Courtier"?A. There is no correct answerB. N. Copernicus

C. B. CastiglioneD.J acob BurkhardtE. *Baldassare Castiglione532. .The belief that God is present in all things; belief in many or all gods is …A. There is no correct answerB. TheologyC. *PantheismD. AnimismE. Syncretism533. … a 16th century movement for the reform of the Roman Catholic Church, that

ended in the establishment of the Protestant Churches.A. There is no correct answerB. EnlightenmentC. SecularizationD. RenaissanceE. *Reformation534. … is a revival of art and literature under the influence of classical styles in the 14th

- 16th centuries.A. There is no correct answerB. SecularizationC. EnlightenmentD. *RenaissanceE. Reformation535. German Protestant theologian, the leading figure of the German Reformation. He

preached the doctrine of justification by faith (the belief that people are freed from sin by their faith in God rather than by their good actions) and attacked papal authority. He was excommunicated in 1521.

A. There is no correct answerB. B. CastiglioneC. J. BurckhardtD. J. CalvinE. *M. Luther536. French Protestant theologian and leader of the Reformation. On becoming a

Protestant he fled to Switzerland, where he established the first Presbyterian government, in Geneva.

A. There is no correct answerB. N. CopernicusC. *J. CalvinD. M. LutherE. F. Petrarch537. Polish astronomer and philosopher, who proposed that sun is the center of solar

system, with the planets orbit sun, rejecting the established view that Earth was the center of universe.

A. There is no correct answerB. F. PetrarchC. J. CalvinD. M. LutherE. *N. Copernicus

538. Swiss protestant reformer, the chief figure of the Swiss Reformation. His ideas gained strong support in Zuich but met with fierce resistance elsewhere; he was killed in the resulting civil war.

A. There is no correct answerB. M. LutherC. *U. ZwingliD. J. CalvinE. L. Valla539. Italian poet and philosopher, known for the Canzoniere, a sonnet sequence in

praise of a woman called Laura.A. There is no correct answerB.*F. PetrarchC. N. CopernicusD. G. BoccaccioE. L. Valla540. Italian writer, poet, humanist and philosopher, famous for the collection of stories

known as the Decameron.A. There is no correct answerB. L. VallaC. N. CopernicusD. *G. BoccaccioE. F. Petrarch541. The system of speculative ideas about nature, which was worked out in different

philosophical doctrines is …A. *Natural philosophyB. Consciousness C OutlookD DialecticsE. Metaphysics542. What accident changed Luther’s life?A. There is no correct answerB. He liked monasteriesC. Father’s deathD. Falling in loveE. *Bolt of the lightning543. He was born into a simple worker family in Saxony in central Germany. The boy

received a good education and decided to become a lawyer, a profession that would have given him many opportunities for advancement. But in his early twenties, shortly after starting his legal studies, he had an experience that changed his life. Crossing a field during a thunderstorm, he was thrown to the ground by a bolt of lightning, and in his terror he cried to St. Anne, the mother of Mary, that he would enter a monastery.

A. There is no correct answerB. Giovanni BoccaccioC. *Martin LutherD. Jacob BurkhardtE. John Calvin544.To the 16th century European, the most momentous revolution of the time was not the

growth of royal power, the rise of prices or the discovery of new lands overseas, but the

movement that destroyed the West's religious unity: …A. There is no correct answerB. EnlightenmentC. *ReformationD. SecularizationE. Renaissance545. The term “Renaissance” was given currency in the 19U century by the Swiss

historian …A. There is no correct answerB. Nicolaus CopernicusC. John CalvinD. *Jacob BurkhardtE. Martin Luther546. The study of God and religious belief; a system of religious beliefs and theory is

…A. There is no correct answerB. HistoryC. *TheologyD. DialecticsE. Metaphysics547. Christian scholar, who translated the Bible from Hebrew into Latin (the version

known as the Vulgate).A. There is no correct answerB. St. BasilC. St. AnselmD. St. AmbroseE. *St. Jerome548. French scholar, theologian, and philosopher, famous for his tragic love affair with

his pupil Heloїse.A. There is no correct answerB. St. AmbroseC. EusebiusD. *Peter AbelardE. Johannes Erigena549. Italian philosopher, theologian, and Dominican friar. He introduced the work of

Aristotle to Christian Western Europe and devised the official tenets of the Roman Catholic Church.

A. There is no correct answerB. St. AnselmC. Johannes ErigenaD. Peter AbelardE. *Thomas Aquinas550. Christian theologian and bishop of Hippo in North Africa. His writings, such as

Confessions and the City of God, dominated subsequent Western Christian Theology.A. There is no correct answerB. Clement of AlexandriaC. OrigenD. *St. Augustin

E. Quintus Tertullianus551. “The best wisdom is a wisdom of whole world”, who told this?A. There is no correct answerB. St. AugustinC. Clement of AlexandriaD. OrigenE. *Quintus Tertullianus552. The last and the highest stage of the development of the West religious philosophy

of Middle Ages, which is characterized by connection of theological-dogmatic ideas and rational methodology is called ...

A. There is no correct answerB. *ScholasticC. GnoseologyD. OntologyE. Deism553. “Believe to understand”, who told this?A. There is no correct answerB. OrigenC. Quintus TertullianusD. *St. AugustinE. Clement of Alexandria554. “Cognize God through soul and soul through God”, who told this?A. There is no correct answerB. Justin MartyrC. OrigenD. Clement of AlexandriaE. *St. Augustin555. Who distinguished 2 types of the world cognition: revelation and natural

cognition?A. M. LutherB. Justin MartyrC. OrigenD. *Quintus TertullianusE. St. Augustin556. Christianity discovers it as a special state of human soul.A. Anthropocentrism B. TheocentrismC. CreationismD. SpiritualityE. *Faith557. World outlook considered man not only as a natural and physical creature but also

as a spiritual personality. Antique philosophy came to conclusion about existence of body and soul in the human nature.

A. Symbolism B. CreationismC. FaithD. *SpiritualityE. Anthropocentrism

558. Christian world outlook stands for the idea of creation of the world out of nothing.

A. Symbolism B. SpiritualityC. *CreationismD. FaithE. Theocentrism559. The idea about man as the center and master of the created world, the

highest aim of God's creation.A. SymbolismB. *AnthropocentrismC. FaithD. TheocentrismE. Creationism560. The idea of a single God is …A. Faith B. SpiritualityC. *TheocentrismD. AnthropocentrismE. Creationism561. Teaching about God is …A. Dialectics B. HistoryC. MetaphysicsD. MythologyE. *Theology562. The first Christians appeared in …?A. *1 - 2 c. ADB. 3 - 4 c. ADC. 2 - 1 c. BCD. 4 - 5 c. ADE. 2 - 3 c. AD563. Idea about personal God-creation. What’s definition?A. AnimalismB. AnimismC. MythologyD. IllusionE. *Impersonal Absolute564. Discipline that attempts to express the content of a religious faith as a coherent

body of propositions is …A. PhilosophyB. CultureC. AxiologyD. EthicsE. *Theology565. Method of investigating the nature of truth by critical analysis of concepts and

hypotheses is …

A. AxiologyB. CultureC. LogicD. *DialecticE. Metaphysics566. Branch of philosophy concerned with the nature of ultimate reality is … A. CultureB. *MetaphysicsC. EthicsD. GnoseologyE. Logic567. Principles or standards of human conduct, sometimes called morals (Latin mores,

“customs”), and, by extension, the study of such principles, sometimes called moral philosophy is …

A. GnoseologyB. EpistemologyC. *EthicsD. AxiologyE. Logic568. A theory of knowledge, study of the essence, forms and principles of cognition

and thinking is …A. EthicsB. MetaphysicsC. AxiologyD. LogicE. *Gnoseology569. The study of man is …A. DialecticsB. LogicC. EpistemologyD. AxiologyE. *Philosophical anthropology570. … is concerned with such issues as the nature of the ultimate reality,

philosophy of religion, philosophy of mind, personal identity, freedom of will and immortality.

A. GnoseologyB. EpistemologyC. *MetaphysicsD. OntologyE. Dialectics571. The study of being is …A. LogicB. EpistemologyC. PhilosophyD. *OntologyE. Axiology572. The study of values, including Aesthetics, Ethics and political philosophy is …A. Ontology

B. *AxiologyC. LogicD. GnoseologyE. Epistemology573. The study of the laws of thought and forms of argument is …A. EthicsB. OntologyC. AxiologyD. EpistemologyE. *Logic574. Branch of philosophy that addresses the philosophical problems surrounding the

theory of knowledge is …A. EthicsB. OntologyC. AxiologyD. *EpistemologyE. Logic575. “Tartarus” …A. there is no correct answerB. is a place where soul gets purifiesC. has no existenceD. *is a place of eternal damnationE. is just a belief576. Who was the first to define the transmission of the soul?A. EpicuresB. PlatoC. SocratesD. DemocritusE. *Pythagoras577. The soul …A. There is no correct answerB. confined to a certain physical gestureC. *survives bodily deathD. is AliveE. is mortal578. Reincarnation is …A. all answers are correctB. changing of one life form into anotherC. rebirth as to fulfill certain obligations yet to be performed in the previous birthD. simply life after lifeE. * transmigration of the soul579. According to Chinese philosophy, what are the main five organs of the human

organism?A. There is no correct answerB. Heart, stomach, kidneys, liver, intestineC. *Heart, liver, kidneys, lungs, spleenD. Heart, liver, spleen, lungs, stomach

E. Heart, liver, lungs, kidneys, stomach580. According to Chinese philosophy, what are 5 elements of making universe?A. There is no correct answerB. Earth, water, air, fire, powderC. Tree, earth, water, air, fireD. *Tree, fire, earth, metal, waterE. Tree, fire, powder, earth, water581. Chinese philosophy based on Dao, or fundamental principle underlying the

universe, incorporating the principles of Yin and Yang and emphasizing humility and religious piety.

A. FetishismB. MonismC. ConfucianismD. BuddhismE. *Daoism582. Siddartha Gautama. Born an Indian prince, he renounced wealth and family and

after achieving enlightenment while meditating, taught all who came to learn from him.A. Prophet MohammadB. PlatoC. SocratesD. *BuddhaE. Confucius583. .Chinese philosopher. His ideas about the importance of practical moral values

formed the basis of the philosophy of Confucianism.A. AristotleB. PlatoC. SocratesD. BuddhaE. *Confucius584. In Chinese philosophy two beginnings: light and dark, active and passive, male

and female are ...A. Deo and DaoB. Yin and DaoC. *Yang and YinD. Daoism and ConfucianismE. Dao and Yang585. “Four noble truths” - one of the features of...A. *BuddhismB. DaoismC. Neo-PlatonismD. StoicismE. Islam586. What is the book of Ancient Indian school, which contains the expressions about

philosophical understanding of the world?A. UpanishadsB. EmpiristsC. AtmansD. *Vedas

E. Brahmins587. What is the main notion of Daoism?A. DeoB. MonismC. YinD. *DaoE. Yang588. Way or universal force harmonizing nature.A. DeoB. MonismC. YinD. *DaoE. Yang589. Symbol of Sun or the active, masculine principle of life. Give right answer.A. DeoB. MonismC. YinD. DaoE. *Yang590. Symbol of shadow or passive, feminine principle of life. Choose the right answer.A. MonismB. *YinC. DeoD. DaoE. Yang591. Concentration, contemplation and ecstasy. What does it mean?A. *Stages of meditationB. Animal sacrificeC. Material scienceD. Moral disciplinesE. Physical disciplines592. What does Buddha from Sanskrit mean?A. DelicateB. UniversalC. SmartD. DarkE. *Awakened593. Caste, comprising manual workers.A. There is no correct answerB. Brahmin casteC. *Shudra casteD. Vaisya casteE. Kshatriya caste594. Caste, comprising farmers and merchants.A. There is no correct answerB. Brahmin casteC. Shudra caste

D. *Vaisya casteE. Kshatriya caste595. Caste, comprising warriors and rulers.A. There is no correct answerB. Brahmin casteC. Shudra casteD. Vaisya casteE. *Kshatriya caste596. The highest caste, comprising the priests.A. There is no correct answerB. *Brahmin casteC. Shudra casteD. Vaisya casteE. Kshatriya caste597. How many casts does the caste division of society in India include?A. 8B. 5C. *4D. 3E. 2598. What is mгyг from Sanskrit?A. IntuitionB. ReligionC. WomanD. ManE. *Illusion599. View that after the death the human beings live again in other forms. What is this?A. FetishismB. *ReincarnationC. AnimismD. ReligionE. Syncretism600. Who wrote this? "Religion is based on revelation. Revelation is something what

opens to me and cognition is something what I do open".A. H. SkovorodaB. K. MarxC. SocratesD. *M. BerdyayevE. I. Kant601. History plays a … role with regard to philosophy, for not only do philosophers

do philosophy while teaching the history of philosophy, but they also involve themselves in the critical examination of the principles that underlie historical investigation itself, creating a philosophy of history.

A. MaterialB. EmpiricalC. TheoreticalD. PracticalE. *Dialectical

602. … is the self-consciousness of a tribe, where development of the individual self-consciousness is not observed. What is this?

A. *MythologyB. OutlookC. AnimismD. FetishismE. Syncretism603. As used originally by ancient Greeks, the term … meant the pursuit of knowledge

for its own sake.A. Epistemology B. *PhilosophyC. AxiologyD. OntologyE. Culture604.Who described Philosophy as “… nothing but the true knowledge of things”?A. T. ShevchenkoB. G. HegelC. H. SpencerD. I. KantE. *J. Locke605. Philosophy is destined to be in opposition to the empirical reality, to the every

day world, to see imperfection of society, to destroy habitual stereotypes and superstitions, to search for possibilities to make the world more human.

A. Mythological functionB. Vital-practical functionC. Cognitive functionD. Methodological functionE. *Critical function606. Who wrote this? "Religion is based on revelation. Revelation is something what

opens to me and cognition is something what I do open".A. H. SkovorodaB. K. MarxC. SocratesD. *M. BerdyayevE. I. Kant607. The specific feature of the … is fixed in the very etymology of the word

"religion" that in Latin means "object to worship" or the service and worship of God or the supernatural.

A. *religious outlookB. scientific outlookC. general outlookD. philosophical outlookE. mythological outlook608. … is directed at realization of the man's own position in life. It consists of the

program of behavior, life projects and orders.A. Component of outlookB. Component of cognitionC. Philosophical component

D. *Motivating-active componentE. Value component609. … of outlook proves the one to be not only a sum of knowledge but also the

reference of a man to the world, others and oneself. A. Component of outlookB. Component of cognitionC. Philosophical componentD. Motivating-active componentE. *Value component610.… is represented as a sum of ideas and knowledge about the world in general and

the place of man in it.A. *Component of cognitionB. Component of outlookC. Philosophical componentD. Motivating-active componentE. Value component611. Forms and historical types of outlook are …A. There is no correct answerB. methodological, religious and philosophical constituent elementsC. *mythological, religious and philosophical constituent elementsD. cognitive, value and motivating-active constituent elementsE. vital-practical and theoretical constituent elements612. Basic levels of outlook are … A. There is no correct answerB. methodological, religious and philosophical constituent elementsC. mythological, religious and philosophical constituent elementsD. cognitive, value and motivating-active constituent elementsE. *vital-practical and theoretical constituent elements613. Basic components of outlook are …A. there is no correct answerB. methodological, religious and philosophical constituent elementsC. mythological, religious and philosophical constituent elementsD. *cognitive, value and motivating-active constituent elementsE. vital-practical and theoretical constituent elements614."Man" and "the world" are the key notions of …A. *OutlookB. NationC. ScienceD. PhilosophyE. Love615. "Here is a definition of (subjective) truth: holding fast to an objective

uncertainty in an appropriation process of the most passionate inwardness is the truth, the highest available for an existing individual".

A. *KierkegaardB. Z. FreudC. SocratesD. PlatoE. J. Goethe

616. "The masses fear the intellectual, but it is stupidity that they should fear, if they only realized how dangerous it really is".

A. H. SkovorodaB. SocratesC. K. MarxD. I. KantE. *Johann Goethe617."… Rules of Philosophy".A. Twelve B. FiveC. *TenD. NineE. Eight618. History plays a … role with regard to philosophy, for not only do philosophers

do philosophy while teaching the history of philosophy, but they also involve themselves in the critical examination of the principles that underlie historical investigation itself, creating a philosophy of history.

A. MethodologicalB. EmpiricalC. TheoreticalD. PracticalE. *Dialectical619. Etymologically from Greek sophia means …A. Sympathy B. LoveC. RespectD. FriendshipE. *Wisdom620. Etymologically from Greek philos means …A. Sympathy B. *LoveC. RespectD. FriendshipE. Wisdom621. Who is one of the founders of Marxism?A. A. ComteB. VoltaireC. *F. EngelsD. F. BaconE. I. Kant622. Who distinguished 4 main philosophical questions: 1) What can I know? 2) What

should I do? 3) What can I expect? 4) What is man? A. A. ComteB. K. MarxC. F. EngelsD. *I. KantE. F. Bacon623. What are three historical types of outlook?

A. There is no correct answerB. Empirical, methodological, theoretical

C. Religious, practical, mythologicalD. Methodological, religious, philosophicalE. *Mythological, religious, philosophical624. A person’s attitude to life; a view; what is likely to happen in future is …A. TheoryB. ConsciousnessC. *OutlookD. PracticeE. Criticism625. … outlook appeared in the period of decay of the tribal system society.A. MethodicalB. PhilosophicalC. MethodologicalD. MythologyE. *Religious626.… function proves philosophy to be able to influence the formation both of mass outlook

and outlook position of an individual.A. MythologicalB. *Vital-practicalC. MethodologicalD. CriticalE. Cognitive627. The main … task of philosophy is to ground and prove truth in the scientific

cognition. A. MythologicalB. PracticalC. CriticalD. CognitiveE. *Methodological628. What is a function of philosophy that is directed at comprehension of integrity of

the world, at cognition of the background and preconditions of interconnection between man and the world, at systemic-theoretical, logical-consequent and argumentative solution of the outlook problems?

A. MythologicalB. CriticalC. MethodologicalD. *CognitiveE. Practical 629. Who was the first mentioned the term “philosophy”?A. EpicuresB. PlatoC. *PythagorasD. SocratesE. Aristotle630. Who told that the world is an objective intellect and according to logic is very

close to subjective man’s intellect?A. ShevchenkoB. SkovorodaC. KantD. BaconE. *Hegel631. According to outlook philosophy is...A. it’s basisB. one of its causesC. *one of its typesD. one of its basic principlesE. one of its components632. What is dualism?A. There is no correct answerB. Understanding of a man from 5 viewpointsC. Understanding of a man from 4 viewpointsD. Understanding of a man from 3 viewpointsE. *Understanding of a man from 2 viewpoints633. Perception of the world where reality and illusion, natural and supernatural,

objective and subjective are based, is one of the essential features of the mythological outlook. What does it mean?

A. FetishismB. OutlookC. AnimismD. MythologyE. *Syncretism634. … is the self-consciousness of a tribe, where development of the individual self-

consciousness is not observed. What is this?A. FetishismB. OutlookC. AnimismD. *MythologyE. Syncretism635. What are the constituent elements of outlook?A. Main components of outlook and basic levels of outlookB. Basic forms and historical types of outlookC. Basic levels and forms and historical types of outlookD. *Basic components of outlook, basic levels and forms and historical types of outlookE. Basic components and basics levels of outlook636.It is a vision of the world from the only-center position of a man. What is the definition?A. NationB. *OutlookC. ThoughtD. SocietyE. Science637.Logic is …A. a theory of knowledge, study of the essence, forms and principles of cognition and thinking

B. the study of values, including Aesthetics, Ethics and political philosophyC. the study of sources, essence and laws of developmentD. the study of beingE. *the study of the laws of thought and forms of argument638. Axiology is …A. the study of the laws of thought and forms of argumentB. the study of beingC. the study of sources, essence and laws of developmentD. a theory of knowledge, study of the essence, forms and principles of cognition and thinkingE. *the study of values, including Aesthetics, Ethics and political philosophy639.Philosophical anthropology is …A. the study of values, including Aesthetics, Ethics and political philosophyB. *the study of manC. a theory of knowledge, study of the essence, forms and principles of cognition and thinkingD. the study of sources, essence and laws of developmentE. the study of being640.Ontology is …A. the study of values, including Aesthetics, Ethics and political philosophyB. a theory of knowledge, study of the essence, forms and principles of cognition and thinkingC. the study of the laws of thought and forms of argumentD. the study of sources, essence and laws of developmentE. *the study of being641.Metaphysics is …A. a theory of knowledge, study of the essence, forms and principles of cognition and thinkingB. the study of sources, essence and laws of developmentC. the study of values, including Aesthetics, Ethics and political philosophyD. *it is concerned with such issues as the nature of the ultimate reality, philosophy of religion, philosophy of mind, personal identity, freedom of will and immortalityE. the study of being642. Gnoseology (epistemology) is …A. the study of values, including Aesthetics, Ethics and political philosophyB. the study of manC. the study of sources, essence and laws of developmentD. *a theory of knowledge, study of the essence, forms and principles of cognition and thinkingE. the study of being643. What are two kinds of reason?A. Spiritual and materialB. *Practical and theoreticalC. Historical and theoreticalD. Theoretical and empiricalE. Practical and empirical644. What definition of philosophy seems to you the most appropriate?A. Philosophy is wisdom of love

B. Philosophy is a study about a manC. Philosophy is a science of sciencesD. Philosophy is a state of soulE. *Philosophy is love of wisdom645. Perception of the world where reality and illusion, natural and supernatural,

objective and subjective are based, is one of the essential features of the mythological outlook. What does it mean?

A. Fetishism B. OutlookC. AnimismD. MythologyE. *Syncretism646. … any philosophical problem is studied in the context of God.A. *TheocentrismB. TheodicyC. TheologismD. PersonalismE. Gnosticism647. … the study which explains the contradiction of the idea of God as Absolute and

the existence of the world evil.A. TheocentrismB. *TheodicyC. TheologismD. PersonalismE. Gnosticism648. … everything around is determined by God and eventually reaches its aim.A. TheocentrismB. TheodicyC. *TheologismD. PersonalismE. Gnosticism649. …God is Absolute Personality, which served as a sample for man creating.A. TheocentrismB. TheodicyC. TheologismD. *PersonalismE. Gnosticism650. … derived from the Greek word - “revealed knowledge”.A. TheocentrismB. TheodicyC. TheologismD. PersonalismE. *Gnosticism 651. According to …, sparks or seeds of the Divine Being fell from this transcendent

realm into the material universe, which is wholly evil, and were imprisoned in human bodies.

A. TheocentrismB. Theodicy

C. TheologismD. PersonalismE. *Gnosticism652. Reawakened by knowledge, the divine element in humanity can return to its

proper home in the transcendent spiritual realm.A. TheocentrismB. TheodicyC. TheologismD. PersonalismE. *Gnosticism653. … was the first to prove the possibility to combine the Bible beliefs with the

Greek philosophy.A. St. AquinasB. St. AugustineC. *Philo of AlexandriaD. PlatoE. Kant654. … conceived of God as a being without attributes, better than virtue and

knowledge, better than the beautiful and the good, a being so exalted above the world that an intermediate class of beings is required to establish a point of contact between him and the world.

A. St. AquinasB. St. AugustineC. *Philo of AlexandriaD. PlatoE. Kant655. These beings … found in the spiritual world of ideas-not merely ideas in the

Platonic sense, but real, active powers, surrounding God as a number of attendant beings.

A. St. AquinasB. St. AugustineC. *Philo of AlexandriaD. PlatoE. Kant656. According to …, all these intermediate powers are known as the Logos, the divine

image in which persons are created and through which they participate in the deity.A.St. AquinasB.St. AugustineC.*Philo of AlexandriaD.PlatoE.Kant657. According to …, an individual's duties consist of veneration of God and love and

righteousness toward others.A. St. AquinasB. St. AugustineC. *Philo of AlexandriaD. PlatoE. Kant

658. According to …, humans are immortal by reason of their heavenly nature, but just as degrees in this divine nature exist, degrees of immortality also exist. Mere living after death, common to all humanity, differs from the future existence of the perfect souls, for whom paradise is oneness with God.

A. St. AquinasB. St. AugustineC. *Philo of AlexandriaD. PlatoE. Kant659. … in ancient and especially in medieval philosophy and theology, the divine

reason that acts as the ordering principle of the universe.A. TheocentrismB. TheodicyC. TheologismD. PersonalismE. *Logos660. … is “present everywhere” and seems to be understood as both a divine mind and

at least a semiphysical force, acting through space and time. Through the faculty of reason, all human beings (but not any other animals) share in the divine reason.

A. TheocentrismB. TheodicyC. TheologismD. PersonalismE. *Logos661. The Greek word … being translated as “word” in the English Bible: “In the

beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. . . . And the Word became flesh and dwelt among us . . .”

A. TheocentrismB. TheodicyC. TheologismD. PersonalismE. *Logos662. … was identified with the will of God, or with the Ideas (or Platonic Forms) that

are in the mind of God.A. TheocentrismB. TheodicyC. TheologismD. PersonalismE. *Logos663. … born in what is now Souk-Ahras, Algeria, in ad 354, brought a systematic

method of philosophy to Christian theology.A. St. AquinasB. *St. AugustineC. Philo of AlexandriaD. PlatoE. Kant664. Who wrote the Confessions and the City of God?A. St. Aquinas

B. *St. AugustineC. Philo of AlexandriaD. PlatoE. Kant665. … argued that religious faith and philosophical understanding are complementary

rather than opposed and that one must “believe in order to understand and understand in order to believe.”

A. St. AquinasB. *St. AugustineC. Philo of AlexandriaD. PlatoE. Kant666. … considered the soul a higher form of existence than the body and taught that

knowledge consists in the contemplation of Platonic ideas as abstract notions apart from sensory experience and anything physical or material.

A. St. AquinasB. *St. AugustineC. Philo of AlexandriaD. PlatoE. Kant667. … came to a pessimistic view about original sin, grace, and predestination: the

ultimate fates of humansA. St. AquinasB. *St. AugustineC. Philo of AlexandriaD. PlatoE. Kant668. His view of human life was pessimistic, asserting that happiness is impossible in

the world of the living, where even with good fortune, which is rare, awareness of approaching death would mar any tendency toward satisfaction.

A. St. AquinasB. *St. AugustineC. Philo of AlexandriaD. PlatoE. Kant669. … believed that without the religious virtues of faith, hope, and charity, which

require divine grace to be attained, a person cannot develop the natural virtues of courage, justice, temperance, and wisdom.

A. St. AquinasB. *St. AugustineC. Philo of AlexandriaD. PlatoE. Kant670. Philosophic and theological movement that attempted to use natural human

reason, in particular, the philosophy and science of Aristotle, to understand the supernatural content of Christian revelation.

A. SkepticsB. Stoics

C. SophistsD. EpicureansE. *Scholasticism671. The ultimate ideal of the movement was to integrate into an ordered system both

the natural wisdom of Greece and Rome and the religious wisdom of Christianity.A. SkepticsB. StoicsC. SophistsD. EpicureansE. *Scholasticism672. Throughout the … period, philosophy was called the servant of theology, not only

because the truth of philosophy was subordinated to that of theology, but also because the theologian used philosophy to understand and explain revelation.

A. SkepticsB. StoicsC. SophistsD. EpicureansE. *Scholasticism673. … was called the Angelic Doctor and the Prince of ScholasticsA. *St. AquinasB. St. AugustineC. Philo of AlexandriaD. PlatoE. Kant674. … combined Aristotelian science and Augustinian theology into a comprehensive

system of thought that later became the authoritative philosophy of the Roman Catholic Church.

A. *St. AquinasB. St. AugustineC. Philo of AlexandriaD. PlatoE. Kant675. Who wrote Summa Theologica?A. *St. AquinasB. St. AugustineC. Philo of AlexandriaD. PlatoE. Kant676. …made many important investigations into the philosophy of religion, including

an extremely influential study of the attributes of God, such as omnipotence, omniscience, eternity.

A. *St. AquinasB. St. AugustineC. Philo of AlexandriaD. PlatoE. Kant677. … also provided a new account of the relationship between faith and reason that

the truths of faith and the truths of reason cannot conflict but rather apply to different

realms.A. *St. AquinasB. St. AugustineC. Philo of AlexandriaD. PlatoE. Kant678. Which philosophy is characterized by: “In this view of the universe, known as

Mechanism, science took priority over spirituality, and the surrounding physical world that we experience and observe received as much, if not more, attention than the world to come”?

A. the Middle AgesB. the RenaissanceC. *the EnlightenmentD. the German philosophyE. the Neoclassic philosophy679. Which philosophy is characterized by: “The aim of human life was no longer

conceived as preparation for salvation in the next world, but rather as the satisfaction of people’s natural desires. Political institutions and ethical principles ceased to be regarded as reflections of divine command and came to be seen as practical devices created by humans.”?

A. the Middle AgesB. the RenaissanceC. *the EnlightenmentD. the German philosophyE. the Neoclassic philosophy680. Which philosophy is characterized by: “knowledge is not innate, but comes only

from experience and observation guided by reason”?A. the Middle AgesB. the RenaissanceC. *the EnlightenmentD. the German philosophyE. the Neoclassic philosophy681. … saw God as the cause of the great mechanism of the world, a view more in

harmony with science than with traditional religion.A. *DeismB. MechanismC. EmpirismD. MaterialismE. Pantheism682. According to … the universe is completely explicable in terms of mechanical

processes.A. DeismB. *MechanismC. EmpirismD. MaterialismE. Pantheism683. …a doctrine that affirms that all knowledge is based on experience, and denies the

possibility of spontaneous ideas or a priori thought.

A. DeismB. MechanismC. *EmpirismD. MaterialismE. Pantheism684. Who wrote Novum Organon?A. *F. BaconB. F. LeibnitzC. Rene DescartesD .Benedict SpinozaE. D. Diderot

ІІ. Situational problem :

1. Bacon considered consciousness illusions – “…” to be the main obstacles. A. *idols B. monads C. maya D. atoms E. ideas

2. Brain processing of the facts which accumulate with experience. A. the way of the spider B. * the way of the bee C. the way of the ant D. the way of the tiger E. the way of the fly

3. God, according to … philosophy, created two classes of substance that make up the whole of reality.

A. Bacon B. Leibnitz C. * Rene Descartes D. Benedict Spinoza E. D. Diderot

4. How many categories of monads did Leibnitz develop? A. * 3 B. 2 C. 4 D. 6 E. 5

5. In Ethics, … attempts to demonstrate a "fully cohesive philosophical system that strives to provide a coherent picture of reality and to comprehend the meaning of an ethical life. Following a logical step-by-step format, it defines in turn the nature of God, the mind, human bondage to the emotions, and the power of understanding --

moving from a consideration of the eternal, to speculate upon humanity's place in the natural order, freedom, and the path to attainable happiness."

A. F. Bacon B. I. Kant C. T. Campanella D. * B.Spinoza E. R. Descartes

6. The author of the famous saying: “I think therefore I exist” A. F. Bacon B. I. Kant C. T. Campanella D. Leibnitz E. * R. Descartes

7. The author of the socialistic utopian society “The city of the Sun” A. F. Bacon B. I. Kant C. * T. Campanella D. Leibnitz E. G.Bruno

8. The founder of the New Age (Enlightenment).  A. * F. Bacon B. I. Kant C. T. Campanella D. Leibnitz E. G.Bruno

9.  The person who used the term “Enlightenment” in France for the first time. A. F. Bacon B. I. Kant C. T. Campanella D. * Voltaire E. R. Descartes

10. The philosopher of the New Age who said: “The Bible is one of the greatest blessings bestowed by God on the children of men. - It has God for its author; salvation for its end, and truth without any mixture for its matter. - It is all pure.” 

A. F. Bacon B. * John Locke C. Rene Descartes D. Benedict Spinoza E. D. Diderot

11. Who claimed “God is dead and we killed him”? A. Kierkegaard B. Marx C. * Nietzsche D. Freud E. Schopenhauer

12. Who introduced the notion “antinomies” into the Western philosophy? A. * I. Kant B. F. Shelling C. J. Fichte D. F. Nietzsche E. Karl Marx

13. Who introduced the notion “things in itself”? A. * I. Kant B. F. Shelling C. J. Fichte D. F. Nietzsche E. Karl Marx

14. Who introduced the term “overman, superman” into philosophy? A. Kierkegaard B. Marx C. * Nietzsche D. Freud E. Schopenhauer

15. Who said: “Religion is the “opiate of the masses” A. Kierkegaard B. * Marx C. Nietzsche D. Freud E. Schopenhauer

16. Who wrote “Critique of Judgment”? A. * I. Kant B. F. Shelling C. J. Fichte D. F. Nietzsche E. Karl Marx

17. Who wrote “Critique of Practical Reason”? A. * I. Kant B. F. Shelling C. J. Fichte D. F. Nietzsche E. Karl Marx

18. Who wrote “Critique of Pure Reason”? A. * there is no correct answer B. F. Shelling C. J. Fichte D. F. Nietzsche E. Karl Marx

19. Who wrote “Either”? A. * Kierkegaard B. Marx C. Nietzsche D. Freud E. Schopenhauer

20. … determined to hold nothing true until he had established grounds for believing it true?

A. * Bacon B. Leibnitz C. Rene Descartes D. Benedict Spinoza E. D. Diderot

21. What did Buddha preach in his first sermon? A. *Four noble truths B. Two noble truths

C. Six noble truths D. Three noble truths E. Five noble truths

22. What does BRAHMA mean from Sanskrit? A. * reality B. release C. the wheel of rebirth D. punishment and reward E. illusion

23. What does Buddha mean from Sanskrit? A. God B. beloved C. concentrated D. contemplated E. * awakened

24. What does KARMA mean from Sanskrit? A. reality B. release C. the wheel of rebirth D. * punishment and reward E. illusion

25. What does MAYA mean from Sanskrit? A. reality B. release C. the wheel of rebirth D. punishment and reward E. * illusion

26. What does MOKSA mean from Sanskrit? A. reality B. * release C. the wheel of rebirth D. punishment and reward E. illusion

27. What does SAMSARA mean from Sanskrit? A. reality B. release C. * the wheel of rebirth D. punishment and reward E. illusion

28. What introduces the system of knowledge that is based on reason? A. Mythology B. * Philosophy C. Religion D. Eastern type of cultural development E. Western type of cultural development

29. What is the religion of the majority of the Indians? A. * Hinduism B. Brahmanism C. Buddhism D. Islam E. Christianity

30. Which of the following groups was not one of the Indian castes or classes? A. Brahmin B. Kshatriya C. Vaisya D. Sudra E. * Jodhpurs

ІІІ. Tests for pictures

1. The picture illustrates the endless cycle of suffering caused by birth, death and rebirth (i.e. reincarnation) within Buddhism, Hinduism (See Figure 1)

A. karmaB. reincarnationC. deja vuD. mayaE. *samsara 2. The picture illustrates the endless cycle of suffering caused by birth, death and rebirth (i.e.

reincarnation) within Buddhism, Hinduism (See Figure 1)A. karmaB. reincarnationC. deja vuD. mayaE. *there is no correct answer 3. The author of the following picture believed the working of the human body to be an analogy

for the functioning of the universe. (See Figure 2)A. TitianB. RaphaelC. MichelangeloD. BotticelliE. *Leonardo da Vinci 4. The author of the following picture believed the workings of the human body to be an

analogy for the workings of the universe. (See Figure 2)A. TitianB. RaphaelC. MichelangeloD. BotticelliE. *there is no correct answer 5. The picture shows cast division of the Indian society. What is the cast that comprises manual

workers called? (See Figure 5)A. BrahminB. KshatriyaC. VaisyaD. MoksaE. *Sudra 6. The picture shows cast division of the Indian society. What is the cast that comprises manual

workers called? (See Figure 5)A.BrahminB.KshatriyaC.VaisyaD.MoksaE.*there is no correct answer 7. The picture shows cast division of the Indian society. What is the cast that comprises

warriors and rulers called? (See Figure 5)A. BrahminB. VaisyaC. SudraD. MoksaE. *Kshatriya 8. The picture shows cast division of the Indian society. What is the cast that comprises

warriors and rulers called? (See Figure 5)A. BrahminB. VaisyaC. SudraD. MoksaE. *there is no correct answer 9. The picture shows cast division of the Indian society. What is the cast that comprises farmers

and merchants called? (See Figure 5)A. BrahminB. KshatriyaC. SudraD. MoksaE. *Vaisya 10. The picture shows cast division of the Indian society. What is the cast that comprises farmers

and merchants called? (See Figure 5)A. BrahminB. KshatriyaC. SudraD. MoksaE. *there is no correct answer 11. The picture shows cast division of the Indian society. What is the cast that comprises priests

called? (See Figure 5)A. KshatriyaB. VaisyaC. SudraD. MoksaE. *Brahmin 12. The picture shows cast division of the Indian society. What is the cast that comprises priests

called? (See Figure 5)A. KshatriyaB. VaisyaC. SudraD. MoksaE. *there is no correct answer 13. This symbol of … is actually a sacred syllable representing the Brahman or the Absolute -

the source of all existence. (See Figure 6)A. BuddhismB. ChristianityC. IslamD. DaoismE. *Hinduism 14. This symbol of … is actually a sacred syllable representing the Brahman or the Absolute -

the source of all existence. (See Figure 4)A. BuddhismB. ChristianityC. Islam

D. DaoismE. *there is no correct answer 15. The picture illustrates the worshipping of the Egyptian God known as Lord of Creation and

Protector of the Poor and Weak. (See Figure 13)A. OsirisB. MaatC. SethD. AnubisE. *Amon-Ra 16. The picture illustrates the worshipping of the Egyptian God known as Lord of Creation and

Protector of the Poor and Weak. (See Figure 5)A. OsirisB. MaatC. SethD. AnubisE. *there is no correct answer 17. The figure illustrates the representative of the Ancient World, whose soul had three parts:

Ba, Ka, Akh. Name the country. (See Figure 7)A. IndiaB. ChinaC. GreeceD. RomeE. *Egypt 18. The figure illustrates the representative of the Ancient World, whose soul had three parts:

Ba, Ka, Akh. Name the country. (See Figure 6)A. IndiaB. ChinaC. GreeceD. RomeE. *there is no correct answer 19. The figure shows the Greek architectural masterpiece – Parthenon. Name the chief god of the

Greek mythology. (See Figure 9)A. DionysusB. PoseidonC. HadesD. ApolloE. *Zeus 20. The figure shows the Greek architectural masterpiece – Parthenon. Name the chief god of the

Greek mythology. (See Figure 7)A. DionysusB. PoseidonC. HadesD. ApolloE. *there is no correct answer 21. Finish Buddha’s saying: “What we think, we….” (See Figure 10)A. liveB. getC. hearD. seeE. *become 22. Buddha’s saying: “What we think, we….” (See Figure 10)A. liveB. get

C. hearD. seeE. *there is no correct answer 23. Buddha’s saying: “He who envies others does not obtain peace of…” (See Figure 10)A. soulB. lifeC. countryD. spiritE. *mind 24. Buddha’s saying: “He who envies others does not obtain peace of…” (See Figure 10)A. soulB. lifeC. countryD. spiritE. *there is no correct answer 25. Buddha’s saying: “An insincere and evil friend is more to be feared than a wild beast; a wild

beast may wound your body, but an evil friend will wound your …” (See Figure 21)A. soulB. lifeC. countryD. spiritE. *mind 26. Buddha’s saying: “An insincere and evil friend is more to be feared than a wild beast; a wild

beast may wound your body, but an evil friend will wound your …” (See Figure 21)A. soulB. lifeC. countryD. spiritE. *there is no correct answer 27. Buddha’s saying: “Do not dwell in the past, do not dream of the future, concentrate the mind

on the present moment.” (See Figure 21)A. soulB. lifeC. countryD. spiritE. *mind 28. Buddha’s saying: “Do not dwell in the past, do not dream of the future, concentrate the mind

on the present moment.” (See Figure 21)A. soulB. lifeC. countryD. spiritE. *there is no correct answer 29. Finish Buddha’s saying: “Fill your mind with compassion.” (See Figure 21)A. soulB. lifeC. countryD. spiritE. *mind 30. Buddha’s saying: “Fill your mind with compassion.” (See Figure 21)A. soulB. lifeC. country

D. spiritE. *there is no correct answer 31. The figure shows the type of outlook that in Latin means "object to worship" or the service

and worship of God or the supernatural. (See Figure 11)A. scienceB. mythologyC. philosophyD. educationE. *religion 32. The figure shows the type of outlook that in Latin means "object to worship" or the service

and worship of God or the supernatural. (See Figure 9)A. scienceB. mythologyC. philosophyD. educationE. *there is no correct answer 33. Confucius’ saying: “Before you embark on a journey of revenge, dig two….” (See Figure

12)A. holesB. gardensC. tunnelsD. tombsE. *graves 34. Confucius’ saying: “Before you embark on a journey of revenge, dig two….” (See Figure

12)A. holesB. gardensC. tunnelsD. tombsE. *there is no correct answer 35. Confucius’ saying: “… yourself and others will respect you.” (See Figure 12)A. loveB. likeC. disregardD. embarrassE. *there is no correct answer 36. Finish Confucius’ saying: “… yourself and others will respect you.” (See Figure 12)A. loveB. likeC. disregardD. embarrassE. *respect 37. Confucius’ saying: “Wheresoever you go, go with all your heart.” (See Figure 12)A. loveB. familyC. siblingsD. wivesE. *heart 38. Confucius’ saying: “Wheresoever you go, go with all your heart.” (See Figure 12)A. loveB. familyC. siblingsD. wives

E. *there is no correct answer 39. The picture illustrates the journey of the soul in the afterlife. That’s why ancient Egyptians

buried their pharaohs in the … (See Figure 9)A. sandB. zigguratsC. sphinxesD. vaultsE. *pyramids 40. The picture illustrates the journey of the soul in the afterlife. That’s why ancient Egyptians

buried their pharaohs in the … (See Figure 11)A. sandB. zigguratsC. sphinxesD. vaultsE. *there is no correct answer 41. The figure shows the great Greek philosopher who said: “I know that I know nothing” (See

Figure 14)A. DemocritusB. PlatoC. AristotleD. EpicurusE. *Socrates 42. The figure shows the great Greek philosopher who said: “I know that I know nothing” (See

Figure 12)A. DemocritusB. PlatoC. AristotleD. EpicurusE. *there is no correct answer 43. The figure shows the great Greek philosopher who said: “Care for the soul is all that matters”

(See Figure 12)A. DemocritusB. PlatoC. AristotleD. EpicurusE. *there is no correct answer 44. The figure shows the great Greek philosopher who said: “Care for the soul is all that matters”

(See Figure 14)A. DemocritusB. PlatoC. AristotleD. EpicurusE. *Socrates 45. The figure shows the great Greek philosopher who said: “By all means marry; if you get a

good wife, you'll be happy. If you get a bad one, you'll become a philosopher.” (See Figure 14)

A. DemocritusB. PlatoC. AristotleD. EpicurusE. *Socrates 46. The figure shows the great Greek philosopher who said: “By all means marry; if you get a

good wife, you'll be happy. If you get a bad one, you'll become a philosopher.” (See Figure 12)

A. DemocritusB. PlatoC. AristotleD. EpicurusE. *there is no correct answer 47. The figure shows the great Greek philosopher who said: “Death may be the greatest of all

human blessings.” (See Figure 12)A. DemocritusB. PlatoC. AristotleD. EpicurusE. *there is no correct answer 48. The figure shows the great Greek philosopher who said: “Death may be the greatest of all

human blessings.” (See Figure 14)A. DemocritusB. PlatoC. AristotleD. EpicurusE. *Socrates 49. The figure shows the great Greek philosopher who said: “The only good is knowledge and

the only evil is ignorance.” (See Figure 14)A. DemocritusB. PlatoC. AristotleD. EpicurusE. *Socrates 50. The figure shows the great Greek philosopher who said: “The only good is knowledge and

the only evil is ignorance.” (See Figure 12)A. DemocritusB. PlatoC. AristotleD. EpicurusE. *there is no correct answer 51. The figure shows the great Greek philosopher who said: “Thou shouldst eat to live; not live

to eat.” (See Figure 12)A. DemocritusB. PlatoC. AristotleD. EpicurusE. *there is no correct answer 52. The figure shows the great Greek philosopher who said: “Thou shouldst eat to live; not live

to eat.” (See Figure 14)A. DemocritusB. PlatoC. AristotleD. EpicurusE. *Socrates 53. The figure shows the great Greek philosopher who said: “The unexamined life is not worth

living.” (See Figure 14)A.DemocritusB.PlatoC.AristotleD.Epicurus

E.*Socrates 54. The figure shows the great Greek philosopher who said: “The unexamined life is not worth

living.” (See Figure 12)A. DemocritusB. PlatoC. AristotleD. EpicurusE. *there is no correct answer 55. The figure shows the great Greek philosopher of the classic period who is known for his

study of Forms (Ideas). (See Figure 15)A. SocratesB. DemocritusC.AristotleD. EpicurusE. *Plato 56. The figure shows the great Greek philosopher of the classic period who is known for his

study of Forms (Ideas). (See Figure 13)A. SocratesB. DemocritusC. AristotleD. EpicurusE. *there is no correct answer 57. The figure shows the great Greek philosopher of the classic period who founded the

Academy of philosophy in Athens. (See Figure 15)A. SocratesB. DemocritusC. AristotleD. EpicurusE. *Plato 58. The figure shows the great Greek philosopher of the classic period who founded the

Academy of philosophy in Athens. (See Figure 13)A. SocratesB. DemocritusC. AristotleD. EpicurusE. *there is no correct answer 59. The figure shows the great Greek philosopher of the classic period who said: “Wise men talk

because they have something to say; fools, because they have to say something.” (See Figure 13)

A.SocratesB.DemocritusC.AristotleD.EpicurusE.*there is no correct answer 60. The figure shows the great Greek philosopher of the classic period who said: “Wise men talk

because they have something to say; fools, because they have to say something.” (See Figure 15)

A. SocratesB. DemocritusC. AristotleD. EpicurusE. *Plato 61. The photo illustrates the famous philosopher who was the teacher of the emperor Neron. (See

Figure 16)

A. SocratesB. DemocritusC. AristotleD. EpicurusE. *Seneca 62. The photo illustrates the famous philosopher who was the teacher of the emperor Neron. (See

Figure 14)A. SocratesB. DemocritusC. AristotleD. EpicurusE. *there is no correct answer 63. The figure shows the great Greek philosopher of the classic period who said: “Love is one

soul sharing two bodies” (See Figure 17)A. SocratesB. DemocritusC. PlatoD. EpicurusE. *Aristotle 64. The figure shows the great Greek philosopher of the classic period who said: “Love is one

soul sharing two bodies” (See Figure 15)A. SocratesB. DemocritusC. PlatoD. EpicurusE. *there is no correct answer 65. The figure shows the great Greek philosopher of the classic period who said: “Amicus Plato

sed magis amica veritas – Plato is a friend but truth is dearer” (See Figure 15)A. SocratesB. DemocritusC. PlatoD. EpicurusE. *there is no correct answer 66. 66.The figure shows the great Greek philosopher of the classic period who said: “Amicus

Plato sed magis amica veritas – Plato is a friend but truth is dearer” (See Figure 17)A. SocratesB. DemocritusC. PlatoD. EpicurusE. *Aristotle 67. The figure shows the great Greek philosopher of the classic period whose nickname means

“broad-shouldered” (See Figure 15)A. SocratesB. DemocritusC. AristotleD. EpicurusE. *Plato 68. The figure shows the great Greek philosopher of the classic period whose nickname means

“broad-shouldered” (See Figure 13)A. SocratesB. DemocritusC. AristotleD. Epicurus

E. *there is no correct answer 69. … philosophy is characterized by three principles: Yin, Yang and Dao. (See Figure 18)A. IndianB. GreekC. RenaissanceD. MedievalE. *Chinese 70. … philosophy is characterized by three principles: Yin, Yang and Dao. (See Figure 16)A. IndianB. GreekC. RenaissanceD. MedievalE. *there is no correct answer 71. The ethics of Confucius is based on differentiation of two social types of people: junzi and

… (See Figure 19)A. vedaB. mayaC. sudraD. brahmanE. *xiaoren 72. The ethics of Confucius is based on differentiation of two social types of people: junzi and

… (See Figure 19)A. vedaB. mayaC. sudraD. brahmanE. *there is no correct answer 73. Lao Tzu called the way or the universal force harmonizing nature … (See Figure 20)A. YinB. YanC. MayaD. BrahmaE. *Dao 74. Lao Tzu called the way or the universal force harmonizing nature … (See Figure 20)A. YinB. YanC. MayaD. BrahmaE. *there is no correct answer 75. The figure shows Buddha. What did Buddha preach in his first sermon? (See Figure 21)A. Two noble truthsB. Six noble truthsC. Three noble truthsD. Five noble truthsE. *Four noble truths 76. The figure shows Buddha. What did Buddha preach in his first sermon? (See Figure 21)A. Two noble truthsB. Six noble truthsC. Three noble truthsD. Five noble truthsE. *there is no correct answer 77. The figure shows the structure of the world proposed by the king of Egypt called … (See

Figure 22)

A. OsirisB. MaatC. SethD. AnubisE. *Ptolomy 78. The figure shows the structure of the world proposed by the king of Egypt called … (See

Figure 20)A. OsirisB. MaatC. SethD. AnubisE. *there is no correct answer 79. Who proposed that sun is the center of the solar system? (See Figure 23)A. PtolomyB. AristotleC. BraheD. John CalvinE. *Nicolaus Copernicus 80. Who proposed that sun is the center of the solar system? (See Figure 21)A. PtolomyB. AristotleC. BraheD. John CalvinE. *there is no correct answer 81. Who proposed that moon and sun revolve around the earth; planets revolve around sun and

around their sphere? (See Figure 24)A. PtolomyB. AristotleC. Nicolaus CopernicusD. John CalvinE. *Brahe 82. Who proposed that moon and sun revolve around the earth; the planets revolve around the

sun and around their sphere? (See Figure 22)A. PtolomyB. AristotleC. Nicolaus CopernicusD. John CalvinE. *there is no correct answer 83. The Medieval philosophy is characterized by… (See Figure 26)A. anthropocentrismB. pantheismC. ethnocentrismD. humanismE. *theocentrism 84. The Medieval philosophy is characterized by… (See Figure 26)A. anthropocentrismB. pantheismC. ethnocentrismD. humanismE. *there is no correct answer 85. … was noted for his deeply mystical writings about Christianity, particularly on the

possibility of knowing God with the divine human mind — not possible through mere human means — via "learned ignorance". (See Figure 27)

A. St. AquinasB. St. AugustineC. Philo of AlexandriaD. KantE. *Nicholas of Cusa 86. … was noted for his deeply mystical writings about Christianity, particularly on the

possibility of knowing God with the divine human mind — not possible through mere human means — via "learned ignorance". (See Figure 24)

A. St. AquinasB. St. AugustineC. Philo of AlexandriaD. KantE. *there is no correct answer 87. The many advances in …'s thinking thereafter came ultimately from this insight: that

justification - expiation of sin and attainment of righteousness through a gift of grace - is achieved by faith alone. (See Figure 28)

A. John CalvinB. ZwingliC. N.CopernicusD. G.BrunoE. *Martin Luther 88. The many advances in …'s thinking thereafter came ultimately from this insight: that

justification - expiation of sin and attainment of righteousness through a gift of grace - is achieved by faith alone. (See Figure 25)

A. John CalvinB. ZwingliC. N.CopernicusD. G.BrunoE. *there is no correct answer 89. The figure shows the philosopher of the Renaissance who said: “A son can bear with

equanimity the loss of his father, but the loss of his inheritance may drive him to despair.” (See Figure 29)

A. T. MoreB. F. PetrarchC. Martin LutherD. John CalvinE. *N. Machiavelli 90. The figure shows the philosopher of the Renaissance who said: “A son can bear with

equanimity the loss of his father, but the loss of his inheritance may drive him to despair.” (See Figure 26)

A. T. MoreB. F. PetrarchC. Martin LutherD. John CalvinE. *there is no correct answer 91. The figure shows the great Renaissance scientist and artist … (See Figure 30)A. TitianB. RaphaelC. MichelangeloD. BotticelliE. *Leonardo da Vinci 92. The figure shows the great Renaissance scientist and artist … (See Figure 27)A. TitianB. Raphael

C. MichelangeloD. BotticelliE. *there is no correct answer 93. Name the Renaissance scientist who claimed that the nature is created according to the rules

of mathematics and the task of the scientist is to understand these rules. (See Figure 32)A. PtolomyB. AristotleC. BraheD. John CalvinE. *Kepler 94. Name the Renaissance scientist who claimed that the nature is created according to the rules

of mathematics and the task of the scientist is to understand these rules. (See Figure 29)A. PtolomyB. AristotleC. BraheD. John CalvinE. *there is no correct answer 95. Name the author of the following scheme which states the world can be understood with the

polygons that make up planets. (See Figure 32)A. PtolomyB. AristotleC. BraheD. John CalvinE. *Kepler 96. Name the author of the following scheme which states the world can be understood with the

polygons that make up planets. (See Figure 30)A. PtolomyB. AristotleC. BraheD. John CalvinE. *there is no correct answer 97. The figure shows the Renaissance scientist who claimed: “And still it rotates” (See Figure

34)A. Giordano BrunoB. Nicolaus CopernicusC. BraheD. John CalvinE. *Galileo Galilei 98. The figure shows Renaissance’scientist who claimed: “And still it rotates” (See Figure 31)A. Giordano BrunoB. Nicolaus CopernicusC. BraheD. John CalvinE. *there is no correct answer 99. The figure shows the philosopher of New Age who said: “The Bible is one of the greatest

blessings bestowed by God on the children of men. - It has God for its author; salvation for its end, and truth without any mixture for its matter. - It is all pure.” (See Figure 35)

A. F. BaconB. Rene DescartesC. Benedict SpinozaD. D. DiderotE. *John Locke 100. The figure shows the philosopher of New Age who said: “The Bible is one of the greatest

blessings bestowed by God on the children of men. - It has God for its author; salvation for its end, and truth without any mixture for its matter. - It is all pure.” (See Figure 32)

A. F. BaconB. Rene DescartesC. Benedict SpinozaD. D. DiderotE. *there is no correct answer 101. The figure shows the philosopher of New Age famous for his articulation of the theory of

separation of powers, taken for granted in modern discussions of government and implemented in many constitutions throughout the world. (See Figure 36)

A. F. BaconB. Rene DescartesC. Benedict SpinozaD. D. DiderotE. *Montesquieu 102. The figure shows the philosopher of New Age famous for his articulation of the theory of

separation of powers, taken for granted in modern discussions of government and implemented in many constitutions throughout the world. (See Figure 33)

A. F. BaconB. Rene DescartesC. Benedict SpinozaD. D. DiderotE. *there is no correct answer 103. The figure shows the Greek philosopher who claimed that all things are composed of

minute, invisible, particles of pure matter (atoma), which move about eternally in infinite empty space (kenon). (See Figure 37)

A. SocratesB. PlatoC. AristotleD. EpicurusE. *Democritus 104. The figure shows the Greek philosopher who claimed that all things are composed of

minute, invisible, particles of pure matter (atoma), which move about eternally in infinite empty space (kenon). (See Figure 34)

A. SocratesB. PlatoC. AristotleD. EpicurusE. *there is no correct answer 105. The figure shows the Greek philosopher who claimed that true happiness is the serenity

resulting from the conquest of fear of the gods, of death, and of the afterlife. (See Figure 38)A. SocratesB. DemocritusC. PlatoD. AristotleE. *Epicurus 106. The figure shows the Greek philosopher who claimed that true happiness is the serenity

resulting from the conquest of fear of the gods, of death, and of the afterlife. (See Figure 35)A. SocratesB. DemocritusC. PlatoD. AristotleE. *there is no correct answer 107. The figure shows the Greek philosopher who claimed that all statements concerning

reality are false and that, even if true, their truth can never be proved. (See Figure 39)A. SocratesB. DemocritusC. PlatoD. EpicurusE. *Pyrrho 108. The figure shows the Greek philosopher who claimed that all statements concerning

reality are false and that, even if true, their truth can never be proved. (See Figure 36)A. SocratesB. DemocritusC. PlatoD. EpicurusE. *there is no correct answer 109. The figure shows the founder of stoicism who declared that good lies not in external

objects, but in the state of the soul itself. (See Figure 40)A. SocratesB. DemocritusC. PyrrhoD. EpicurusE. *Zeno 110. The figure shows the founder of stoicism who declared that good lies not in external

objects, but in the state of the soul itself. (See Figure 37)A.SocratesB.DemocritusC.PyrrhoD.EpicurusE.*there is no correct answer 111. The figure shows … who believed that fire is the primordial source of matter. (See Figure

41)A. SocratesB. DemocritusC. PlatoD. AristotleE. *Heraclitus 112. The figure shows … who believed that fire is the primordial source of matter. (See Figure

38)A. SocratesB. DemocritusC. PlatoD. AristotleE. *there is no correct answer 113. The figure shows … who cultivated the concept of number, which became for him the

ultimate principle of all proportion, order, and harmony in universe. (See Figure 43)A. SocratesB. DemocritusC. PlatoD. AristotleE. *Pythagoras 114. The figure shows … who cultivated the concept of number, which became for him the

ultimate principle of all proportion, order, and harmony in universe. (See Figure 39)A. SocratesB. DemocritusC. Plato

D. AristotleE. *there is no correct answer 115. Who of the antique Greek philosophers considered number to be the ultimate principle of

the universe? (See Figure 43)A. SocratesB. DemocritusC. PlatoD. AristotleE. *Pythagoras 116. Which philosophers considered number to be the ultimate principle of the universe from

antique Greece? (See Figure 40)A. SocratesB. DemocritusC. PlatoD. AristotleE. *there is no correct answer 117. The figure shows the Roman philosopher who said: “Any man can make mistakes, but

only an idiot persists in his error.” (See Figure 44)A. SocratesB. DemocritusC. PlatoD. AristotleE. *Cicero 118. The figure shows the Roman philosopher who said: “Any man can make mistakes, but

only an idiot persists in his error.” (See Figure 41)A. SocratesB. DemocritusC. PlatoD. AristotleE. *there is no correct answer 119. The figure shows the Roman philosopher who said: “A home without books is a body

without soul.” (See Figure 44)A. SocratesB. DemocritusC. PlatoD. AristotleE. *Cicero 120. The figure shows the Roman philosopher who said: “A home without books is a body

without soul.” (See Figure 41)A. SocratesB. DemocritusC. PlatoD. AristotleE. *there is no correct answer 121. The figure shows the Roman philosopher who said: “A friend is, as it were, a second

self.” (See Figure 44)A. SocratesB. DemocritusC. PlatoD. AristotleE. *Cicero 122. The figure shows the Roman philosopher who said: “A friend is, as it were, a second

self.” (See Figure 41)

A. SocratesB. DemocritusC. PlatoD. AristotleE. *there is no correct answer 123. The figure shows the medieval philosopher who claimed that that one must “believe in

order to understand and understand in order to believe.” (See Figure 45)A. St. AugustineB. Philo of AlexandriaC. PlatoD. KantE. *St. Aquinas 124. The figure shows the medieval philosopher who claimed that that one must “believe in

order to understand and understand in order to believe.” (See Figure 42)A. St. AugustineB. Philo of AlexandriaC. PlatoD. KantE. *there is no correct answer 125. The figure shows the medieval philosopher who was the first to try to create the study of

man with the Christian dogmas. (See Figure 46)A. St. AquinasB. St. AugustineC. Philo of AlexandriaD. KantE. *Origen the Pagan 126. The figure shows the medieval philosopher who was the first to try to create the study of

man with the Christian dogmas. (See Figure 43)A. St. AquinasB. St. AugustineC. Philo of AlexandriaD. KantE. *there is no correct answer 127. The figure shows the medieval philosopher who is perhaps most famous for coining the

term Trinity. (See Figure 47)A. St. AquinasB. St. AugustineC. Philo of AlexandriaD. Origen the PaganE. *Tertullian 128. The figure shows the medieval philosopher who is perhaps most famous for coining the

term Trinity. (See Figure 44)A. St. AquinasB. St. AugustineC. Philo of AlexandriaD. Origen the PaganE. *there is no correct answer 129. The figure shows the medieval philosopher who combined Aristotelian science and

Augustinian theology into a comprehensive system of thought that later became the authoritative philosophy of the Roman Catholic Church. (See Figure 48)

A. St. AugustineB. Philo of AlexandriaC. Origen the Pagan

D. TertullianE. *St. Aquinas 130. The figure shows the medieval philosopher who combined Aristotelian science and

Augustinian theology into a comprehensive system of thought that later became the authoritative philosophy of the Roman Catholic Church. (See Figure 45)

A. St. AugustineB. Philo of AlexandriaC. Origen the PaganD. TertullianE. *there is no correct answer 131. The figure shows the Renaissance philosopher who claimed the mind can reach peace

only by experiencing three stages – existence, purification and renovation corresponding three worlds – hell, purgatory and paradise. (See Figure 49)

A. St. AugustineB. Philo of AlexandriaC. Origen the PaganD. TertullianE. *Dante 132. The figure shows the Renaissance philosopher who claimed the mind can reach peace

only by experiencing three stages – existence, purification and renovation corresponding three worlds – hell, purgatory and paradise. (See Figure 46)

A. St. AugustineB. Philo of AlexandriaC. Origen the PaganD. TertullianE. *there is no correct answer 133. Who said that the best doctor is also philosopher? (See Figure 50)A. St. AugustineB. Philo of AlexandriaC. Origen the PaganD. TertullianE. *Galen 134. Who said that the best doctor is also a philosopher? (See Figure 47)A. St. AugustineB. Philo of AlexandriaC. Origen the PaganD. TertullianE. *there is no correct answer 135. He was the first translator of Plato's complete extant works into Latin. (See Figure 51)A. St. AugustineB. Philo of AlexandriaC. Origen the PaganD. TertullianE.*Marsilio Ficino 136. He was the first translator of Plato's complete extant works into Latin. (See Figure 48)A. St. AugustineB. Philo of AlexandriaC. Origen the PaganD. TertullianE. *there is no correct answer 137. Italian Renaissance philosopher, made an attempt to unite both the dialectical idea of the

identity of opposites of Nicholas of Cusa and the heliocentric system of Nicolaus Copernicus. (See Figure 52)

A. Martin LutherB. John CalvinC. ZwingliD. N.CopernicusE. *G.Bruno 138. Italian Renaissance philosopher, made an attempt to unite both the dialectical idea of the

identity of opposites of Nicholas of Cusa and the heliocentric system of Nicolaus Copernicus. (See Figure 49)

A. Martin LutherB. John CalvinC. ZwingliD. N.CopernicusE. *there is no correct answer 139. He was called “Socrates” of the Renaissance and was the author of the book “The praise

of Folly” (See Figure 53)A. Martin LutherB. John CalvinC. ZwingliD. N. CopernicusE. *Erasmus Roterodamus 140. He was called “Socrates” of the Renaissance and was the author of the book “The praise

of Folly” (See Figure 50)A. Martin LutherB. John CalvinC. ZwingliD. N. CopernicusE. *there is no correct answer 141. The figure shows the Renaissance alchemist tried to combine herbalism, occultism,

christianity and forward thinking metaphysics. (See Figure 54)A. Martin LutherB. John CalvinC. ZwingliD. N. CopernicusE. *Paracelcius 142. The figure shows the Renaissance alchemist tried to combine herbalism, occultism,

Christianity and forward thinking metaphysics. (See Figure 51)A. Martin LutherB. John CalvinC. ZwingliD.N. CopernicusE. *there is no correct answer 143. The picture shows the author of the book about the ideal society “Utopia”. (See Figure

55)A. Martin LutherB. John CalvinC. ZwingliD. N. CopernicusE. *T. More 144. The picture shows the author of the book about the ideal society “Utopia”. (See Figure

52)A. Martin LutherB. John CalvinC. Zwingli

D. N. CopernicusE. *there is no correct answer 145. The figure shows the author of the socialistic utopian society “The city of the Sun” (See

Figure 56)A. F. BaconB. I. KantC. LeibnitzD. G.Bruno E. *T. Campanella 146. The figure shows the author of the socialistic utopian society “The city of the Sun” (See

Figure 53)A. F. BaconB. I. KantC. LeibnitzD. G.Bruno E. *there is no correct answer 147. 149.The figure shows the founder of the New Age (Enlightenment). (See Figure 57)A. I. KantB. T. Campanella C. LeibnitzD. G.Bruno E. *F. Bacon 148. The figure shows the founder of the New Age (Enlightenment). (See Figure 54)A. I. KantB. T. Campanella C. LeibnitzD. G.Bruno E. *there is no correct answer 149. The figure shows the author of the famous saying: “I think therefore I exist” (See Figure

58)A. F. Bacon B. I. KantC. T. Campanella D. LeibnitzE.*R. Descartes 150. The figure shows the author of the famous saying: “I think therefore I exist” (See Figure

55)A. F. BaconB. I. KantC. T. CampanellaD. LeibnitzE. *there is no correct answer 151. In Ethics, … attempts to demonstrate a "fully cohesive philosophical system that strives

to provide a coherent picture of reality and to comprehend the meaning of an ethical life. Following a logical step-by-step format, it defines in turn the nature of God, the mind, human bondage to the emotions, and the power of understanding -- moving from a consideration of the eternal, to speculate upon humanity's place in the natural order, freedom, and the path to attainable happiness." (See Figure 59)

A. F. Bacon B. I. KantC. T. CampanellaD. R. DescartesE. *B.Spinoza 152. In Ethics, … attempts to demonstrate a "fully cohesive philosophical system that strives

to provide a coherent picture of reality and to comprehend the meaning of an ethical life. Following a logical step-by-step format, it defines in turn the nature of God, the mind, human bondage to the emotions, and the power of understanding -- moving from a consideration of the eternal, to speculate upon humanity's place in the natural order, freedom, and the path to attainable happiness." (See Figure 56)

A. F. BaconB. I. KantC. T. CampanellaD. R. DescartesE. *there is no correct answer 153. The figure shows the person who used the term “Enlightenment” in France for the first

time. (See Figure 60)A. F. BaconB. I. KantC. T. CampanellaD. R. DescartesE. *Voltaire 154. The figure shows the person who used the term “Enlightenment” in France for the first

time. (See Figure 57)A. F. BaconB. I. KantC. T. CampanellaD. R. DescartesE. *there is no correct answer 155. The picture shows the author of the Discourse on Inequality (See Figure 61)A. F. BaconB. I. KantC. T. CampanellaD. R. DescartesE. *J. J. Rousseau 156. The picture shows the author of the Discourse on Inequality (See Figure 58)A. F. BaconB. I. KantC. T. CampanellaD. R. DescartesE. *there is no correct answer 157. What is “Ubermensch” (overman) for Nietzsche? (See Figure 3)

A. a sinful creatureB. GodC. a man rejecting ChristianityD. a person overcoming his will powerE. *a person who has come through self-realization from “a slave” to “an aristocrat”

158. What is “Ubermensch” (overman) for Nietzsche? (See Figure 2)A. a sinful creatureB. GodC. a man rejecting ChristianityD. a person overcoming his will powerE. *there is no correct answer

159. The picture shows … who claimed that the things in itself” exist beyond the limits of our understanding, they are unreachable and unknown. (See Figure 4)

A. HegelB. BaconC. FichteD. ShellingE. *Kant

160. The picture shows … who claimed that the things in itself” exist beyond the limits of our

understanding, they are unreachable and unknown. (See Figure 2)A. HegelB. BaconC. FichteD. ShellingE. *there is no correct answer

161. The picture shows … who claimed that “The things in itself” have no existence, and space and time exist only as part of the mind, as “intuitions” by which perceptions are measured and judged. (See Figure 4)

A. HegelB. BaconC. FichteD. ShellingE. *Kant

162. The picture shows … who claimed that “The things in itself” have no existence, and space and time exist only as part of the mind, as “intuitions” by which perceptions are measured and judged. (See Figure 2)

A. HegelB. BaconC. FichteD. ShellingE. *there is no correct answer

163. The figure shows the theorist of the Ukrainian nationalism. (See Figure 63)A. F. BaconB. I. KantC. T. CampanellaD. R. DescartesE. *D. Dontsov

164. The figure shows the theorist of Ukrainian nationalism. (See Figure 2)A. F. BaconB. I. KantC. T. CampanellaD. R. DescartesE. *there is no correct answer

165. The figure shows the philosophical book … (See Figure 64)A. BibleB. QuranC. GospelsD. ExodusE. *Povist mynulyh lit

166. The figure shows the philosophical book … (See Figure 6)A. BibleB. QuranC. GospelsD. ExodusE. *there is no correct answer

167. The figure shows the philosophical masterpiece… (See Figure 64)A. BibleB. QuranC. GospelsD. ExodusE. *Povist mynulyh lit

168. The figure shows the philosophical book called… (See Figure 7)A. BibleB. QuranC. GospelsD. ExodusE. *there is no correct answer

169. The figure shows the Ukrainian philosopher know for his “philosophy of heart” (See Figure 9)

A. F. Bacon

B. I. KantC. T. CampanellaD. R. DescartesE. *there is no correct answer

170. The figure shows the Ukrainian philosopher know for his “philosophy of heart” (See Figure 62)

A. F. BaconB. I. KantC. Ivan FrankoD. R. DescartesE. *H. Skovoroda

171. The figure shows the educational and philosophical centre of the western Ukraine. (See Figure 68)

A. Kyiv Mohyla AcademyB. Ternopil State Medical UniversityC. Oxford UniversityD. HarvardE. *Lviv Dormition Brotherhood School

172. The figure shows the educational and philosophical centre of the western Ukraine. (See Figure 10)

A. Kyiv Mohyla AcademyB. Ternopil State Medical UniversityC. Oxford UniversityD. HarvardE. *there is no correct answer

173. Petro Mohyla was the founder of the most prestigious academy in Ukraine shown in the figure. (See Figure 69)

A. Lviv Dormition Brotherhood SchoolB. Ternopil State Medical UniversityC. Oxford UniversityD. HarvardE. *Kyiv Mohyla Academy

174. Petro Mohyla was the founder of the most prestigious academy in Ukraine shown in the figure. (See Figure 11)

A. Lviv Dormition Brotherhood SchoolB. Ternopil State Medical UniversityC. Oxford UniversityD. HarvardE. *there is no correct answer

175. The figure shows the Ukrainian philosopher who was the first person known for translation of Bible into Ukrainian language and was also the first who wrote historical novels in Ukrainian. (See Figure 70)

A. F. BaconB. I. KantC. Ivan FrankoD. H. SkovorodaE. *P. Kulish

176. The figure shows the Ukrainian philosopher who was the first person known for translation of Bible into Ukrainian language and was also the first who wrote historical novels in Ukrainian. (See Figure 12)

A. P. KulishB. I. KantC. Ivan FrankoD. H. SkovorodaE. *there is no correct answer

177. What is the philosophical chief idea of the poet shown in the figure? (See Figure 71)A. philosophy of heartB. idea of GodC. idea of nationalismD. philosophy of tragedyE. *idea of hero

178. What is the philosophical chief idea of the poet shown in the figure? (See Figure 13)

A. philosophy of heartB. idea of GodC. idea of nationalismD. philosophy of tragedyE. *there is no correct answer

179. .… introduces the system of knowledge that is based on reason. It appeals not to instructing and retelling, but to thinking, logical reasoning and critical comprehension of the conventional ideas. (See Figure 3).

A. religionB. scienceC. mythologyD. educationE. *philosophy

180. .… introduces the system of knowledge that is based on reason. It appeals not to instructing and retelling, but to thinking, logical reasoning and critical comprehension of the conventional ideas. (See Figure 3).

A. religionB. scienceC. mythologyD. educationE. *there is no correct answer

181. Who wrote “Critique of Judgment”? ” (See Figure 4).F. * I. Kant G. F. Shelling H. J. Fichte I. F. Nietzsche J. Karl Marx

182. The figure shows the Ukrainian philosopher know for his “philosophy of heart” (See Figure 56).

A. F. BaconB. I. KantC. T. CampanellaD. R. DescartesE. *there is no correct answer

183. … affirmed the value of vitality, strength, and the supremacy of an existence that is purely egoistic (See Figure 3).

A. Kierkegaard B. Marx C. * Nietzsche D. Freud E. Schopenhauer

184. … argued that people cannot understand the nature of the things in the universe, but they can be rationally certain of what they experience themselves (See Figure 4).

A. * I. Kant B. F. Shelling C. J. Fichte D. F. Nietzsche E. Karl Marx

185. Which option has the incorrect form? (See Figure 1)A. Being of bodies and processesB. Being of manC. Being of spiritual (ideal)D. Being of socialE. *Being of God

186. Which option has the incorrect form? (See Figure 1)A. Being of bodies and processesB. Being of manC. Being of spiritual (ideal)D. Being of social

E. *there is no correct answer 187. The figure shows the supernatural creator and overseer of the universe. Theologians have

ascribed a variety of attributes to the many different conceptions of God. The most common among these include omniscience, omnipotence, omnipresence, omnibenevolence (perfect goodness), divine simplicity, and eternal and necessary existence. (See Figure 2)

A. *god B. theologyC. religionD. animismE. pantheism

188. The figure shows the supernatural creator and overseer of the universe. Theologians have ascribed a variety of attributes to the many different conceptions of God. The most common among these include omniscience, omnipotence, omnipresence, omnibenevolence (perfect goodness), divine simplicity, and eternal and necessary existence. (See Figure 2)

A. *there is no correct answer B. theologyC. religionD. animismE. pantheism

189. What is the translation of the word “religion” from Latin? (See Figure 3)A. god, idolB. personC. faith, cultD. worshipingE. *shrine

190. What is the translation of the word “religion” from Latin? (See Figure 3)A. god, idolB. personC. faith, cultD. worshipingE. *there is no correct answer

191. What science has outlook of universe into natural and supernatural, material and spiritual? (See Figure 4)

A. philosophyB. mythologyC. theologyD. *religion E. science

192. What science has outlook of universe into natural and supernatural, material and spiritual? (See Figure 4)

A. philosophyB. mythologyC. theologyD. *there is no correct answer E. science

193. Which of the following options doesn’t define the state of nirvana? (See Figure 5)A. *greed, hatred, delusion B. the peace of mindC. enlightenmentD. giving up obsessionE. ecstasy, pleasure

194. Which of the following options doesn’t define the state of nirvana? (See Figure 5)A. *there is no correct answer B. the peace of mindC. enlightenmentD. giving up obsessionE. ecstasy, pleasure

195. … is the confident belief or trust in the truth or trustworthiness of a person, idea, or thing. (See Figure 6)

A. СultB. *Faith C. Confession

D. PrayerE. Eucharist

196. … is the confident belief or trust in the truth or trustworthiness of a person, idea, or thing. (See Figure 6)

A. CultB. *There is no correct answer C. ConfessionD. PrayerE. Eucharist

197. When was Christianity officially established as the religion of the Roman Empire? (See Figure 7)

A. the 4th century BCB. *the 4th century AD C. the 1st century BCD. the 1st century ADE. the 2nd century BC

198. When was Christianity officially established as the religion of the Roman Empire? (See Figure 8)

A. the 4th century BCB. *there is no correct answer C. the 1st century BCD. the 1st century ADE. the 2nd century BC

199. What is the compulsory prayer of a Muslim called requiring praying five times a day at respective timings facing towards the direction of Mecca? (See Figure 17)

A. hajB. *salat C. zakatD. medinaE. eid

200. What is the compulsory prayer of a Muslim called requiring praying five times a day at respective timings facing towards the direction of Mecca? (See Figure 8)

A. hajB. *there is no correct answer C. zakatD. medinaE. eid

201. The holy book of Muslims is called….? (See Figure 8)A. BibleB. ToraC. *Quran D. Old TestamentE. Exodus

202. The holy book of Muslims is called….? (See Figure 8)A. BibleB. ToraC. *there is no correct answer D. Old TestamentE. Exodus

203. The type of outlook where reality and illusion, natural and supernatural, objective and subjective are fused. (See Figure 9)

A. philosophyB. *mythology C. theologyD. there is no correct answerE. science

204. The type of outlook where reality and illusion, natural and supernatural, objective and subjective are fused. (See Figure 9)

A. philosophyB. *mythology C. theology

D. there is no correct answerE. science

205. … was born Prince Siddhatha Gotama in Kapilavatthu, near the present-day border of India and Nepal. (See Figure 10)

A. Jesus ChristB. *Buddha C. Prophet MohamedD. The apostle PeterE. Paul the Apostle

206. … was born Prince Siddhatha Gotama in Kapilavatthu, near the present-day border of India and Nepal. (See Figure 10)

A. Jesus ChristB. *there is no correct answer C. Prophet MohamedD. The apostle PeterE. Paul the Apostle

207. The figure shows one of Hinduism gods, the maintainer of the order. (See Figure 11)A. *Vishnu B. ShivaC. BrahmaD. BuddhaE. Jesus Christ

208. The figure shows one of Hinduism gods, the maintainer of the order. (See Figure 11)A. *there is no correct answer B. ShivaC. BrahmaD. BuddhaE. Jesus Christ

209. The figure shows the writings that describes the life of Jesus. (See Figure 12)A. BibleB. ToraC. QuranD. Old TestamentE. *Gospels

210. The figure shows the writings that describes the life of Jesus. (See Figure 12)A. BibleB. ToraC. QuranD. Old TestamentE. *there is no correct answer

211. The number 1 on the figure is the symbol of… (See Figure 13)A. *there is no correct answer B. DaoismC. HinduismD. ChristianityE. Judaism

212. The number 1 on the figure is the symbol of… (See Figure 13)A. *Islam B. DaoismC. HinduismD. ChristianityE. Judaism

213. The number 2 on the figure is the symbol of… (See Figure 13)A. IslamB. *there is no correct answer C. HinduismD. ChristianityE. Judaism

214. The number 2 on the figure is the symbol of… (See Figure 13)A. IslamB. *Daoism

C. HinduismD. ChristianityE. Judaism

215. The number 3 on the figure is the symbol of… (See Figure 13)A. IslamB. DaoismC. *Hinduism D. ChristianityE. Judaism

216. The number 3 on the figure is the symbol of… (See Figure 13)A. IslamB. DaoismC. *there is no correct answer D. ChristianityE. Judaism

217. The number 4 on the figure is the symbol of… (See Figure 13)A. IslamB. DaoismC. HinduismD. *Christianity E. Judaism

218. The number 4 on the figure is the symbol of… (See Figure 13)A. IslamB. DaoismC. HinduismD. *there is no correct answer E. Judaism

219. The number 7 on the figure is the symbol of… (See Figure 13)A. IslamB. DaoismC. HinduismD. ChristianityE. *Judaism

220. The number 7 on the figure is the symbol of… (See Figure 13)A. IslamB. DaoismC. HinduismD. ChristianityE. *there is no correct answer

221. The figure shows is the Bishop of Rome and as such, is leader of … (See Figure 14)A. IslamB. DaoismC. HinduismD. *Christianity E. Judaism

222. The figure shows is the Bishop of Rome and as such, is leader of … (See Figure 14)A. IslamB. DaoismC. HinduismD. *there is no correct answer E. Judaism

223. The Dalai Lama is a lineage of religious officials of …(See Figure 15)A. IslamB. DaoismC. HinduismD. *BuddhismE. Judaism

224. The Dalai Lama is a lineage of religious officials of … (See Figure 15)A. IslamB. DaoismC. Hinduism

D. *there is no correct answer E. Judaism

225. The figure shows Mecca the Holy Place of … followers (See Figure 16)A. *IslamB. DaoismC. HinduismD. BuddhismE. Judaism

226. The figure shows Mecca the Holy Place of … followers (See Figure 16)A. *there is no correct answer B. DaoismC. HinduismD. BuddhismE. Judaism

227. What is the compulsory prayer of a Muslim called requiring praying five times a day at respective timings facing towards the direction of Mecca? (See Figure 17)

A. hajB. *salat C. zakatD. medinaE. eid

228. What is the compulsory prayer of a Muslim called requiring praying five times a day at respective timings facing towards the direction of Mecca? (See Figure 17)

A. hajB. *there is no correct answer C. zakatD. medinaE. eid

229. … are a list of religious and moral imperatives that, according to Judeo-Christian tradition, were authored by God and given to Moses on the mountain. (See Figure 18)

A. *Commandments B. SalatC. Eightfold Noble pathD. QuranE. Gospels

230. … are a list of religious and moral imperatives that, according to Judeo-Christian tradition, were authored by God and given to Moses on the mountain. (See Figure 18)

A. *there is no correct answer B. SalatC. Eightfold Noble pathD. QuranE. Gospels

231. The figure shows the theorist of Christianity. (See Figure 19)A. I. KantB. *there is no correct answer C. PlatoD. Dalai LamaE. Giordano Bruno

232. The figure shows the theorist of Christianity. (See Figure 19)A. I. KantB. *Thomas Aquinas C. PlatoD. Dalai LamaE. Giordano Bruno

233. The figure shows the symbols of… (See Figure 20)A. IslamB. DaoismC. HinduismD. *Christianity E. Judaism

234. The figure shows the symbols of… (See Figure 20)

A. IslamB. DaoismC. HinduismD. *there is no correct answer E. Judaism