PHYLOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

1. PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

A.A. Robert Ackerman Robert Ackerman “phylosophy of science “phylosophy of science in one aspect as a critique of in one aspect as a critique of current scientific opinions current scientific opinions by comparison to proven past views, by comparison to proven past views, but such a philosophy of science is but such a philosophy of science is clearly not a discipline autonomous clearly not a discipline autonomous of actual scientific paracticeof actual scientific paractice

UNDERSTANDING

1. PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Lewis White Beck Lewis White Beck “Phylosophy of science “Phylosophy of science questions and evaluates questions and evaluates the methods of scientific thinking the methods of scientific thinking and tries to determine the value and tries to determine the value and significance of scientific and significance of scientific enterprise as a wholeenterprise as a whole

UNDERSTANDING

UNDERSTANDING

C. A.Cornelius Benjamin A.Cornelius Benjamin “The phylosophic discipline “The phylosophic discipline which is the systematic study which is the systematic study of the nature of science, of the nature of science, especially of its methods, its concepts and especially of its methods, its concepts and presuppositions, and its place presuppositions, and its place in the general scheme in the general scheme of intellectual discipinesof intellectual discipines

UNDERSTANDING

d. Michael V. Berry “d. Michael V. Berry “The study of the inner logic The study of the inner logic of scientific theories, of scientific theories, and the relations and the relations between experiment and theory, between experiment and theory, i.e. of scientific methods”.i.e. of scientific methods”.

E.E. May Brodbeck May Brodbeck “Phylosophy of science is “Phylosophy of science is the ethically and phylosophically the ethically and phylosophically neutral analysis, description, neutral analysis, description, and clarifications of scienceand clarifications of science .”.”

UNDERSTANDING

F. Peter Caws “Phylosophy of science is a part of phylosophy, which attempts to do for science what phylosophy in general does for the whole of human experience. Phylosophy does two sorts of thing: on the other hand, it constructs theories about man and the universe, and offers them as grounds for belief and action; on the other, it examines critically everything that may be offered as a ground for belief or action, including its own theories, with a view to the elimination of inconsistency and error.

UNDERSTANDING

G. Stephen R. Toulmin “As a discipline, the phylosophy of science attempts, first, to elucidate the elements involved in the process of scientific inquiry observational procedures, patens of argument, methods of representation and calculation, metaphysical presuppositions, and so on and then to evaluate the grounds of their validity from the points of view of formal logic, practical methodology and metaphysics”.

UNDERSTANDING

2. FOCUS ON PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

1. Ontology

2. Epistemology

3. Axiology

2.1. Ontology

What objects are reviewed science?

How to form the essence of the object?

How did the relationship between objects with human comprehension that led to knowledge?

2.2. Epistemology

What is the process that allows drew knowledge of science? How is the procedure? What things to watch out for mendakan knowledge that true? What is the criteria?What is the truth?Are there any criteria?Method / technique / tool what helps in getting knowledge of science?

2.3. Axiology

To what form of knowledge that science be used?How do I use the connection between the moral rules? How is the determination of objects that can be studied based on moral choices? How the link between procedural technique which is the operationalization of the scientific method with the norms of moral / professional?

3. FUNCTION OF PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

a. Agraha Suhandi (1989)

As a means of seeking the truth of all phenomena.Maintain, support and fight or stand neutral on the other phylosophical views.

Provides understanding of the way of life, outlook on lifeand worldview.

Providing moral and ethical teachings of which are useful in lifeA source of inspiration and guidance for life in various aspects of life itself, such as economics, politics, law and so forth.

FUNCTION

to provide a phylosophic basis for understanding the concepts and theories

to share something of disciplines and provide the ability to build a scientific theory.

b. Ismaun

4. Confirmatory and Explanation Functions

Explanation function that attempts to explain various phenomena in a simple large or small.

Confirmatory function that is trying to decribe the normative relationship between the hypothesis with the evidence

5. SUBSTANCE PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Fact or reality

Truth

Confirmation

Logic inference

Positivistic view that something real if there is correspondence between the sensual sensual one with another.Fenomenologic have two-way development of the understanding of this reality. First, it leads to the theory of correspondence is a correspondence between ideas with the phenomenon. Secondly, leading to the coherence of morality, the adjustment of the phenomena with value system.Rationalistic regard a as a real, if there is coherence betweenthe empirical to the rational scheme, andMetaphysical realism, argues that the real thing when there coherence between empiri the objective.Pragmatism has a view that that there was a function.

5.a Fact or reality

5.b Truth (Jujun S. Suriasumantri, 1982) : 3 theory of truth

coherence correspondence pragmatic

Michel William : 5 theory of truth in science

coherence correspondence performative pragmatic propositions

Noeng Muhadjir : add one more theory

paradigmatic

Theory of truth: coherence

of conformity or harmony between something else with something that has a hierarchy that is higher than anything these elements, either in the form of schemes, systems, or any value.

Theory of truth: correspondence

proven to think about something that is relevant to something else. Correspondence proved the existence of relevant events or counterclockwise direction in line between the facts with facts that are expected,between the facts with the beliefthat it is believed, that are specific

Truth performative

When the human mind brings together everythingIn the view of any actual unit behind them, both theoretical, practical, and the phylosophic, one explores the truth of the actual display. Something is true if it can be actual in action.

Pragmatic truth

The truth is that concrete, the individual and specificand has a practical utility.

Truth proposition

The proposition is a statement that contains many complex concepts, which range from a subjective to an objective individual. A truth can be obtained if the true propositions

Truth Structural paradigmatic

Development of correspondence truth. Until now the regression analysis, factor analysis, and other advanced statistical analysis are interpreted in correspondence with each other element. And should the overall structural system that relationship is understood, cause it will be able to give explanation or inference that is more comprehensive.

6. Confirmation

The function of science is to explain, predict processes and products to come,or give meaning. Meaning it can be viewed as absolute confirmation or probalistic. Showing absolute confirmation usually use assumptions, postulates, or axioma which has been ascertained properly. But it is not wrong when making explicit the assumptionsand postulats.Meanwhile, to make explanations, predictions, or purport to pursue probabilistic certainty can be reached by inductive, deductive, or reflective.

7. Logic inference

New conclusion is considered valid if the conclusion was made by a certain way, which is based on logic.

By and large, the logic is divided into 2 parts, the logic of induction and deduction logic. (Jujun Suriasumantri)

CONCEPT OF BASIC SCIENCE

1. UNDERSTANDING SCIENCE

1. Understanding science can be reconciled on the word 'ilm (Arabic), science (UK), watenschap (Netherlands), and wissenschaf (Germany).

2. R. Harre writes science is a collection of well-attested theories explain the which the patterns regularities and irregularities Among carefully studied phenomenon, or set of theories that have been tried explaining the patterns of regular or irregular among the phenomena studied carefully. (R. Harre, The Phylosophies of Science, an Introductory Survey London: The Oxford University Press, 1995), p.. 62.)

3. Knowledge that can be agreed to become a "science", according to Archie J.Bahm can be tested with the six main components of the so-called six kind of science, covering problems, attitude, method, activity, conclusions, and effects (Archie J. Bahm, What's Science, (TTP: TP, TT), p.. L) 4. Often science is defined as knowledge, but not all knowledge can be named as science, but knowledge gained by certain ways based on consensus-scientists. (Dawam Raharjo, "Science, Encyclopedia of the Qur'an", Journal Ulumul Qur'an, No. 4. Vol. 1, Jakarta, 1090, p.. 56.)

5. Science can be defined: Science is a series of rational human activity and cognition by various methods in the form of various procedures and steps to produce a systematic collection of knowledge about the symptoms of faulty world view,societal or individual for the purpose of reaching the truth, gain understanding, give explanations or make application

(The Liang Gie, Introduction to Phylosophy of Science, Liberty, Yogyakarta, 1991, hal.90)

ESSENCE SCIENCE

ACTIVITY(AS PROCESS)

METHOD(AS PROCEDURE)

KNOWLEDGE(AS PRODUCT

SCIENCE AS ACTIVITY (PROCESS)

1. Rational 2. Cognitive 3. Technologist

SCIENCE AS SCIENTIFIC METHOD (PROCEDURE)

1. Procedural Patterns2. Procedure Step3. Various Techniques4. Assorted Tools

CLASSIFICATION SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE

1. Range Science

2. Type of Science

HISTORY OF SCIENTIFIC METHOD

1. Pre-Christian era

In the ancient Egyptian medical book, namely the Edwin Smith Papyrus, (about 1600 BC-2) mentioned that some of the basic components of the scientific method has done such testing (examination), diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of a disease;

In Babylonia, as set forth in the book The Ebers papyrus (about 1550 BCE-2) have also been efforts by empirical evidence

2. ANCIENT GREECE (500 BC)

Some of the basic components of the scientific method has been performed in this period even geometry has been used as a measure to make shoes in Greece at that time